Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T16:18:16.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - The International Drivers of Nature Conservation, Their Objectives and Impacts on Nature Conservation Policies and Actions in Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2023

By
David Stroud ,
Euan Dunn ,
Wyn Jones  and
Graham Tucker
Edited by
Graham Tucker
Graham Tucker
Affiliation:
Nature Conservation Consulting
Get access

Summary

The chapter summarises the main international drivers (other than the EU) of nature conservation in Europe, and their effects on policies and actions, especially within the EU. It starts with a list of key international events that most influenced the evolution of nature conservation, and then provides a tabular summary of the main objectives, obligations and effects of the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and other initiatives that have had a significant impact on nature conservation. Further brief descriptions (with more detail in online Annex I) are given of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention), Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention), Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a number of Regional Sea Conventions (particularly the OSPAR Convention) and the North Sea Ministerial Conference declarations. The CBD Strategic Plans for 2010 and 2020 are summarised, with a simplified list of targets for 2020 (Aichi targets). A summary is provided of the proposed post-2020 CBD Global Biodiversity Framework (according to plans published as of May 2022).

Keywords

Biodiversitynature conservationmultilateral environmental agreements (MEAs)treatiesEuropeRamsar ConventionConvention on Migratory SpeciesBern ConventionConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD)OSPAR Convention
Type
Chapter
Information
Nature Conservation in Europe
Approaches and Lessons
 , pp. 41 - 58
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Atkinson-Willes, G. L., Scott, D. A. & Prater, A. J. (1982) Criteria for selecting wetlands of international importance. In Proceedings of the Conference on the Conservation of Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Cagliari, Italy, 24-29 November 1980. Supplemento alle Ricerche di Biologia della Selvaggina, 81, 1017–1042.Google Scholar
Bell, S., McGillivray, D. & Pedersen, O.W. (2013) Environmental Law. 8th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bowman, M., Davies, P. & Redgwell, C. (2010) Lyster’s International Wildlife Law. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bridgewater, P. (2016) The Man and Biosphere programme of UNESCO: rambunctious child of the sixties, but was the promise fulfilled? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 19, 1–6.Google Scholar
CBD (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.Google Scholar
CBD (2013) Quick guides to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.Google Scholar
CBD (2020) Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.Google Scholar
Díaz, C. L. (2010) The Bern Convention: 30 years of nature conservation in Europe. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 19, 185–196.Google Scholar
Earll, B. (2019) Marine Conservation: People, Ideas and Action. Exeter, UK: Pelagic Publishing.Google Scholar
Ehlers, P. (1990) The History of the International North Sea Conferences. In The North Sea: Perspectives on Regional Environmental Cooperation, eds. Freestone, D. & IJlstra, T., pp. 3–14. Special Issue of the International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law. London: Graham & Trotman Ltd.Google Scholar
European Commission (2020) EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 — bringing nature back into our lives. COM(2020) 380 final.Google Scholar
Farmer, A. (ed.) (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy. 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Finlayson, C. M., Davidson, N. C., Pritchard, D. E., Milton, G. R & MacKay, H. (2011) The Ramsar Convention and ecosystem-based approaches to the wise use and sustainable development of wetlands. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, 14, 176–198.Google Scholar
Gilek, M. & Kern, K. (eds.) (2015) Governing Europe’s Marine Environment: Europeanization of Regional Seas or Regionalization of EU Policies? London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Goriup, P. & Tucker, G. (2005) Assessment of the merits of an Instrument under the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) covering Migratory Raptors in the African-Eurasian Region. Final Report with Draft MoU and Action Plan. Newbury, UK: Nature Bureau report to DEFRA.Google Scholar
Hajdu, K. & Kiss, V. (2009) Clear View: Regional synthesis report on the biodiversity challenges in Pan-Europe. Budapest: CEEweb for Biodiversity.Google Scholar
IPBES (2018) The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Europe and Central Asia, eds. Rounsevell, M., Fischer, M., Torre-Marin Rando, A. & Mader, A.. Bonn, Germany: Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.Google Scholar
IPBES (2019) Global assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, eds. Brondízio, E. S., Settele, J., Díaz, S., & Ngo, H. T.. Bonn, Germany: Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.Google Scholar
IUCN, UNEP & WWF (1980) World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development. IUCN–UNEP–WWF.Google Scholar
IUCN, UNEP & WWF (1991) Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living. IUCN (World Conservation Union), UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature). London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Jones, G. (2012) The Bern Convention and the Origins of the Habitats Directive. In The Habitats Directive - a Developer’s Obstacle Course? ed. Jones, G., pp. 1–23. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Kanstrup, N., Swift, J., Stroud, D. A. & Lewis, M. (2018) Hunting with lead is not sustainable: European perspectives. Ambio, 47, 846–857.Google Scholar
Lewis, M. (2016) AEWA at Twenty: an appraisal of the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement and its unique place in international environmental law. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, 19, 22–61.Google Scholar
Lyster, S. (1985) International Wildlife Law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, C. (2012) A comparison of the Habitats Directive with the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. In The Habitats Directive - a Developer’s Obstacle Course? ed. Jones, G., pp. 25–41. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Mateo, R. & Kanstrup, N. (2019) Regulations on lead ammunition adopted in Europe and evidence of compliance. Ambio, 48, 989–998.Google Scholar
Matz-Lück, N. & Fuchs, J. (2014) The impact of OSPAR on protected area management beyond national jurisdiction: Effective regional cooperation or a network of paper parks? Marine Policy, 49, 155–166.Google Scholar
Mossop, J. (2018) Can We Make the Oceans Greener? The Successes and Failures of UNCLOS as an Environmental Treaty. Victoria University of Wellington Legal Research Paper No. 48/2019.Google Scholar
Oral, N. (2011) The Black Sea: Moving Forward. In The World Ocean in Globalisation: Climate Change, Sustainable Fisheries, Biodiversity, Shipping, Regional Issues, eds. Vidas, D. & Schei, P. J., pp. 473–494. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
OSPAR Commission (2020) Status of the OSPAR Network of Marine Protected Areas in 2020. https://oap-cloudfront.ospar.org/media/filer_public/94/bd/94bdc35b-05f6-4efa-9e1d-f84cb5ebe0f9/assessment_sheet_mpa_status_2020.pdfGoogle Scholar
Prip, C. (2013) Terminal evaluation of the UNEP project Supporting the Implementation of the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (PEBLDS). United Nations Environment Programme.Google Scholar
Raftopoulos, E. (2011) The Mediterranean Response to Global Challenges: Environmental Governance and the Barcelona Convention System. In The World Ocean in Globalisation: Climate Change, Sustainable Fisheries, Biodiversity, Shipping, Regional Issues, eds. Vidas, D. & Schei, P. J., pp. 507–532. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2010) Wise use of wetlands: concepts and approaches for the wise use of wetlands. Ramsar Handbooks for the wise use of wetlands, 4th ed. Volume 1. Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.Google Scholar
Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2013) The Ramsar Convention Manual. 6th ed. Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.Google Scholar
Skjærseth, J. B. (2006) Protecting the Northeast Atlantic: One Problem, Three Institutions. In Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EU Policies, eds. Oberthür, S. & Gehring, T., pp. 102–125. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Stroud, D. A. (2018) Ramsar Convention: Ramsar Site designation process. In The Wetland Book, eds. Finlayson, C. M., Everard, M., Irvine, K., McInnes, R., Middleton, B., van Dam, A. & Davidson, N. C., pp. 459–466. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Stroud, D. A., Cromie, R., Finlayson, M. et al. (2021) International Treaties in Nature Conservation: A UK Perspective. Totnes, UK: Biodiversity Press.Google Scholar
Stroud, D. A. & Davidson, N. C. (2021) Fifty years of criteria development for selecting wetlands of international importance. Marine & Freshwater Research. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF21190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiller, R., De Santo, E., Mendenhall, E. & Nyman, E. (2019) The once and future treaty: Towards a new regime for areas beyond national jurisdiction. Marine Policy, 99, 239–242.Google Scholar
UNGA (1982) World Charter for Nature. United Nations General Assembly. (37th sess.: 1982–1983).Google Scholar
WCED (1987) Our Common Future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×