Book contents
- The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
- The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures in Volume I
- Figures in Volume II
- Maps in Volume I
- Maps in Volume II
- Tables in Volume I
- Contributors to Volume I
- Contributors to Volume II
- Acknowledgments
- Notes on Dates and Transliterations
- Abbreviations
- Volume I
- Volume II
- Volume II Part 1 Literary Sources
- Volume II Part 2 Archaeological and Visual Sources
- 17 Archaeological Sources
- 18 Archaeological Sources
- 19 Archaeological Sources
- 20 Archaeological Sources
- 21 Visual Sources
- Index to Volume I
- Index to Volume II
- References
18 - Archaeological Sources
The Ilkhanate
from Volume II Part 2 - Archaeological and Visual Sources
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2024
Book contents
- The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
- The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures in Volume I
- Figures in Volume II
- Maps in Volume I
- Maps in Volume II
- Tables in Volume I
- Contributors to Volume I
- Contributors to Volume II
- Acknowledgments
- Notes on Dates and Transliterations
- Abbreviations
- Volume I
- Volume II
- Volume II Part 1 Literary Sources
- Volume II Part 2 Archaeological and Visual Sources
- 17 Archaeological Sources
- 18 Archaeological Sources
- 19 Archaeological Sources
- 20 Archaeological Sources
- 21 Visual Sources
- Index to Volume I
- Index to Volume II
- References
Summary
Under the Ilkhanate (1260–1335), the Mongol state in West Asia, a number of cities and buildings were newly constructed. While some Islamic religious buildings such as mosques and tombs of religious figures have survived as functioning buildings or as ruins above ground, the capital cities and secular buildings established by the Ilkhans have been almost entirely lost, despite extensive contemporaneous information on them. Nevertheless, the remarkable progress in archaeological research since the twentieth century has unearthed several of them, as well as rock-cut structures. Such sites include the observatory in Maragha; three rock-cut structures in western Iran; the Ilkhanid summer quarters at Takht-i Sulaymān; the eighth Ilkhan Öljeitü’s capital city, Sultaniyya; and the charitable foundation called Rabʿ-i Rashīdī founded by Rashīd al-Dīn in the eastern suburb of Tabriz.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire , pp. 1312 - 1322Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Aḥmadī, Maryam. 2012. “Ṭabaqa-bandī wa muṭāliʿa-fannī-yi kāshīhā-yi Takht-i Sulaymān” (Category and Technical Study of Takht-i Sulaymān Tiles). Athar 56: 5–20.Google Scholar
Amān al-Lahī, Ḥamīd. 2015. “Murūrī bar pīshīna-yi tārīkhī, farhangī wa pazhūhishī-yi maḥūṭa-yi tārīkhī-yi Takht-i Sulaymān” (An Overview on Historical, Cultural, and Scholastic Background of the site of Takht-i Sulaymān). Athar 69: 3–20.Google Scholar
Azad, Arezou. 2011. “Three Rock-Cut Cave Sites in Iran and Their Ilkhanid Buddhist Aspects Reconsidered.” In Islam and Tibet Interactions along the Musk Route, ed. Akasoy, Anna, Burnett, Charles, and Yoeli-Thalim, Ronit, 209–30. Farnham.Google Scholar
Ball, Warwick. 1976. “Two Aspects of Iranian Buddhism.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi University 1.4: 127–43.Google Scholar
Ball, Warwick 1979. “The Imamzadeh Maʿsum at Vardjovi: A Rock-Cut Il-khanid Complex Near Maragheh.” Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 13: 329–40.Google Scholar
Bier, Lionel. 1986. “The Masjid-i Sang near Dārāb and the Mosque of Shahr-i Īj: Rock-Cut Architecture of the Ilkhanid Period.” Iran 24: 117–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Sheila S. 1984. “Ilkhanid Architecture and Society: An Analysis of the Endowment Deed of the Rabʿ-i Rashīdī.” Iran 22: 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Sheila S. 1986. “The Mongol Capital of Sulṭāniyya, ‘The Imperial’.” Iran 24: 139–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, Sheila S. 1987. “The Epigraphic Program of the Tomb of Uljaytu at Sultaniyya: Meaning in Mongol Architecture.” Islamic Art 2: 43–96.Google Scholar
Blair, Sheila S. 2002. “The Religious Art of the Ilkhanids.” In The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Art and Culture in Western Asia, 1256–1353, ed. Linda Komaroff and Stefano Carboni, 104–33. New York, New Haven, and London.Google Scholar
Blair, Sheila S. 2016. “Rabʿ-e Rašidi,” EIr, online ed., at www.iranicaonline.org/articles/rab-e-rashidi (accessed April 13, 2021).Google Scholar
Blair, Sheila S., and Bloom, Jonathan M.. 1994. The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800. New Haven and London.Google Scholar
Brambilla, Marco. 2014. “Tepe Nur, an Īlkhānid Monument in Sulṭāniyya,” paper presented at the Against the Gravity conference at the University of Pennsylvania, at https://sultaniyya.org/?page_id=36 (accessed April 13, 2021).Google Scholar
Dold-Samplonius, Yvonne, and Harmsen, Silvia L.. 2005. “The Muqarnas Plate Found at Takht-i Sulayman: A New Interpretation.” Muqarnas 22: 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandjavi, Saeed (Ganjawī, Saʿīd). 1976. “Kāwish dar Tappa-yi Nūr-i shahr-i taʾrīkhī-yi Sulṭāniyya” (Excavation at Tappa-yi Nūr of the Historical City of Sulṭāniyya). Barrasīhā-yi tārīkh 11.1: 169–99.Google Scholar
Gandjavi, Saeed (Ganjawī, Saʿīd 1979. “Prospection et fouille à Sultaniyeh.” Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergänzungsband 6, Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses für iranische Kunst und Archäologie München 7.–10. September 1976, 523–26. Berlin.Google Scholar
Ghouchani, Abdollah (Qūchānī, ʿAbdallāh ). 1992. Ashʿār-i fārsī-yi kāshīhā-yi Takht-i Sulaymān (Persian Poetry on the Tiles of Takht-i Sulaymān). Tehran.Google Scholar
Ḥāfiẓ-i, Abrū. 1971. Dhayl-i Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh-i Rashīdī, ed. Khānbābā, Bayānī. Tehran.Google Scholar
Harb, Ulrich. 1978. Ilkhanidische Stalaktitgewölbe: Beiträge zu Entwurf und Bautechnik. Berlin.Google Scholar
Ḥaydarī, Ibrāhīm. 2012. “Khulāṣa-guzārish-i faʿāliyathā-yi pānzda-sāla ḥifāẓat, pazhūhish, marammat wa muʿarrifī-yi Majmūʿa Mīrāth-i Jahānī-yi Takht-i Sulaymān” (A Summary of Fifteen Years of Organizational Work at Takht-i Solayman [1992–2003]). Athar 56: 77–110.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Birgitt. 2014. “In Pursuit of Memoria and Salvation: Rashīd al-Dīn and His Rabʿ-i Rashīdī.” In Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th–15th Century Tabriz, ed. Pfeiffer, Judith, 171–86. Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Honda, Minobu 本田實信. 1991a. “Iruhan no tōeichi, kaeichi イルハンの冬営地夏営地” (The Winter and Summer Quarters of the Ilkhans). In his Mongoru jidaishi kenkyu モンゴル時代史研究 (Studies on the History of the Mongol Period), 357–81. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Honda, Minobu 1991b. “Surutānīya no kensetsu スルターニーヤの建設” (The Construction of Sulṭāniyya). In his Mongoru jidaishi kenkyu モンゴル時代史研究 (Studies on the History of the Mongol Period), 343–56. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Huff, Dietrich. 1977. “Takht-i Suleiman: Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen im Jahr 1976.” Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, new series 10: 211–30.Google Scholar
Huff, Dietrich 1978. “Recherche archéologiques à Takht-i Suleiman.” Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 122.4: 774–88.Google Scholar
Huff, Dietrich 1989. “Takht-i Sulaymān.” In Shahr-hā-yi Īrān (Iranian Cities), ed. Kiyānī, Muḥammad Yūsuf, vol. 3, 1–33. Tehran.Google Scholar
Huff, Dietrich 2006. “The Ilkhanid Palace at Takht-i Sulayman: Excavation Results.” In Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, ed. Komaroff, Linda, 94–110. Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Huff, Dietrich 2016. “TAḴT-E SOLAYMĀN.” In EIr, at https://iranicaonline.org/articles/takt-e-solayman (accessed April 13, 2021).Google Scholar
Kleiss, Wolfram. 1997. “Bauten und Siedlungsplätz in der Umgebung von Soltaniyeh.” Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 29: 341–91.Google Scholar
Kleiss, Wolfram, and Calmeyer, Peter, eds. 1996. Bisutun: Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in den Jahren 1963–1967. Berlin.Google Scholar
Maliklū, Muḥammad Riḍā. 2004. “Muṭāliʿāt wa marammat-i aywān-i gharbī-yi Takht-i Sulaymān” (Investigations and Restoration of the West Īwān of Takht-i Sulaymān). Athar 36–37: 309–17.Google Scholar
Masuya, Tomoko. 1997. “The Ilkhanid Phase of Takht-i Sulaiman.” PhD dissertation, New York University, 2 vols.Google Scholar
Mihryār, Muḥammad, Kabīr, Aḥmad, and Tawḥīdī, Fāʾiq. 1986. “Barrasī wa paygardī-yi muqaddamātī: burj wa bārū-yi ark-i shahr-i qadīm-i Sulṭāniyya” (Preliminary Research and Study: Bastions and Walls of the Citadel of the Old City of Sulṭāniyya). Athar 12–14: 209–64.Google Scholar
Mīrfattāḥ, ʿ Alī Aṣghar. 1991. “Sulṭāniyya.” In Shahr-hā-yi Īrān (Iranian Cities), ed. Kiyānī, Muḥammad Yūsuf, vol. 4, 152–205. Tehran.Google Scholar
Moradi, Yousef (Murādī, Yūsuf). 2006. “Takht-i Sulaymān pas az Ābāqā Khān” (Takht-i Sulaymān after Ābāqā Khān). Guzārish-hā-yi bāstān-shināsī 6: 84–93.Google Scholar
Moradi, Yousef 2012. “Bāznigarī dar kārburī wa gāh-nigārī-yi banāʾ-yi chahār-sutūnī-yi shumāl-i ātishkada-yi Takht-i Sulaymān” (A Reassessment of the Chronology and Function of the Four-Columned Building in Takht-i Sulaymān). Majala-yi bāstān-shināshī wa tārīkh 25.2: 156–66.Google Scholar
Naumann, Rudolf. 1963. “Eine keramische Werkstatt des 13. Jahrhunderts auf dem Takht-i-Suleiman.” In Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte Asiens: In Memoriam Ernst Diez, ed. Aslanapa, Oktay, 301–7. Istanbul.Google Scholar
Naumann, Rudolf 1971. “Brennöfen für Glasurkeramik.” Istanbuler Mitteilungen 21: 173–90.Google Scholar
Naumann, Rudolf 1977. Die Ruinen von Tacht-e Suleiman und Zendan-e Suleiman und Umgebung. Berlin.Google Scholar
Naumann, Rudolf, and Huff, Dietrich. 1972. “Takht-i Sulaymān.” Bastān-shināsī wa hunar-i Īrān 9–10: 24–61.Google Scholar
Naumann, Rudolf, and Naumann, Elisabeth. 1969. “Ein Köşk im Sommerpalast des Abaqa Chan auf dem Tacht-i Sulaiman und seine Dekoration.” In Forschungen zur Kunst Asiens: In Memoriam Kurt Erdmann, ed. Oktay Aslanapa and Rudolf Naumann, 35–62. Istanbul.Google Scholar
Naumann, Rudolf, and Naumann, Elisabeth 1976. Takht-i Suleiman: Ausgrabung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts in Iran. Munich.Google Scholar
Pope, Arthur Upham, Crane, Mary, and Wilber, Donald N.. 1937. “The Institute’s Survey of Persian Architecture: Preliminary Report on Takht-i Sulayman, the Significance of the Site.” Bulletin of the American Institute for Iranian Art and Archaeology 5: 71–109.Google Scholar
JT/Thackston. See Abbreviations.Google Scholar
Rūḥangīz, Lāla. 2011. “Rabʿ-i Rashīdī wa Khwāja Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlallāh Hamadānī.” In Bāstān shināshī-yi Īrān dar dawra-yi Islāmī: 43 maqāla dar buzurgdāsht-i ustād duktūr Muḥammad Yūsuf Kiyānī (Islamic Archaeology of Iran: 43 Essays in Honor of Professor Dr. Mohammad Yousef Kiani), ed. Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Zāriʿī, 153–82. Hamadan.Google Scholar
Rūḥangīz, Lāla 2015. “Guzārish-i kāwishhā-yi Rabʿ-iRashīdī-yi Tabrīz” (Report of the Excavations at the Rabʿ-iRashīdī in Tabriz). In Majmūʿa-yi maqālāt-i hamāyish-i millī-yi Khwāja Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlallāh Hamadānī (Collected Papers of the National Symposium of Khwāja Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlallāh Hamadānī), ed. Ibrāhīmī, Parvīn, 186–93. Tehran.Google Scholar
Scarcia, Gianroberto. 1975. “The ‘Vihār’ of Qonqor-olong Preliminary Report.” East and West 25.3–4: 99–104.Google Scholar
Sims, Eleanor. 1988. “The ‘Iconography’ of the Internal Decoration in the Mausoleum of Ūljāytū at Sultaniyya.” In Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World, ed. Soucek, Priscilla P., 139–74. University Park, PA.Google Scholar
Solṭāniye iii. 1982. Quaderni del Seminario di Iranistica, Uralo-Altaistica e Caucasologia dell’Universitá degli Studi di Venezia, vol. 9. Venice.Google Scholar
Vardjavand, Parviz (Warjāwand, Parwīz ). 1975a. “The Imāmzādeh Maʿsum Varjovi near Marāgheh.” East and West 25.3–4: 435–38.Google Scholar
Vardjavand, Parviz (Warjāwand, Parwīz 1975b. “Rapport préliminaire sur les fouilles de l’observatoire de Marâqe.” Le monde iranien et l’islam: Sociétés et cultures 3: 119–24.Google Scholar
Vardjavand, Parviz (Warjāwand, Parwīz 1979. “La découverte archéologique du complexe scientifique de l’observatoire de Maraqé.” Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergänzungsband 6, Akten des vii. Internationalen Kongresses für iranische Kunst und Archäologie München 7.–10. September 1976, 527–36. Berlin.Google Scholar
Vardjavand, Parviz (Warjāwand, Parwīz 1987. Kāwush-i raṣadkhāna-yi Marāgha (Excavation of the Observatory of Maragha). Tehran.Google Scholar
Velayati, Rahim (Wilāyatī, Raḥīm), Homayon Rezvan (Humāyūn Riḍwān), and Ghader Ebrahimi (Qādir Ibrāhīmī). 2018. “Investigating Effective Factors on the Formation, Development, and Collapse of Ojan Islamic City, According to Comparative Studies on Sources and Archaeological Excavation.” Bāgh-i naẓar 14.55: 19–34.Google Scholar
von der Osten, Hans Henning, and Naumann, Rudolf. 1961. Takht-i Suleiman: Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen 1959. Berlin.Google Scholar
Wilber, Donald N. 1955. The Architecture of Islamic Iran: The Il Khānid Period. New York.Google Scholar
Wilber, Donald N., and Modjtaba Minovi (Mujtabā Mīnuwī). 1938. “Notes on the Rabʿ-i Rashīdī.” Bulletin of the American Institute of Iranian Art and Archaeology 5: 247–59.Google Scholar
Yaghan, Muhammad-Ali Jalal. 2000. “Decoding the Two-Dimensional Pattern Found at Takht-i Sulaiman into Three Dimensional Muqarnas Forms.” Iran 38: 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar