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16 - Naturalism

from ARISTOTLE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Fred Miller Jr
Edited by
Christopher Rowe  and
Malcolm Schofield
With
Simon Harrison  and
Melissa Lane
Fred Miller Jr
Affiliation:
Bowling Green State University
Christopher Rowe
Affiliation:
University of Durham
Malcolm Schofield
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Simon Harrison
Affiliation:
St John's College, Cambridge
Melissa Lane
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
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Summary

Aristotle’s Politics is distinguished by the place of honour it accords to the concept of nature. At the outset, the political relations of ruling and being ruled are among the things that develop naturally (cf. Pol. 1.2, 1252a24–6). In addition, the polis or city-state exists by nature and a human being is by nature a political animal (e.g. 1253a2–3). Most of Book I is concerned to show that the household is natural because its constituent relations – master/slave, husband/wife, parent/child – are natural. Again, in Book III the inquiry into political constitutions commences with the significant remark that one must first make a hypothesis about the end of the polis and about the kinds of rule found in human communities. Aristotle recalls his earlier argument that a human being is by nature a political animal (III.6, 1278b15–19), and he observes that some forms of political rule are natural, namely, those whereby the rulers seek the advantage of the ruled (cf. 1279a8–13). These characterize constitutions which are correct or just without qualification (1279a17–21). This lays the ground for his detailed classification and evalustion of political systems. Finally, in his account of the best constitution (Politics VII–VIII) he states that the lawgiver must follow nature in planning the education of the citizens (VII.17, 1337a1–3).

Unfortunately, Aristotle does not offer an explicit analysis in the Politics of his use of the term phusis or ‘nature’ and derivstive terms, so thst it is difficult to interpret and evsluste his version of political naturalism. However, in the Metaphysics and works devoted to natural science, especially Physics II, he analyses the concept of nature and develops distinctions which resurfsce in the Politics and the ethical treatises.

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The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought , pp. 321 - 343
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

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