5 - US army doctrine and industrialized trench warfare

Summary

With only some 6,000 officers in the Regular Army when the United States became a belligerent, the army did not have nearly enough officers or non-commissioned officers (even when National Guard officers were included) to train the masses of men arriving at training camps. An army of 1 million men needed at least 50,000 officers. To meet this need, the War Department established officer training camps. The originally required four months of training was quickly reduced to three months, resulting in “ninety-day wonders,” as some lieutenants were called. Officer training camp graduates, however, learned little of modern warfare, especially as it was being waged in the trenches in France with machine guns, grenades, automatic weapons, chemical warfare, and mortars as well as aircraft and tanks.

France and Great Britain sought to educate Americans about modern warfare by dispatching experienced soldiers to assist in specialist training. The French dispatched 286 officers; and the British sent over a further 261 officers and 226 non-commissioned officers. Although these officers were veterans there were not nearly enough of them to prepare adequately America’s youth for what lay ahead. When these foreign officers began arriving at US training camps many of them were shocked by what they encountered. Lieutenant-Colonel Gilbert W. Hall, a machine gun specialist, had been sent over from Britain in October 1917. He served as an instructor with the 89th Infantry Division, composed of draftees from Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Nebraska, and South Dakota, at Camp Funston, Kansas. “We could see almost at a glance that after having been at war for nine months, the men were poorly clothed and very poorly equipped, if it could be said that they were equipped at all,” he noted. “No rifles had been issued, Wooden guns were being used, making the instruction of an infantryman in musketry almost impossible. For drill purposes the men wore blue overalls, all had hats, poor boots, good underwear. The machine gunners had old and obsolete Colt guns which could never be used with ammunition with any degree of safety.”