Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T09:34:33.055Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - Self-Report Scales for Common Mental Disorders

An Overview of Current and Emerging Methods

from Part II - Specific Clinical Assessment Methods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2019

By
Matthew Sunderland ,
Philip Batterham ,
Alison Calear  and
Natacha Carragher
Edited by
Martin Sellbom  and
Julie A. Suhr
Martin Sellbom
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Julie A. Suhr
Affiliation:
Ohio University
Get access

Summary

Self-report scales that measure the severity of common mental disorders based on subjective signs and symptoms form a critical component in clinical psychology and psychiatry. There are numerous advantages of self-report scales, including increased efficiency with respect to costs and administration time as well as being amenable to electronic administration. However, there are several disadvantages, including susceptibility to nonoptimal response strategies and cross-cultural bias. The current chapter provides an overview of some of the more widely used self-report scales for depression and anxiety in research and clinical settings, with a specific focus on their psychometric properties and cross-cultural applicability. In addition, this chapter discusses the application of modern test theory to self-report scales for common mental disorders, with the aim of improving the reliability, validity, comparability, and efficiency of self-report data.

Keywords

self-report scalesdepressionanxietyreliabilityvalidityitem bankingcomputerized adaptive testsscale equating
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis , pp. 263 - 277
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M., Krukowski, R. A., Dumenci, L., & Ivanova, M. Y. (2005). Assessment of adult psychopathology: Meta-analyses and implications of cross-informant correlations. Psychological Bulletin, 131(3), 361–382.Google Scholar
Ali, G.-C., Ryan, G., & De Silva, M. J. (2016). Validated screening tools for common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0156939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156939Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Bardhoshi, G., Duncan, K., & Erford, B. T. (2016). Psychometric meta-analysis of the English version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Counseling and Development, 94(3), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12090Google Scholar
Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(4), 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402062004005Google Scholar
Batterham, P. J. (2014). Recruitment of mental health survey participants using Internet advertising: Content, characteristics and cost effectiveness. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 23(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1421Google Scholar
Batterham, P. J., Brewer, J. L., Tjhin, A., Sunderland, M., Carragher, N., & Calear, A. L. (2015). Systematic item selection process applied to developing item pools for assessing multiple mental health problems. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(8), 913–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.03.022Google Scholar
Batterham, P. J., Ftanou, M., Pirkis, J., Brewer, J. L., Mackinnon, A. J., Beautrais, A., … Christensen, H. (2015). A systematic review and evaluation of measures for suicidal ideation and behaviors in population-based research. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000053CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batterham, P. J., Sunderland, M., Carragher, N., & Calear, A. L. (2016). Development and community-based validation of eight item banks to assess mental health. Psychiatry Research, 243, 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beard, C., & Björgvinsson, T. (2014). Beyond generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometric properties of the GAD-7 in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(6), 547–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2014.06.002Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck depression inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beesdo-Baum, K., Jenjahn, E., Höfler, M., Lueken, U., Becker, E. S., & Hoyer, J. (2012). Avoidance, safety behavior, and reassurance seeking in generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 29(11), 948–957. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21955CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beesdo-Baum, K., Klotsche, J., Knappe, S., Craske, M. G., Lebeau, R. T., Hoyer, J., … Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Psychometric properties of the dimensional anxiety scales for DSM-V in an unselected sample of German treatment seeking patients. Depression and Anxiety, 29(12), 1014–1024. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21994Google Scholar
Björgvinsson, T., Kertz, S. J., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., McCoy, K. L., & Aderka, I. M. (2013). Psychometric properties of the CES-D-10 in a psychiatric sample. Assessment, 20(4), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113481998Google Scholar
Bouchard, S., Pelletier, M.-H., Gauthier, J. G., Côté, G., & Laberge, B. (1997). The assessment of panic using self-report: A comprehensive survey of validated instruments. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887–6185(96)00037–0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, T. A. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Multiple factors or method effects? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1411–1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005–7967(03)00059–7Google Scholar
Byrne, B. M., Stewart, S. M., Kennard, B. D., & Lee, P. W. H. (2007). The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Hong Kong and American adolescents. International Journal of Testing, 7(3), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305050701438058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caci, H., Baylé, F. J., Dossios, C., Robert, P., & Boyer, P. (2003). The Spielberger trait anxiety inventory measures more than anxiety. European Psychiatry, 18(8), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EURPSY.2003.05.003Google Scholar
Canel-Çınarbaş, D., Cui, Y., & Lauridsen, E. (2011). Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II across U.S. and Turkish samples. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 44(2), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611400289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carleton, R. N., Thibodeau, M. A., Teale, M. J. N., Welch, P. G., Abrams, M. P., Robinson, T., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: A review with a theoretical and empirical examination of item content and factor structure. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e58067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058067Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., … Moffitt, T. E. (2014). The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2(2), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613497473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cella, D., Gershon, R., Lai, J.-S., & Choi, S. (2007). The future of outcomes measurement: Item banking, tailored short-forms, and computerized adaptive assessment. Quality of Life Research, 16(S1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007–9204–6Google Scholar
Chan, D. (2009). So why ask me? Are self-report data really that bad? In Lance, C. E. & Vandenberg, R. J. (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in organizational and social sciences (pp. 309–336). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chilcot, J., Rayner, L., Lee, W., Price, A., Goodwin, L., Monroe, B., … Hotopf, M. (2013). The factor structure of the PHQ-9 in palliative care. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(1), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.12.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Pilkonis, P. A., Hays, R. D., & Cella, D. (2010). Efficiency of static and computer adaptive short forms compared to full-length measures of depressive symptoms. Quality of Life Research, 19(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009–9560–5Google Scholar
Choi, S. W., Schalet, B., Cook, K. F., & Cella, D. (2014). Establishing a common metric for depressive symptoms: Linking the BDI-II, CES-D, and PHQ-9 to PROMIS Depression. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 513–527. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035768Google Scholar
Conijn, J. M., van der Ark, L. A., & Spinhoven, P. (2017). Satisficing in mental health care patients: The effect of cognitive symptoms on self-report data quality. Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117714557Google Scholar
Creamer, M., Foran, J., & Bell, R. (1995). The Beck Anxiety Inventory in a non-clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(4), 477–85.Google Scholar
Crockett, L. J., Randall, B. A., Shen, Y.-L., Russell, S. T., & Driscoll, A. K. (2005). Measurement equivalence of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Latino and Anglo adolescents: A national study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.47Google Scholar
Croudace, T. J., & Böhnke, J. R. (2014). Item bank measurement of depression: Will one dimension work? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67, 4–6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.08.002Google Scholar
Cunningham, J. A., Godinho, A., & Kushnir, V. (2017). Can Amazon’s Mechanical Turk be used to recruit participants for internet intervention trials? A pilot study involving a randomized controlled trial of a brief online intervention for hazardous alcohol use. Internet Interventions, 10, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2017.08.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, P. J., Hussong, A. M., Cai, L., Huang, W., Chassin, L., Sher, K. J., & Zucker, R. A. (2008). Pooling data from multiple longitudinal studies: The role of item response theory in integrative data analysis. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 365–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012–1649.44.2.365CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Beurs, D. P., de Vries, A. L., de Groot, M. H., de Keijser, J., & Kerkhof, A. J. (2014). Applying computer adaptive testing to optimize online assessment of suicidal behavior: A simulation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(9), e207. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3511Google Scholar
Del Vecchio, N., Elwy, A. R., Smith, E., Bottonari, K. A., & Eisen, S. V. (2011). Enhancing self-report assessment of PTSD: Development of an item bank. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20611CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demirchyan, A., Petrosyan, V., & Thompson, M. E. (2011). Psychometric value of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale for screening of depressive symptoms in Armenian population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(3), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2011.04.042Google Scholar
Dere, J., Watters, C. A., Yu, S. C.-M., Bagby, R. M., Ryder, A. G., & Harkness, K. L. (2015). Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory–II. Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devine, J., Fliege, H., Kocalevent, R., Mierke, A., Klapp, B. F., & Rose, M. (2016). Evaluation of Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs) for longitudinal monitoring of depression, anxiety, and stress reactions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 846–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.063Google Scholar
DeWalt, D. A., Rothrock, N., Yount, S., Stone, A. A., & PROMIS Cooperative Group. (2007). Evaluation of item candidates: the PROMIS qualitative item review. Medical Care, 45(5 Suppl. 1), S12–S21. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000254567.79743.e2Google Scholar
Dorans, N. J. (2007). Linking scores from multiple health outcome instruments. Quality of Life Research, 16(S1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-006–9155–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dowling, N. M., Bolt, D. M., Deng, S., & Li, C. (2016). Measurement and control of bias in patient reported outcomes using multidimensional item response theory. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 16(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016–0161–zGoogle Scholar
Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040–3590.10.2.83Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Smith, C., Ybarra, M., Muntaner, C., & Tien, A. (2004). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). In Maruish, M. E. (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults (pp. 363–377). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Eisen, S. V., Schultz, M. R., Ni, P., Haley, S. M., Smith, E. G., Spiro, A., … Jette, A. M. (2016). Development and validation of a computerized-adaptive test for PTSD (P-CAT). Psychiatric Services, 67(10), 1116–1123. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500382Google Scholar
El-Den, S., Chen, T. F., Gan, Y.-L., Wong, E., & O’Reilly, C. L. (2018). The psychometric properties of depression screening tools in primary healthcare settings: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 503–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.060Google Scholar
Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Flens, G., Smits, N., Carlier, I., van Hemert, A. M., & de Beurs, E. (2016). Simulating computer adaptive testing with the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 28(8), 953–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000240Google Scholar
Fliege, H., Becker, J., Walter, O. B., Bjorner, J. B., Klapp, B. F., & Rose, M. (2005). Development of a computer-adaptive test for depression (D-CAT). Quality of Life Research, 14(10), 2277–2291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-005–6651–9Google Scholar
Forkmann, T., Boecker, M., Norra, C., Eberle, N., Kircher, T., Schauerte, P., … Wirtz, M. (2009). Development of an item bank for the assessment of depression in persons with mental illnesses and physical diseases using Rasch analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 54(2), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015612Google Scholar
Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Mennin, D. S., & Turk, C. L. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 313–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2003). Using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire to identify individuals with generalized anxiety disorder: a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(3–4), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBTEP.2003.09.001Google Scholar
Fried, E. I. (2017). The 52 symptoms of major depression: Lack of content overlap among seven common depression scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2016.10.019Google Scholar
Fried, E. I., & Nesse, R. M. (2015). Depression sum-scores don’t add up: Why analyzing specific depression symptoms is essential. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015–0325–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fydrich, T., Dowdall, D., & Chambless, D. L. (1992). Reliability and validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887–6185(92)90026–4Google Scholar
Ghassemzadeh, H., Mojtabai, R., Karamghadiri, N., & Ebrahimkhani, N. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory – second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depression and Anxiety, 21(4), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20070Google Scholar
Gibbons, C., & Skevington, S. M. (2018). Adjusting for cross-cultural differences in computer-adaptive tests of quality of life. Quality of Life Research,27, 1027–1039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017–1738–7Google Scholar
Gibbons, L. E., Feldman, B. J., Crane, H. M., Mugavero, M., Willig, J. H., Patrick, D., … Crane, P. K. (2011). Migrating from a legacy fixed-format measure to CAT administration: Calibrating the PHQ-9 to the PROMIS depression measures. Quality of Life Research, 20(9), 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011–9882–yGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, R., Bock, R. D., Hedeker, D., Weiss, D. J., Segawa, E., Bhaumik, D. K., … Stover, A. (2007). Full-information item bifactor analysis of graded response data. Applied Psychological Measurement, 31(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606289485Google Scholar
Gibbons, R., Kupfer, D., Frank, E., Moore, T., Beiser, D. G., & Boudreaux, E. D. (2017). Development of a Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale: The CAT-SS. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78, 1376–1382. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.16m10922Google Scholar
Gibbons, R., Perraillon, M. C., & Kim, J. B. (2014). Item response theory approaches to harmonization and research synthesis. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 14(4), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10742-014–0125–xGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, R., Weiss, D. J., Frank, E., & Kupfer, D. (2016). Computerized adaptive diagnosis and testing of mental health disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy–021815–093634Google Scholar
Gibbons, R., Weiss, D. J., Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., Fagiolini, A., Grochocinski, V. J., … Immekus, J. C. (2008). Using computerized adaptive testing to reduce the burden of mental health assessment. Psychiatric Services, 59(4), 361–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.4.361CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, R., Weiss, D. J., Pilkonis, P. A., Frank, E., Moore, T., Kim, J. B., & Kupfer, D. J. (2012). The CAT-DI: Development of a computerized adaptive test for depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(11), 1104–12. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.14Google Scholar
Gibbons, R., Weiss, D., Pilkonis, P., Frank, E., Moore, T., Kim, J., & Kupfer, D. (2014). Development of the CAT-ANX: A computerized adaptive test for anxiety. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13314.AGoogle Scholar
Granillo, M. T. (2012). Structure and function of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 among Latina and non-Latina white female college students. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 3(2), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2012.6Google Scholar
Guo, B., Kaylor-Hughes, C., Garland, A., Nixon, N., Sweeney, T., Simpson, S., … Morriss, R. (2017). Factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of PHQ-9 for specialist mental health care patients with persistent major depressive disorder: Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.020Google Scholar
Guo, T., Xiang, Y.-T., Xiao, L., Hu, C.-Q., Chiu, H. F. K., Ungvari, G. S., … Wang, G. (2015). Measurement-based care versus standard care for major depression: A randomized controlled trial with blind raters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(10), 1004–1013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14050652Google Scholar
Hamamura, T., Heine, S. J., & Paulhus, D. L. (2008). Cultural differences in response styles: The role of dialectical thinking. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(4), 932–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haroz, E. E., Ritchey, M., Bass, J. K., Kohrt, B. A., Augustinavicius, J., Michalopoulos, L., … Bolton, P. (2017). How is depression experienced around the world? A systematic review of qualitative literature. Social Science and Medicine, 183, 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.030Google Scholar
Hazlett-Stevens, H., Ullman, J. B., & Craske, M. G. (2004). Factor Structure of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Assessment, 11(4), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104269872Google Scholar
Hollifield, M., Warner, T. D., Lian, N., Krakow, B., Jenkins, J. H., Kesler, J., … Westermeyer, J. (2002). Measuring trauma and health status in refugees. JAMA, 288(5), 611. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.5.611Google Scholar
Huang, F. Y., Chung, H., Kroenke, K., Delucchi, K. L., & Spitzer, R. L. (2006). Using the patient health questionnaire-9 to measure depression among racially and ethnically diverse primary care patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(6), 547–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525–1497.2006.00409.xGoogle Scholar
Iwata, N., & Buka, S. (2002). Race/ethnicity and depressive symptoms: A cross-cultural/ethnic comparison among university students in East Asia, North and South America. Social Science & Medicine, 55(12), 2243–2252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277–9536(02)00003–5Google Scholar
Jin, K.-Y., & Wang, W.-C. (2014). Generalized IRT models for extreme response style. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 74(1), 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413498876Google Scholar
Kabacoff, R. I., Segal, D. L., Hersen, M., & Van Hasselt, V. B. (1997). Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the state-trait anxiety inventory with older adult psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(1), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887–6185(96)00033–3Google Scholar
Knappe, S., Klotsche, J., Heyde, F., Hiob, S., Siegert, J., Hoyer, J., … Beesdo-Baum, K. (2014). Test–retest reliability and sensitivity to change of the dimensional anxiety scales for DSM-5. CNS Spectrums, 19(3), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852913000710Google Scholar
Kojima, M., Furukawa, T. A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Psychiatry Research, 110(3), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165–1781(02)00106–3Google Scholar
Kosinski, M., Matz, S. C., Gosling, S. D., Popov, V., & Stillwell, D. (2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences: Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical guidelines. American Psychologist, 70(6), 543–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258Google Scholar
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., & Kramer, M. D. (2007). Linking antisocial behaviour, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(4), 645–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.645Google Scholar
Lai, J.-S., Cella, D., Choi, S., Junghaenel, D. U., Christodoulou, C., Gershon, R., & Stone, A. (2011). How item banks and their application can influence measurement practice in rehabilitation medicine: A PROMIS fatigue item bank example. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(10), S20–S27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.08.033Google Scholar
Latimer, S., Meade, T., & Tennant, A. (2014). Development of item bank to measure deliberate self-harm behaviours: Facilitating tailored scales and computer adaptive testing for specific research and clinical purposes. Psychiatry Research, 217(3), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.015Google Scholar
LeBeau, R. T., Mesri, B., & Craske, M. G. (2016). The DSM-5 social anxiety disorder severity scale: Evidence of validity and reliability in a clinical sample. Psychiatry Research, 244, 94–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.024Google Scholar
Lee, J. J., Kim, K. W., Kim, T. H., Park, J. H., Lee, S. B., Park, J. W., … Steffens, D. C. (2011). Cross-cultural considerations in administering the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Gerontology, 57(5), 455–61. https://doi.org/10.1159/000318030Google Scholar
Liegl, G., Wahl, I., Berghofer, A., Nolte, S., Pieh, C., Rose, M., & Fischer, F. (2016). Using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item parameters of a common metric resulted in similar depression scores compared to independent item response theory model reestimation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 71, 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.10.006Google Scholar
Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahoney, A., Hobbs, M. J., Newby, J. M., Williams, A. D., & Andrews, G. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Worry Behaviors Inventory: Replication and extension in a large clinical and community sample. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(1), 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465817000455Google Scholar
Mahoney, A., Hobbs, M. J., Newby, J. M., Williams, A. D., Sunderland, M., & Andrews, G. (2016). The Worry Behaviors Inventory: Assessing the behavioral avoidance associated with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.020Google Scholar
Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2012). Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A meta-analysis. CMAJ, 184(3), E191-6. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110829Google Scholar
McElroy, E., Casey, P., Adamson, G., Filippopoulos, P., & Shevlin, M. (2018). A comprehensive analysis of the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a sample of outpatients with adjustment disorder and depressive episode. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2017.52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlinchey, J. B., Zimmerman, M., Young, D., & Chelminski, I. (2006). Diagnosing major depressive disorder VIII: Are some symptoms better than others? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(10), 785–790. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000240222.75201.aaGoogle Scholar
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.Google Scholar
Möller, E. L., & Bögels, S. M. (2016). The DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales in a Dutch non-clinical sample: Psychometric properties including the adult separation anxiety disorder scale. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 25(3), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1515CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moriarty, A. S., Gilbody, S., McMillan, D., & Manea, L. (2015). Screening and case finding for major depressive disorder using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(6), 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.012Google Scholar
Morin, C. M., Landreville, P., Colecchi, C., McDonald, K., Stone, J., & Ling, W. (1999). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties with older adults. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 5(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022986728576Google Scholar
Muntingh, A. D. T., van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., van Marwijk, H. W. J., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & van Balkom, A. J. L. M. (2011). Is the Beck Anxiety Inventory a good tool to assess the severity of anxiety? A primary care study in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). BMC Family Practice, 12, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471–2296–12–66Google Scholar
Muraki, E. (1992). A generalized partial credit model: Application of an EM algorithm. Applied Psychological Measurement, 16(2), 159–176.Google Scholar
Nuevo, R., Dunn, G., Dowrick, C., Vázquez-Barquero, J. L., Casey, P., Dalgard, O. S., … Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2009). Cross-cultural equivalence of the Beck Depression Inventory: A five-country analysis from the ODIN study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1–3), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2008.06.021Google Scholar
Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., & Wade, T. (1997). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Reexamination of factor structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 7–14.Google Scholar
Overduin, M. K., & Furnham, A. (2012). Assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A review of self-report measures. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1(4), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.08.001Google Scholar
Parkerson, H. A., Thibodeau, M. A., Brandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2015). Cultural-based biases of the GAD-7. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 31, 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JANXDIS.2015.01.005Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: the evolution of a construct. In Braun, H. I., Jackson, D. N., & Wiley, D. E. (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and education measurement (pp. 49–69). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L., & Vazire, S. (2007). The self-report method. In Robins, R. W., Fraley, C., & Krueger, R. F. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 224–239). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Pedrelli, P., Blais, M. A., Alpert, J. E., Shelton, R. C., Walker, R. S. W., & Fava, M. (2014). Reliability and validity of the Symptoms of Depression Questionnaire (SDQ). CNS Spectrums, 19(6), 535–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852914000406Google Scholar
Pettersson, A., Boström, K. B., Gustavsson, P., & Ekselius, L. (2015). Which instruments to support diagnosis of depression have sufficient accuracy? A systematic review. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 69(7), 497–508. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1008568Google Scholar
Pilkonis, P. A., Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Stover, A. M., Riley, W. T., Cella, D., & Group, P. C. (2011). Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®): Depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment, 18(3), 263–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111411667Google Scholar
Plieninger, H. (2017). Mountain or molehill? A simulation study on the impact of response styles. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 77(1), 32–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164416636655Google Scholar
Posner, S. F., Stewart, A. L., Marín, G., & Pérez-Stable, J., E. (2001). Factor variability of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) among urban Latinos. Ethnicity and Health, 6(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557850120068469Google Scholar
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.Google Scholar
Richardson, E. J., & Richards, J. S. (2008). Factor structure of the PHQ-9 screen for depression across time since injury among persons with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(2), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090–5550.53.2.243Google Scholar
Richardson, L. P., McCauley, E., Grossman, D. C., McCarty, C. A., Richards, J., Russo, J. E., … Katon, W. (2010). Evaluation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics, 126(6), 1117–23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010–0852Google Scholar
Rose, M., Bjorner, J. B., Fischer, F., Anatchkova, M., Gandek, B., Klapp, B. F., & Ware, J. E. (2012). Computerized adaptive testing: Ready for ambulatory monitoring? Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(4), 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182547392Google Scholar
Samejima, F. (1997). Graded response model. In Handbook of modern item response theory (pp. 85–100). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–1-4757–2691-6_5Google Scholar
Santor, D. A., & Coyne, J. C. (1997). Shortening the CES-D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040–3590.9.3.233Google Scholar
Schalet, B. D., Cook, K. F., Choi, S. W., & Cella, D. (2014). Establishing a common metric for self-reported anxiety: Linking the MASQ, PANAS, and GAD-7 to PROMIS Anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.006Google Scholar
Scott, K., & Lewis, C. C. (2015). Using measurement-based care to enhance any treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.01.010Google Scholar
Sijbrandij, M., Reitsma, J. B., Roberts, N. P., Engelhard, I. M., Olff, M., Sonneveld, L. P., & Bisson, J. I. (2013). Self-report screening instruments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in survivors of traumatic experiences. In Sijbrandij, M. (Ed.), Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010575Google Scholar
Smits, N., Cuijpers, P., & van Straten, A. (2011). Applying computerized adaptive testing to the CES-D scale: A simulation study. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.001Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097.Google Scholar
Streiner, D. L., & Norman, G. R. (2008). Biases in responding. In Streiner, D. L. & Norman, G. R. (Eds.), Health Measurement Scales: A practical guide to their development and use. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Subica, A. M., Fowler, J. C., Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C., Sharp, C., Kelly, E. L., & Allen, J. G. (2014). Factor structure and diagnostic validity of the Beck Depression Inventory–II with adult clinical inpatients: Comparison to a gold-standard diagnostic interview. Psychological Assessment, 26(4), 1106–1115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036998Google Scholar
Sunderland, M., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Carragher, N. (2017). The development and validation of static and adaptive screeners to measure the severity of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 26(4), e1561. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1561Google Scholar
Sunderland, M., Slade, T., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., & Kramer, M. D. (2017). Efficiently measuring dimensions of the externalizing spectrum model: Development of the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory-Computerized Adaptive Test (ESI-CAT). Psychological Assessment, 29(7), 868–880. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000384Google Scholar
Takayanagi, Y., Spira, A. P., Roth, K. B., Gallo, J. J., Eaton, W. W., & Mojtabai, R. (2014). Accuracy of reports of lifetime mental and physical disorders: Results from the Baltimore Epidemiological Catchment Area study. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(3), 273–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3579Google Scholar
Thornton, L., Batterham, P. J., Fassnacht, D. B., Kay-Lambkin, F., Calear, A. L., & Hunt, S. (2016). Recruiting for health, medical or psychosocial research using Facebook: Systematic review. Internet Interventions, 4(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2016.02.001Google Scholar
Uher, R., Perlis, R. H., Placentino, A., Dernovšek, M. Z., Henigsberg, N., Mors, O., … Farmer, A. (2012). Self-report and clinician-rated measures of depression severity: Can one replace the other? Depression and Anxiety, 29(12), 1043–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21993Google Scholar
van Ballegooijen, W., Riper, H., Cuijpers, P., van Oppen, P., & Smit, J. H. (2016). Validation of online psychometric instruments for common mental health disorders: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016–0735–7Google Scholar
Vaughn-Coaxum, R. A., Mair, P., & Weisz, J. R. (2016). Racial/ethnic differences in youth depression indicators. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(2), 239–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615591768Google Scholar
Venables, N. C., Yancey, J. R., Kramer, M. D., Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., … Patrick, C. J. (2018). Psychoneurometric assessment of dispositional liabilities for suicidal behavior: Phenotypic and etiological associations. Psychological Medicine, 48(3), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001830Google Scholar
Vigneau, F., & Cormier, S. (2008). The factor structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: An alternative view. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(3), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701885027Google Scholar
Wahl, I., Lowe, B., Bjorner, J. B., Fischer, F., Langs, G., Voderholzer, U., … Rose, M. (2014). Standardization of depression measurement: A common metric was developed for 11 self-report depression measures. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.04.019Google Scholar
Walter, O. B., Becker, J., Bjorner, J. B., Fliege, H., Klapp, B. F., & Rose, M. (2007). Development and evaluation of a computer adaptive test for “Anxiety” (Anxiety-CAT). Quality of Life Research, 16, 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007–9191–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y.-P., Gorenstein, C., Wang, Y.-P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: A comprehensive review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35(4), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516–4446–2012–1048Google Scholar
Wiebe, J. S., & Penley, J. A. (2005). A psychometric comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in English and Spanish. Psychological Assessment, 17(4), 481–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040–3590.17.4.481Google Scholar
Wong, Q. J. J., Gregory, B., & McLellan, L. F. (2016). A review of scales to measure social anxiety disorder in clinical and epidemiological studies. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(4), 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016–0677–2Google Scholar
Yancey, J. R., Venables, N. C., & Patrick, C. J. (2016). Psychoneurometric operationalization of threat sensitivity: Relations with clinical symptom and physiological response criteria. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12512Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Martinez, J. H., Friedman, M., Boerescu, D. A., Attiullah, N., & Toba, C. (2012). How can we use depression severity to guide treatment selection when measures of depression categorize patients differently? The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(10), 1287–1291. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m07775Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Walsh, E., Friedman, M., Boerescu, D. A., & Attiullah, N. (2018). Are self-report scales as effective as clinician rating scales in measuring treatment response in routine clinical practice? Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 449–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.024Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×