Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T04:10:22.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2024

Mike Cowburn
Affiliation:
European University Viadrina
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Party Transformation in Congressional Primaries
Faction and Ideology in the Twenty-First Century
, pp. 217 - 240
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abadie, Alberto. 2005. “Semiparametric Difference-in-Differences Estimators.” The Review of Economic Studies 72(1): 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdul-Razzak, Nour, Prato, Carlo, and Wolton, Stephane. 2020. “After Citizens United: How Outside Spending Shapes American Democracy.” Electoral Studies 67: 102–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I. 1989. “Viability, Electability, and Candidate Choice in a Presidential Primary Election: A Test of Competing Models.” The Journal of Politics 51(4): 977–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I. 2010. The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I. 2014. “Partisan Nation: The Rise of Affective Partisanship in the American Electorate.” In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, eds. Green, John C., Coffey, Daniel J., and Cohen, David B.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2136.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I. 2018. The Great Alignment: Race, Party Transformation, and the Rise of Donald Trump. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I., and Segal, Jeffrey Allan. 1992. Senate Elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I., and Webster, Steven W.. 2016. “The Rise of Negative Partisanship and the Nationalization of US Elections in the 21st Century.” Electoral Studies 41: 1222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, Alan I., and Webster, Steven W.. 2018. “Negative Partisanship: Why Americans Dislike Parties but Behave Like Rabid Partisans.” Political Psychology 39: 119–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, Samuel J., and Fiorina, Morris P.. 2012. “‘The Big Sort’ That Wasn’t: A Skeptical Reexamination.” Political Science and Politics 45(2): 203–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Ben. 2010. “Did the Tea Party Cost Republicans 3 Seats in the Senate?” Newsweek. www.newsweek.com/did-tea-party-cost-republicans-3-seats-senate-213034 (February 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Ahler, Douglas J., Citrin, Jack, and Lenz, Gabriel S.. 2016. “Do Open Primaries Improve Representation? An Experimental Test of California’s 2012 Top-Two Primary.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 41(2): 237–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, Zachary, and La Raja, Raymond J.. 2020a. “Small Dollar Donors and the Evolving Democratic Party.” APSA Pre-Print. https://preprints.apsanet.org/engage/apsa/article-details/5e1f540bcd361a001afed264 (November 18, 2021).Google Scholar
Albert, Zachary, and La Raja, Raymond J.. 2020b. “Who Should Decide the Party’s Nominee? Understanding Public Attitudes toward Primary Elections.” Party Politics 27(5): 928–41.Google Scholar
Albert, Zachary, and La Raja, Raymond J.. 2021. “The Impact of Structural Factors on Small Dollar Donors in American Politics.” In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. 1st ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aleshire, Peter. 2018. “Candidates Descend on Payson.” Payson Roundup. www.paysonroundup.com/government/candidates-descend-on-payson/article_7f988a5c-a0b4-5b2e-a0b3-61527566b469.html (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto. 1988. “Credibility and Policy Convergence in a Two-Party System with Rational Voters.” The American Economic Review 78(4): 796805.Google Scholar
Allsides. 2019. “AllSides Media Bias Chart.” AllSides. www.allsides.com/media-bias/media-bias-chart (November 19, 2021).Google Scholar
Altman, Micah, and McDonald, Michael. 2015. “Redistricting and Polarization.” In American Gridlock, eds. Thurber, James A., and Yoshinaka, Antoine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, and Sinclair, J. Andrew. 2015. Nonpartisan Primary Election Reform: Mitigating Mischief. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American National Election Studies. 2016. “2016 Time Series Study.” https://electionstudies.org/data-center/2016-time-series-study/ (March 31, 2020).Google Scholar
American Political Science Association. 1950. Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Report of the Committee on Political Parties. New York: Rinehart.Google Scholar
Anderson, Sarah E., Butler, Daniel M., and Harbridge-Yong, Laurel. 2020. Rejecting Compromise: Legislators’ Fear of Primary Voters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angrist, Joshua D., and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Hansen, John Mark, Hirano, Shigeo, and Snyder, James M.. 2006. “The Decline of Competition in U.S. Primary Elections, 1908–2004.” In The Marketplace of Democracy, eds. McDonald, Michael, and Samples, John. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Hansen, John Mark, Hirano, Shigeo, and Snyder, James M.. 2007. “The Incumbency Advantage in U.S. Primary Elections.” Electoral Studies 26(3): 660–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anzia, Sarah F. 2011. “Election Timing and the Electoral Influence of Interest Groups.” The Journal of Politics 73(2): 412–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbour, Brian. 2014. Candidate-Centered Campaigns. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbour, Brian. 2020. “Tiny Donations, Big Impact: How Small-Dollar Donors Are Eroding the Power of Party Insiders.” Society 57(5): 496506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, Peter C. 2011. “An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 46(3): 399424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, Peter C., and Stuart, Elizabeth A.. 2015. “Moving Towards Best Practice When Using Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) Using the Propensity Score to Estimate Causal Treatment Effects in Observational Studies.” Statistics in Medicine 34(28): 3661–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Autor, David, Dorn, David, Hanson, Gordon, and Majlesi, Kaveh. 2020. “Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure.” American Economic Review 110(10): 3139–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azari, Julia. 2016. “Weak Parties and Strong Partisanship Are a Bad Combination.” Vox. www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/11/3/13512362/weak-parties-strong-partisanship-bad-combination (August 17, 2021).Google Scholar
Babington, Charles, and Balz, Dan. 2005. “Democrats Feel Heat from Left on Roberts.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/16/AR2005081601919.html (November 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Bacon, Perry. 2019a. “The Five Wings of the Republican Party | FiveThirtyEight.” https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-five-wings-of-the-republican-party/ (March 28, 2019).Google Scholar
Bacon, Perry. 2019b. “The Six Wings of the Democratic Party.” FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-six-wings-of-the-democratic-party/ (March 28, 2019).Google Scholar
Bafumi, Joseph, and Herron, Michael C.. 2010. “Leapfrog Representation and Extremism: A Study of American Voters and Their Members in Congress.” The American Political Science Review 104(3): 519–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballard, Andrew O., Hassell, Hans J. G., and Heseltine, Michael. 2020. “Be Careful What You Wish For: The Impacts of President Trump’s Midterm Endorsements.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 46(2): 459–91.Google Scholar
Banda, Kevin K., Cluverius, John, Mason, Lilliana, and Noel, Hans. 2022. “Ideological Cleavages in the Democratic Primary Electorate.” In Polarization and Political Party Factions in the 2020 Election, eds. Lucas, Jennifer C., Sisco, Tauna S., and Galdieri, Christopher J.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 169–83.Google Scholar
Banda, Kevin K., Mason, Lilliana, Cluverius, John, and Noel, Hans. 2016. “A Distinction with a Difference? Investigating the Difference between Liberals and Progressives.” In Southern Political Science Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Barber, Michael J. 2016. “Representing the Preferences of Donors, Partisans, and Voters in the US Senate.” Public Opinion Quarterly 80: 225–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Michael J. 2022. “Comparing Campaign Finance and Vote-Based Measures of Ideology.” The Journal of Politics 84(1): 613–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barberá, Pablo. 2015. “Birds of the Same Feather Tweet Together: Bayesian Ideal Point Estimation Using Twitter Data.” Political Analysis 23(1): 7691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 2020. “Ethnic Antagonism Erodes Republicans’ Commitment to Democracy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(37): 22752–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barton, Richard. 2022. “The Primary Threat: How the Surge of Ideological Challengers Is Exacerbating Partisan Polarization.” Party Politics 29(2): 248–59.Google Scholar
Basedau, Matthias, and Köllner, Patrick. 2005. “Factionalism in Political Parties: An Analytical Framework for Comparative Studies.” SSRN Electronic Journal. www.ssrn.com/abstract=909172 (October 19, 2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen et al. 2012. “A Theory of Political Parties: Groups, Policy Demands and Nominations in American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 10(3): 571–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen 2015. “Social Choice and Coordination Problems in Open House Primaries.” In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, UCLA. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/560f0d36e4b07a0a28daec1c/t/5ba14f340e2e72d7fdf1c1d2/1537298235728/BawnBrownOcampoPattersonRayZaller+APSA+2015+%281%29.pdf.Google Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen 2019. “Policy Voting in U.S. House Primaries.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 29(4): 533–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Callum. 2020. “Momentum: Why We’re Launching Our First Ever Open Primary.” LabourList. https://labourlist.org/2020/08/momentum-why-were-launching-our-first-ever-open-primary/ (February 1, 2021).Google Scholar
Bendix, William, and Mackay, Jon. 2017. “Partisan Infighting Among House Republicans: Leaders, Factions, and Networks of Interests.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 42(4): 549–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benkler, Yochai, Faris, Robert, and Roberts, Hal. 2018. Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, W. Lance, and Livingston, Steven. 2018. “The Disinformation Order: Disruptive Communication and the Decline of Democratic Institutions.” European Journal of Communication 33(2): 122–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernhard, William T., and Sulkin, Tracy E.. 2013. “Parties, Members, and Campaign Contributions in the House of Representatives.” In Congress Reconsidered, eds. Dodd, Lawrence C., and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 145–66.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, Dan, and Ghosh, Meenakshi. 2020. “Positive and Negative Campaigning in Primary and General Elections.” Games and Economic Behavior 119: 98104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne, Duflo, Esther, and Mullainathan, Sendhil. 2004. “How Much Should We Trust Differences-In-Differences Estimates?The Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(1): 249–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, Sarah A. 2003. Stalemate: Causes and Consequences of Legislative Gridlock. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, Bill, and Cushing, Robert G.. 2008. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Bloch Rubin, Ruth. 2017. Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the U.S. Congress. Cambridge; New York; Port Melbourne; Delhi; Singapore: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, Rachel M. 2020. How the Tea Party Captured the GOP: Insurgent Factions in American Politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, Rachel M., and Cowburn, Mike. 2023. “How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era.” British Journal of Political Science 54(1): 88109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, Rachel M., Cowburn, Mike, and Masket, Seth. 2023. “Who Decides? Media, MAGA, Money, and Mentions in the 2022 Republican Primaries.” In Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA), Chicago. https://mikecowburn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Blum-Masket-Cowburn-Who-Decides.pdf.Google Scholar
Blunt, Christopher C. 2000. “The Representativeness of Primary Electorates.” In San Jose, California.Google Scholar
Boatright, Robert G. 2013. Getting Primaried: The Changing Politics of Congressional Primary Challenges. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boatright, Robert G. 2014. Congressional Primary Elections. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boatright, Robert G. 2017. “In the Shadow of Trump: How the 2016 Presidential Contest Affected House and Senate Primaries.” In State of the Parties Conference, Akron, Ohio.Google Scholar
Boatright, Robert G., and Albert, Zachary. 2021. “Factional Conflict and Independent Expenditures in the 2018 Democratic House Primaries.” Congress & the Presidency 48(1): 5077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boatright, Robert G., Malbin, Michael J., and Glavin, Brendan. 2016. “Independent Expenditures in Congressional Primaries after Citizens United: Implications for Interest Groups, Incumbents, and Political Parties.” Interest Groups & Advocacy 5(2): 119–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boatright, Robert G., Moscardelli, Vincent G., and Vickery, Clifford. 2017. “The Consequences of Primary Election Timing.” https://wordpress.clarku.edu/primarytiming/files/2017/06/Primary-Timing-Paper-Revisions-062617-Clean-Version.pdf (January 5, 2020).Google Scholar
Bonica, Adam. 2014. “Mapping the Ideological Marketplace.” American Journal of Political Science 58(2): 367–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonica, Adam. 2016. “Database on Ideology, Money in Politics, and Elections: Public Version 2.0 [Computer File].” https://data.stanford.edu/dime (October 25, 2018).Google Scholar
Bouton, Laurent, Cagé, Julia, Dewitte, Edgard, and Pons, Vincent. 2022. “Small Campaign Donors.” https://sciencespo.hal.science/hal-03878175/file/2022_bouton_cage_dewitte_pons_small_campaign_donors.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, David W., Han, Hahrie, and Pope, Jeremy C.. 2007. “Primary Elections and Candidate Ideology: Out of Step with the Primary Electorate?Legislative Studies Quarterly 32(1): 79105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breslow, Jason M. 2012. “Bob Inglis: Climate Change and the Republican Party.” FRONTLINE. www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/bob-inglis-climate-change-and-the-republican-party/ (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Broockman, David E., Carnes, Nicholas, Crowder-Meyer, Melody, and Skovron, Christopher. 2021. “Why Local Party Leaders Don’t Support Nominating Centrists.” British Journal of Political Science 51(2): 724–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, LaRaye. 2006. “‘Democrat’ Candidate for U.S. Senate Does Not Line up with Party.” The News Messenger. https://archive.is/20130220142359/ www.thenews-messenger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060324/NEWS01/603240315&SearchID=73239574950345 (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Bruhn, Kathleen. 2013. “Electing Extremists? Party Primaries and Legislative Candidates in Mexico.” Comparative Politics 45(4): 398417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian, and Fairlie, Dennis J.. 1983. Explaining and Predicting Elections: Issue Effects and Party Strategies in 23 Democracies. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Buisseret, Peter, and Van Weelden, Richard. 2020. “Crashing the Party? Elites, Outsiders, and Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 64(2): 356–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burden, Barry C. 2001. “The Polarizing Effects of Congressional Primaries.” In Congressional Primaries and the Politics of Representation, eds. Galderisi, Peter F., Ezra, Marni, and Lyons, Michael. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Burden, Barry C. 2004. “Candidate Positioning in US Congressional Elections.” British Journal of Political Science 34(2): 211–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgin, Eileen, and Bereznyak, Jacqueline. 2013. “Compromising Partisans: Assessing Compromise in Health Care Reform.” The Forum 11(2): 209–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bycoffe, Aaron, and Dottle, Rachael. 2019. “The 2020 Endorsement Primary.” FiveThirtyEight. https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2020-endorsements/democratic-primary/ (January 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Callaway, Brantly, Goodman-Bacon, Andrew, and Sant’Anna, Pedro H. C.. 2021. “Difference-in-Differences with a Continuous Treatment.” Working Paper. http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.02637 (July 16, 2021).Google Scholar
Callaway, Brantly, and Sant’Anna, Pedro H. C.. 2020. “Difference-in-Differences with Multiple Time Periods.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2): 200–30.Google Scholar
Canes-Wrone, Brandice, Brady, David W., and Cogan, John F.. 2002. “Out of Step, Out of Office: Electoral Accountability and House Members’ Voting.” The American Political Science Review 96(1): 127–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canon, Bradley C. 1978. “Factionalism in the South: A Test of Theory and a Revisitation of V. O. Key.” American Journal of Political Science 22(4): 833–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M., and Polga-Hecimovich, John. 2006. “Primary Elections and Candidate Strength in Latin America.” The Journal of Politics 68(3): 530–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmines, Edward G., and Fowler, Matthew. 2017. “The Temptation of Executive Authority: How Increased Polarization and the Decline in Legislative Capacity Have Contributed to the Expansion of Presidential Power.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 24(2): 369–98.Google Scholar
Carson, Jamie L., Engstrom, Erik J., and Roberts, Jason M.. 2007. “Candidate Quality, the Personal Vote, and the Incumbency Advantage in Congress.” The American Political Science Review 101(2): 289301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, Jamie L., and Williamson, Ryan D.. 2018. “Candidate Ideology and Electoral Success in Congressional Elections.” Public Choice 176(1): 175–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carty, R. Kenneth. 2004. “Parties as Franchise Systems: The Stratarchical Organizational Imperative.” Party Politics 10(1): 524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cawthorn, Madison. 2022. “Instagram Post.” @MadisonCawthorn. www.instagram.com/p/Cdv39gcOBis/ (May 24, 2022).Google Scholar
de Chaisemartin, Clément, and D’Haultfœuille, Xavier. 2020. “Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.” American Economic Review 110(9): 2964–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cintolesi, Andrea. 2022. “Political Polarization and Primary Elections.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 200: 596617.Google Scholar
Clarke, Andrew J. 2020. “Party Sub-Brands and American Party Factions.” American Journal of Political Science 64(3): 452–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, Katherine. 2021. Does Intraparty Conflict Impact Partisan Attitudes? The Case of Voter Fraud in the 2020 Election. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3845559 (June 14, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, Emily. 2019. “Justice Democrats Helped Make Ocasio-Cortez. They’re Already Eyeing Their Next Targets.” The New York Times (23rd February). www.nytimes.com/2019/02/23/us/politics/justice-democrats-ocasio-cortez.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Jean L. 2019. “Hollow Parties and Their Movement-Ization: The Populist Conundrum.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 45(9–10): 1084–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2008. The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and After Reform. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2016. “Party versus Faction in the Reformed Presidential Nominating System.” PS: Political Science & Politics 49(4): 701–8.Google Scholar
Cohn, Nate. 2021. “How Educational Differences Are Widening America’s Political Rift.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2021/09/08/us/politics/how-college-graduates-vote.html (February 19, 2022).Google Scholar
Cohn, Nate, and Quealy, Kevin. 2019. “The Democratic Electorate on Twitter Is Not the Actual Democratic Electorate.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/08/upshot/democratic-electorate-twitter-real-life.html (April 19, 2021).Google Scholar
Colbert Super PAC.” 2021. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colbert_Super_PAC&oldid=1048015433 (November 16, 2021).Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. 1971. “Internal Processes Governing Party Positions in Elections.” Public Choice 11: 3560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conroy, Meredith, Rakich, Nathaniel, and Nguyen, Mai. 2018. “We Looked at Hundreds of Endorsements. Here’s Who Democrats Are Listening To.” FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-establishment-is-beating-the-progressive-wing-in-democratic-primaries-so-far/ (February 19, 2020).Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” Critical Review 18(1–3): 174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowburn, Mike. 2020. “The Transformation of the Congressional Primary.” In Mobilization, Representation, and Responsiveness in the American Democracy, ed. Oswald, Michael T.. Palgrave Macmillan, 105–20.Google Scholar
Cowburn, Mike. 2022a. “Experience Narratives and Populist Rhetoric in U.S. House Primaries.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Populism, ed. Oswald, Michael T.. Cham: Springer International, 421–35.Google Scholar
Cowburn, Mike. 2022b. “Partisan Polarization in Congressional Nominations: How Ideological & Factional Primaries Influence Candidate Positions.” Doctoral Thesis. Freie Universität Berlin.Google Scholar
Cowburn, Mike. 2024. “Factional Change and Continuity in the 2022 House Primaries.” In The Crossroads Election: European Perspectives on the 2022 Midterm Elections in the United States, eds. Duda, Renata, and Turek, Maciej. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 7896.Google Scholar
Cowburn, Mike, and Conroy, Meredith. 2023. “Where Do Women Win Primaries? Candidate Gender, District Partisanship, and Congressional Nomination.” In Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA), Chicago, 132. https://mikecowburn.com/wp-content/uploads/Cowburn-Conroy-Where-Do-Women-Win-Primaries.pdf.Google Scholar
Cowburn, Mike, and Kerr, Rebecca. 2023. “Inclusivity and Decentralisation of Candidate Selectorates: Factional Consequences for Centre-Left Parties in England, Germany, and the United States.” Political Research Quarterly 76(1): 292307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowburn, Mike, and Knüpfer, Curd B.. 2023. “The Emerging Fault Line of Alternative News: Intra-Party Division in Republican Representatives’ Media Engagement.” Party Politics 30(2): 319–33.Google Scholar
Cowburn, Mike, and Oswald, Michael T.. 2020. “Legislator Adoption of the Fake News Label: Ideological Differences in Republican Representative Use on Twitter.” The Forum 18(3): 389413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowburn, Mike, and Sältzer, Marius. 2024. “Partisan Communication in Two-Stage Elections: The Effect of Primaries on Intra-Campaign Positional Shifts in Congressional Elections.” Political Science Research and Methods First View, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2023.62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowburn, Mike, and Theriault, Sean M.. 2023. “Preventative Polarization: Republican Senators’ Positional Adaptation in the Tea Party Era.” In Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Los Angeles, 130. https://mikecowburn.com/wp-content/uploads/Cowburn-Theriault-Preventative-Polarization.pdf (October 17, 2023).Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W., and Katz, Jonathan N.. 2002. Elbridge Gerry’s Salamander: The Electoral Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crespin, Michael H. 2005. “Using Geographic Information Systems to Measure District Change, 2000–2002.” Political Analysis 13(3): 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowder-Meyer, Melody. 2013. “Gendered Recruitment without Trying: How Local Party Recruiters Affect Women’s Representation.” Politics & Gender 9(4): 390413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowder-Meyer, Melody, Gadarian, Shana Kushner, and Trounstine, Jessica. 2020. “Voting Can Be Hard, Information Helps.” Urban Affairs Review 56(1): 124–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culbert, Gar. 2015. “Realizing ‘Strategic’ Voting in Presidential Primaries.” Rationality and Society 27(2): 224–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Susan. 2020. “‘Fundraging’ Fuels Democratic Money Advantage over GOP in Most Races.” NPR. www.npr.org/2020/10/22/925892007/fundraging-fuels-democratic-money-advantage-over-gop-in-most-races (November 18, 2021).Google Scholar
DeBacker, Jason Matthew. 2008. Flip-Flopping: Ideological Adjustment Costs in the United States Senate. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1132872 (November 5, 2020).Google Scholar
DeCrescenzo, Michael G. 2020. “Do Primaries Work? Constituent Ideology and Congressional Nominations.” Doctoral Thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison. https://github.com/mikedecr/dissertation/blob/8087d244e52edbc0eb732c04471c531f171c0e6f/_book/MGD-thesis.pdf (October 19, 2020).Google Scholar
Desai, Rishi J., and Franklin, Jessica M.. 2019. “Alternative Approaches for Confounding Adjustment in Observational Studies Using Weighting Based on the Propensity Score: A Primer for Practitioners.” BMJ 367: l5657.Google ScholarPubMed
Dewey, Thomas E. 1955. “The Two-Party System.” In Politics in the United States: Readings in Political Parties and Pressure Groups, ed. Turner, Henry. New York: McGraw Hill, 219–30.Google Scholar
Dionne, Eugene Joseph. 2023. “Opinion | First, Biden Was FDR. Now He’s Clinton. (Spoiler Alert: He’s Neither.).” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/03/19/biden-fdr-clinton-center-triangulation/ (October 26, 2023).Google Scholar
DiSalvo, Daniel. 2012. Engines of Change: Party Factions in American Politics, 1868–2010. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disch, Lisa. 2012. “Democratic Representation and the Constituency Paradox.” Perspectives on Politics 10(3): 599616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, David, Dowling, Conor M., and Miller, Michael G.. 2019. “Do Local Party Chairs Think Women and Minority Candidates Can Win? Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment.” The Journal of Politics 81(4): 1282–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dominguez, Casey B. K. 2011. “Does the Party Matter? Endorsements in Congressional Primaries.” Political Research Quarterly 64(3): 534–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. Boston, MA: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Druckman, James N., Kifer, Martin, and Parkin, Michael. 2010. “Timeless Strategy Meets New Medium: Going Negative on Congressional Campaign Websites, 2002–2006.” Political Communication 27(1): 88103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Druckman, James N., Peterson, Erik, and Slothuus, Rune. 2013. “How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation.” The American Political Science Review 107(1): 5779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drutman, Lee. 2020. Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop: The Case for Multiparty Democracy in America. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drutman, Lee. 2021. What We Know about Congressional Primaries and Congressional Primary Reform. New America. http://newamerica.org/political-reform/reports/what-we-know-about-congressional-primaries-and-congressional-primary-reform/ (July 20, 2021).Google Scholar
Drutman, Lee, DiSalvo, Daniel, and Teles, Steven M.. 2022. “Should We End the Two-Party System? | Disputed Questions.” RealClear Politics. www.realclearpolitics.com/disputed_questions/should-we-end-the-two-party-system.html (July 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Drutman, Lee, Galston, William A., and Lindberg, Tod. 2018. “Spoiler Alert: Why Americans’ Desires for a Third Party Are Unlikely to Come True.” www.voterstudygroup.org/publications/2018-voter-survey/spoiler-alert (September 17, 2018).Google Scholar
Dunn, Amina. 2021. “Two-Thirds of Republicans Want Trump to Retain Major Political Role; 44% Want Him to Run Again in 2024.” Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/10/06/two-thirds-of-republicans-want-trump-to-retain-major-political-role-44-want-him-to-run-again-in-2024/ (November 15, 2021).Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1964. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Dwyre, Diana, Heberlig, Eric, Kolodny, Robin, and Larson, Bruce. 2007. “Committees and Candidates: National Party Finance after BCRA.” In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, eds. Green, John C., and Coffey, Daniel J.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 95112.Google Scholar
Dwyre, Diana, and Kolodny, Robin. 2014. “Political Party Activity in the 2012 Elections: Sophisticated Orchestration or Diminished Influence?” In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 7th edition, eds. Green, Jon C., Coffey, Daniel J. and Cohen, David B.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 207–31.Google Scholar
Dyck, Joshua J., Pearson-Merkowitz, Shanna, and Coates, Michael. 2018. “Primary Distrust: Political Distrust and Support for the Insurgent Candidacies of Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Primary.” PS: Political Science & Politics 51(2): 351–57.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher, and Stimson, James A.. 2009. “Symbolic Ideology in the American Electorate.” Electoral Studies 28(3): 388402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ensley, Michael J. 2012. “Incumbent Positioning, Ideological Heterogeneity and Mobilization in U.S. House Elections.” Public Choice 151(1/2): 4361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enten, Harry. 2018. “Ending Gerrymandering Won’t Fix What Ails America.” FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/ending-gerrymandering-wont-fix-what-ails-america/ (January 19, 2021).Google Scholar
Entman, Robert M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43(4): 51–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, David, and O’Halloran, Sharyn. 1999. Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenno, Richard F. 1973. Congressmen in Committees. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Fenno, Richard F. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Boston, MA: Longman.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P. 2017. Unstable Majorities: Polarization, Party Sorting, and Political Stalemate. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P., Abrams, Samuel J., and Pope, Jeremy C.. 2005. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Fisher, Lucy. 2018. “Momentum Turns to US Radical Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Inspiration.” The Times. www.thetimes.co.uk/article/momentum-turns-to-us-radical-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-for-inspiration-3rpgrkkrn (September 19, 2018).Google Scholar
Fisher, Max. 2022. “How Political Primaries Drive Britain’s Dysfunction.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2022/10/23/world/europe/britain-truss-conservative.html (October 24, 2022).Google Scholar
Fishkin, Joseph, and Pozen, David E.. 2022. “Asymmetric Constitutional Hardball.” Columbia Law Review 118(3). https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2452/.Google Scholar
Foley, Edward B. 2022. “Opinion | How Our System of Primary Elections Could Destroy Democracy.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/05/19/primary-elections-majority-vote/ (May 24, 2022).Google Scholar
Fouirnaies, Alexander, and Hall, Andrew B.. 2016. “How Divisive Primaries Hurt Parties: Evidence from Near-Runoffs.” SSRN Electronic Journal. www.ssrn.com/abstract=2775324 (December 2, 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulton, Sarah A., and Allen Gershon, Sarah. 2018. “Too Liberal to Win? Race and Voter Perceptions of Candidate Ideology.” American Politics Research 46(5): 909–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallup. 2022. “Congress and the Public.” Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/1600/Congress-Public.aspx (April 27, 2022).Google Scholar
Gardner, Amy, and Brown, Matthew. 2022. “Voting Is Surging in Georgia Despite Controversial New Election Law.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/21/voting-is-surging-georgia-despite-controversial-new-election-law/ (May 30, 2022).Google Scholar
Gelman, Andrew, Shor, Boris, Bafumi, Joseph, and Park, David. 2007. “Rich State, Poor State, Red State, Blue State: What’s the Matter with Connecticut?Quarterly Journal of Political Science 2: 345–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, Elisabeth R., and Morton, Rebecca B.. 1998. “Primary Election Systems and Representation.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 14(2): 304–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gervais, Bryan T., and Morris, Irwin L.. 2018. Reactionary Republicanism: How the Tea Party in the House Paved the Way for Trump’s Victory. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, Martin. 2012. Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality and Political Power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gimpel, James G., Lee, Frances E., and Pearson-Merkowitz, Shanna. 2008. “The Check Is in the Mail: Interdistrict Funding Flows in Congressional Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 52(2): 373–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goet, Niels D. 2019. “Measuring Polarization with Text Analysis: Evidence from the UK House of Commons, 1811–2015.” Political Analysis 27(4): 518–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman-Bacon, Andrew. 2021. “Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing.” Journal of Econometrics 225(2): 254–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Jon et al. 2020. “Elusive Consensus: Polarization in Elite Communication on the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Science Advances 6(28). www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abc2717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greitens, Eric. 2022. “Twitter Post.” @EricGreitens. https://twitter.com/EricGreitens/status/1538876823978713089 (June 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Grimmer, Justin, and Stewart, Brandon M.. 2013. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21(3): 267–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groenendyk, Eric, Sances, Michael W., and Zhirkov, Kirill. 2020. “Intraparty Polarization in American Politics.” The Journal of Politics 82(4): 1616–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossmann, Matt, and Hopkins, David A.. 2016. Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2006. Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Andrew B. 2015. “What Happens When Extremists Win Primaries?American Political Science Review 109(1): 1842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Andrew B. 2019. Who Wants to Run? How the Devaluing of Political Office Drives Polarization. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Andrew B., and Snyder, James M.. 2015. “Candidate Ideology and Electoral Success.” Working Paper. https://stanforddpl.org/papers/hall_snyder_electoral_success_2015/hall_snyder_electoral_success_2015.pdf.Google Scholar
Hassell, Hans J. G. 2018. The Party’s Primary: Control of Congressional Nominations. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hassell, Hans J. G. 2021. “Party Elite Engagement and Coordination in House Primary Elections: A Test of Theories of Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 67(2): 307–23.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Stephen, Yudkin, Daniel, Juan-Torres, Míriam, and Dixon, Tim. 2018. Hidden Tribes: A Study of America’s Polarized Landscape. New York: More in Common. https://hiddentribes.us/media/qfpekz4g/hidden_tribes_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Heft, Annett, Knüpfer, Curd B., Reinhardt, Susanne, and Mayerhöffer, Eva. 2021. “Toward a Transnational Information Ecology on the Right? Hyperlink Networking among Right-Wing Digital News Sites in Europe and the United States.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 26(2): 484504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, John A. et al. 2021. “Primary Divisions: How Voters Evaluate Policy and Group Differences in Intra-Party Contests.” The Journal of Politics 84(3): 1760–76.Google Scholar
Herndon, Astead W. 2020. “Marie Newman on Her Big Victory: ‘You Have to Be in Alignment with Your District’.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/marie-newman-lipinski-illinois.html (July 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Herrnson, Paul S., and Gimpel, James G.. 1995. “District Conditions and Primary Divisiveness in Congressional Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 48(1): 117–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hersh, Eitan D. 2020. “Rage-Donating Only Made Democrats Feel Better.” The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/11/folly-just-throwing-money-political-candidates/617074/ (November 18, 2021).Google Scholar
Heseltine, Michael. 2023. “Asymmetric Polarization in Online Media Engagement in the United States Congress.” The International Journal of Press/Politics. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19401612231211800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetherington, Marc J. 2008. “Turned Off or Turned On? How Polarization Affects Political Engagement.” In Red and Blue Nation? Consequences and Correction of America’s Polarized Politics, eds. Nivola, Pietro S., and Brady, David W.. Stanford, CA and Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 154.Google Scholar
Hetherington, Marc J. 2009. “Putting Polarization in Perspective.” British Journal of Political Science 39(2): 413–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, Jonathan P. 2006. “Councilman Plans to Challenge Veteran Brooklyn Congressman.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2006/02/13/nyregion/metrocampaigns/councilman-plans-to-challenge-veteran-brooklyn.html (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Hill, Seth J. 2015. “Institution of Nomination and the Policy Ideology of Primary Electorates.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 10(4): 461–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Seth J., and Huber, Gregory A.. 2017. “Representativeness and Motivations of the Contemporary Donorate: Results from Merged Survey and Administrative Records.” Political Behavior 39(1): 329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilton, Adam. 2021. True Blues: The Contentious Transformation of the Democratic Party. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hirano, Shigeo, Lenz, Gabriel S., Pinkovskiy, Maksim, and Snyder, James M.. 2015. “Voter Learning in State Primary Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 59(1): 91108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirano, Shigeo, and Snyder, James M.. 2019. Primary Elections in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirano, Shigeo, Snyder, James M., Ansolabehere, Stephen Daniel, and Hansen, John Mark. 2010. “Primary Elections and Partisan Polarization in the U.S. Congress.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 5(2): 169–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel J. 2018. The Increasingly United States: How and Why American Political Behavior Nationalized. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, David A. 2017. Red Fighting Blue: How Geography and Electoral Rules Polarize American Politics. Chicago, IL: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hounshell, Blake. 2022. “On Politics: G.O.P. Governors Lose Their Dread of Trump.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/us/politics/republican-governors-trump-kemp.html (May 27, 2022).Google Scholar
Hulse, Carl. 2002. “Campaign Season; G.O.P. Is Relieved at Republican’s Loss.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2002/09/12/us/campaign-season-gop-is-relieved-at-republican-s-loss.html (November 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Hutchings, Vincent L., and Valentino, Nicholas A.. 2004. “The Centrality of Race in American Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 7(1): 383408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imbens, Guido W., and Wooldridge, Jeffrey M.. 2009. “Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation.” Journal of Economic Literature 47(1): 586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, Sood, Gaurav, and Lelkes, Yphtach. 2012. “Affect, Not Ideology.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76(3): 405–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C. 1989. “Strategic Politicians and the Dynamics of U.S. House Elections, 1946–86.” The American Political Science Review 83(3): 773–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C. 2000. “Party Polarization in National Politics: The Electoral Connection.” In Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, eds. Bond, Jon R., and Fleischer, Richard. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 930.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C. 2015. “It’s Nothing Personal: The Decline of the Incumbency Advantage in US House Elections.” The Journal of Politics 77(3): 861–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C., and Carson, Jamie L.. 2016. The Politics of Congressional Elections. 9th ed. Indianapolis, IN: Pearson.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Gary C., and Kernell, Samuel. 1981. Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jardina, Ashley. 2019. White Identity Politics. Cambridge; New York; Port Melbourne; New Delhi; Singapore: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jefferson, Hakeem. 2020. The Curious Case of Black Conservatives: Construct Validity and the 7-Point Liberal-Conservative Scale. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3602209 (August 17, 2021).Google Scholar
Jewitt, Caitlin E., and Treul, Sarah A.. 2014. “Competitive Primaries and Party Division in Congressional Elections.” Electoral Studies 35: 140–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jewitt, Caitlin E., and Treul, Sarah A.. 2018. “Ideological Primaries and Their Influence in Congress.” In Routledge Handbook of Primary Elections, ed. Boatright, Robert G.. New York: Routledge, 213–25.Google Scholar
Jewitt, Caitlin E., and Treul, Sarah A.. 2019. “Ideological Primary Competition and Congressional Behavior.” Congress & the Presidency 46(3): 471–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Bridget. 2010. “Palin Urges Republican Party to ‘absorb’ Tea Party Movement.” TheHill. https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/80065-palin-urges-republican-party-to-absorb-tea-party-movement (August 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Johnson, Lauren R., McCray, Deon, and Ragusa, Jordan M.. 2018. “#NeverTrump: Why Republican Members of Congress Refused to Support Their Party’s Nominee in the 2016 Presidential Election.” Research & Politics 5(1): 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, David R. 2001. “Party Polarization and Legislative Gridlock.” Political Research Quarterly 54(1): 125–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalmoe, Nathan P., and Mason, Lilliana. 2022. Radical American Partisanship: Mapping Violent Hostility, Its Causes, and the Consequences for Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/chicago/9780226820279/html (May 18, 2022).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamarck, Elaine C. 2014a. Increasing Turnout in Congressional Primaries. Brookings. www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/KamarckIncreasing-Turnout-in-Congressional-Primaries72614.pdf (October 18, 2019).Google Scholar
Kamarck, Elaine C. 2014b. “The Primaries Project: Understanding American Parties and Factions.” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2014/09/30/the-primaries-project-understanding-american-parties-and-factions/ (September 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Kamarck, Elaine C., and Podkul, Alexander R.. 2018. “The 2018 Primaries Project: What Are the Internal Divisions within Each Party?” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/research/the-2018-primaries-project-what-are-the-internal-divisions-within-each-party/ (March 19, 2021).Google Scholar
Kamarck, Elaine C., Podkul, Alexander R., and Zeppos, Nick. 2016. “Political Polarization and Voters in the 2016 Congressional Primaries.” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/research/political-polarization-and-the-2016-congressional-primaries/ (January 21, 2020).Google Scholar
Kamarck, Elaine C., Podkul, Alexander R., and Zeppos, Nick. 2018. “Progressives versus the Establishment: What’s the Score, and Does It Matter?” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2018/07/12/progressives-versus-the-establishment-whats-the-score-and-does-it-matter/ (September 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Kamarck, Elaine C., and Wallner, James. 2018. Anticipating Trouble: Congressional Primaries and Incumbent Behavior. R Street. www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/GS_10292018_Primaries-and-Incumbent-Behavior.pdf (March 19, 2021).Google Scholar
Karol, David. 2009. Party Position Change in American Politics: Coalition Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karpf, David. 2016. Analytic Activism: Digital Listening and the New Political Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Karpowitz, Christopher F., Monson, J. Quin, Patterson, Kelly D., and Pope, Jeremy C.. 2011. “Tea Time in America? The Impact of the Tea Party Movement on the 2010 Midterm Elections.” PS: Political Science and Politics 44(2): 303–9.Google Scholar
Keiser, Merrill Samuel. 2006. “Here I Stand.” Merrill Samuel Keiser: A Good Choice for Ohio. https://web.archive.org/web/20060902074731/ www.keiserforussenate.com/platform.htm (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Key, Vladimer Orlando. 1942. Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups. New York: Crowell.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Kalmoe, Nathan P.. 2017. Neither Liberal nor Conservative: Ideological Innocence in the American Public. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitchens, Karin E., and Swers, Michele L.. 2016. “Why Aren’t There More Republican Women in Congress? Gender, Partisanship, and Fundraising Support in the 2010 and 2012 Elections.” Politics & Gender 12(4): 648–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klumpp, Tilman, Mialon, Hugo M., and Williams, Michael A.. 2016. “The Business of American Democracy: Citizens United, Independent Spending, and Elections.” The Journal of Law and Economics 59(1): 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knock Down the House. 2019. Netflix. Documentary.Google Scholar
Koch, Jeffrey W. 2000. “Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates’ Ideological Orientations?The Journal of Politics 62(2): 414–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolodny, Robin, and Dwyre, Diana. 2018. “Convergence or Divergence? Do Parties and Outside Groups Spend on the Same Candidates, and Does It Matter?American Politics Research 46(3): 375401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kousser, Thad, Lucas, Scott, Masket, Seth, and McGhee, Eric. 2015. “Kingmakers or Cheerleaders? Party Power and the Causal Effects of Endorsements.” Political Research Quarterly 68(3): 443–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kousser, Thad, Phillips, Justin, and Shor, Boris. 2018. “Reform and Representation: A New Method Applied to Recent Electoral Changes.” Political Science Research and Methods 6(4): 809–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreiss, Daniel. 2016. Prototype Politics: Technology-Intensive Campaigning and the Data of Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreiss, Daniel, and McGregor, Shannon C.. 2023. “A Review and Provocation: On Polarization and Platforms.” New Media & Society 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231161880.Google Scholar
Krieg, Gregory, and McKend, Eva. 2022. “A Generational Fight Roils Chicago Democrats as Progressive Challenger Kina Collins Takes on Longtime Rep. Danny Davis.” CNN. www.cnn.com/2022/06/27/politics/illinois-7-district-democratic-primary-kina-collins-danny-davis/index.html (June 30, 2022).Google Scholar
Kujala, Jordan. 2019. “Donors, Primary Elections, and Polarization in the United States.” American Journal of Political Science 64(3): 587602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kydd, Andrew H. 2021. “Decline, Radicalization and the Attack on the US Capitol.” Violence: An International Journal 2(1): 323.Google Scholar
La Raja, Raymond J. 2008. Small Change: Money, Political Parties, and Campaign Finance Reform. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Raja, Raymond J., and Schaffner, Brian F.. 2015. Campaign Finance and Political Polarization: When Purists Prevail. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Raja, Raymond J., and Wiltse, David L.. 2012. “Don’t Blame Donors for Ideological Polarization of Political Parties: Ideological Change and Stability among Political Contributors, 1972–2008.” American Politics Research 40(3): 501–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Pearson, Kathryn. 2008. “The Primary Reason for Women’s Underrepresentation? Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom.” The Journal of Politics 70(1): 6782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Frances E. 2009. Beyond Ideology: Politics, Principles, and Partisanship in the U.S. Senate. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Frances E. 2016. Insecure Majorities: Congress and the Perpetual Campaign. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Frances E. 2018. “The 115th Congress and Questions of Party Unity in a Polarized Era.” The Journal of Politics 80(4): 1464–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lelkes, Yphtach, and Sniderman, Paul M.. 2016. “The Ideological Asymmetry of the American Party System.” British Journal of Political Science 46(4): 825–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, Gabriel S. 2012. Follow the Leader? How Voters Respond to Politicians’ Policies and Performance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesniewski, Niels, and Kelly, Ryan. 2022. “Party Unity Vote Studies Underscore Polarized State of the Union.” Roll Call. www.rollcall.com/2022/03/01/party-unity-vote-studies-underscore-polarized-state-of-the-union/ (June 28, 2022).Google Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew. 2009. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levendusky, Matthew. 2013. How Partisan Media Polarize America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Jeffrey B. et al. 2021. “Voteview: Congressional Roll-Call Votes Database.” Voteview. https://voteview.com/.Google Scholar
Lewis, Jeffrey B. 2022. “Why Are Ocasio-Cortez, Omar, Pressley, and Talib Estimated to be Moderates by NOMINATE?” Voteview. https://voteview.com/articles/Ocasio-Cortez_Omar_Pressley_Tlaib (May 31, 2022).Google Scholar
Liebman, Benjamin H., and Reynolds, Kara M.. 2006. “The Returns from Rent-Seeking: Campaign Contributions, Firm Subsidies and the Byrd Amendment.” The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’Economique 39(4): 1345–69.Google Scholar
Loomis, Burdett A., and Schiller, Wendy J.. 2016. The Contemporary Congress. 6th ed. Lanham; Boulder; New York; London: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Lucas, Jennifer C., Galdieri, Christopher J., and Starbuck Sisco, Tauna, eds. 2022. Polarization and Political Party Factions in the 2020 Election. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malbin, Michael J. 2013. “Small Donors: Incentives, Economies of Scale, and Effects.” The Forum 11(3): 385411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manento, Cory. 2019. “Party Crashers: Interest Groups as a Latent Threat to Party Networks in Congressional Primaries.” Party Politics 27(1): 112.Google Scholar
Manento, Cory, and Testa, Paul F.. 2021. “In Party We Trust? Voter Support for Party-Backed Candidates in Primary Elections.” Political Behavior 44: 1633–56.Google Scholar
Mann, Thomas E., and Ornstein, Norman J.. 2008. The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Thomas E., and Ornstein, Norman J.. 2012. It’s Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. “Rethinking Representation.” The American Political Science Review 97(4): 515–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masket, Seth. 2009. No Middle Ground: How Informal Party Organizations Control Nominations and Polarize Legislatures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masket, Seth. 2020. Learning from Loss: The Democrats, 2016–2020. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masket, Seth. 2022. “Opinion | Why Are Democrats Letting Republicans Steamroll Them?” POLITICO. www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/29/democrats-adopt-game-theory-00043161 (June 30, 2022).Google Scholar
Masket, Seth, and Noel, Hans. 2023. “Primaries, Polarization, and Party Control.” In More Than Red and Blue: Political Parties and American Democracy, American Political Science Association and Protect Democracy, 74–82. https://protectdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/APSA-PD-Political-Parties-Report-FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Mason, Lilliana. 2018. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matson, Marsha, and Fine, Terri Susan. 2006. “Gender, Ethnicity, and Ballot Information: Ballot Cues in Low-Information Elections.” State Politics & Policy Quarterly 6(1): 4972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, John D. 1973. “Opinion Structure of Political Parties: The Special Law of Curvilinear Disparity.” Political Studies 21(2): 135–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 1986. Placing Parties in American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 2005. Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946–2002, Second Edition. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
McCall, Leslie, and Manza, Jeff. 2011. “Class Differences in Social and Political Attitudes in the United States.” In The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media, eds. Edwards, George C., Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Shapiro, Robert Y.. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 552–70.Google Scholar
McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
McGhee, Eric et al. 2014. “A Primary Cause of Partisanship? Nomination Systems and Legislator Ideology.” American Journal of Political Science 58(2): 337–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Media Cloud. 2021. “Media Cloud.” Media Cloud. https://mediacloud.org (June 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Media Definitions of a Wave Election.” 2022. Ballotpedia. https://ballotpedia.org/Media_definitions_of_a_wave_election (August 23, 2022).Google Scholar
Mercier, Brett, Celniker, Jared B., and Shariff, Azim F.. 2022. “Overestimating Reported Prejudice Causes Democrats to Believe Disadvantaged Groups Are Less Electable.” Political Psychology 44(1): 95117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Chase B. 2021a. “Amateur Hour: The Impact of Background on the Ideology of Members of Congress.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 27(4): 595607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Chase B. 2021b. “Getting ‘Primaried’ in the Senate: Primary Challengers and the Roll-Call Voting Behavior of Sitting Senators.” Congress & the Presidency 49(2): 230–51.Google Scholar
Meyer, Thomas M., and Wagner, Markus. 2019. “It Sounds Like They Are Moving: Understanding and Modeling Emphasis-Based Policy Change.” Political Science Research and Methods 7(4): 757–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Missouri Census Data Center. 2014. “Geocorr 2014.” mcdc.missouri.edu/applications/geocorr2014.html (June 10, 2021).Google Scholar
Monmonier, Mark S. 2001. Bushmanders & Bullwinkles: How Politicians Manipulate Electronic Maps and Census Data to Win Elections. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montopoli, Brian. 2010. “Did the Tea Party Cost Republicans the Senate?” CBS News. www.cbsnews.com/news/did-the-tea-party-cost-republicans-the-senate/ (February 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Murakami, Michael H. 2008. “Divisive Primaries: Party Organizations, Ideological Groups, and the Battle over Party Purity.” PS: Political Science and Politics 41(4): 918–23.Google Scholar
Nichols, Lee. 2007. “Gene Kelly: The Democratic Party’s Version of Herpes.” The Austin Chronicle. www.austinchronicle.com/daily/news/2007-12-24/575068/ (June 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Noel, Hans. 2013. Political Ideologies and Political Parties. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Noel, Hans. 2015. “Democrats Are as Ideological as Republicans. And Republicans Are as Group-Centric as Democrats.” Mischiefs of Faction. http://mischiefsoffaction.blogspot.com/2015/03/democrats-are-as-ideological-as.html (March 24, 2021).Google Scholar
Noel, Hans. 2016. “Ideological Factions in the Republican and Democratic Parties.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 667(1): 166–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nokken, Timothy P., and Poole, Keith T.. 2004. “Congressional Party Defection in American History.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 29(4): 545–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan and Montgomery, Jacob. 2015. “Connecting the Candidates: Consultant Networks and the Diffusion of Campaign Strategy in American Congressional Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 59(2): 292308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Christopher S., and Barreto, Matt A.. 2013. Change They Can’t Believe In: The Tea Party and Reactionary Politics in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Paulson, Arthur C. 2009. “The ‘Invisible Primary’ Becomes Visible: The Importance of the 2008 Presidential Nominations, Start to Finish.” In Winning the Presidency 2008, ed. Crotty, William J.. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 108–37.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Mogens N., Kjær, Ulrik, and Eliassen, Kjell A.. 2004. “Institutions Matter–Even in the Long Run.” Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning 45(2): 337–55.Google Scholar
Pengelly, Martin. 2022. “How a Trump-Backed ‘QAnon Whack Job’ Won with Democratic ‘Collusion’.” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jul/25/hogan-trump-maryland-democratic-collusion-dan-cox-qanon-wes-moore (July 25, 2022).Google Scholar
Peters, Cameron. 2020. “One of the Last Anti-Abortion Democrats in the House Just Lost His Seat.” Vox. www.vox.com/2020/3/17/21184672/marie-newman-dan-lipinski-illinois-primary-results (July 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Peters, Jeremy W. 2018. “John James, Black and Republican, Thinks He Can Crack the ‘Blue Wall’ in Michigan.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2018/08/03/us/politics/john-james-michigan.html (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2014. The Political Typology: Beyond Red vs. Blue. www.people-press.org/2014/06/26/the-political-typology-beyond-red-vs-blue/ (January 24, 2020).Google Scholar
Peters, Jeremy W. 2017. Political Typology Reveals Deep Fissures on the Right and Left. Pew Research Center. http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/10/31115611/10-24-2017-Typology-release.pdf.Google Scholar
Peters, Jeremy W. 2021. “The Political Typology: In Polarized Era, Deep Divisions Persist within Coalitions of Both Democrats and Republicans.” Pew Research Center – U.S. Politics & Policy. www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/11/09/beyond-red-vs-blue-the-political-typology-2/ (November 10, 2021).Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul, and Schickler, Eric. 2020. “Madison’s Constitution Under Stress: A Developmental Analysis of Political Polarization.” Annual Review of Political Science 23(1): 3758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 1985. “A Spatial Model for Legislative Roll Call Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 29(2): 357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, Rachel, and Steelman, Tyler S.. 2023. “No Experience Required: Early Donations and Amateur Candidate Success in Primary Elections.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 48(2): 455–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyeatt, Nicholas. 2015. “Party Unity, Ideology, and Polarization in Primary Elections for the House of Representatives: 1956–2012.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 40(4): 651–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rakich, Nathaniel, and Rogers, Kaleigh. 2022. “At Least 120 Republican Nominees Deny the Results of the 2020 Election.” FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/at-least-120-republicans-who-deny-the-2020-election-results-will-be-on-the-ballot-in-november/ (July 20, 2022).Google Scholar
Reilly, Sean. 2010. “Despite Political Ferment Elsewhere, Analysts See Status Quo Prevailing in Tuesday’s Elections.” AL.com. www.al.com/live/2010/05/despite_political_ferment_else.html (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Reiter, Howard L. 1981. “Intra-Party Cleavages in the United States Today.” The Western Political Quarterly 34(2): 287300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiter, Howard L. 2004. “Factional Persistence Within Parties in the United States.” Party Politics 10(3): 251–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, Steven. 2020. “Sobering up after ‘Partisan Intoxication or Policy Voting?’Quarterly Journal of Political Science 15(2): 181212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogowski, Jon C., and Langella, Stephanie. 2015. “Primary Systems and Candidate Ideology: Evidence from Federal and State Legislative Elections.” American Politics Research 43(5): 846–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohde, David W. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero, David W. 2003. “Divisive Primaries and the House District Vote: A Pooled Analysis.” American Politics Research 31(2): 178–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Richard. 1964. “Parties, Factions, and Tendencies in Britain.” Political Studies 12(1): 3346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, Paul R. 1987. “Model-Based Direct Adjustment.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 82(398): 387–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, Paul R. 2012. Design of Observational Studies. 2010th ed. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, Paul R., and Rubin, Donald B.. 1983. “The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.” Biometrika 70(1): 4155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Donald B. 2007. “The Design versus the Analysis of Observational Studies for Causal Effects: Parallels with the Design of Randomized Trials.” Statistics in Medicine 26(1): 2036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, Jennifer. 2021. “Opinion | It’s Not ‘Polarization’. We Suffer from Republican Radicalization.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/11/18/its-not-polarization-we-suffer-republican-radicalization/ (November 20, 2021).Google Scholar
Russell, Annelise. 2018. “U.S. Senators on Twitter: Asymmetric Party Rhetoric in 140 Characters.” American Politics Research 46(4): 695723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, Erica. 2013. “Hastert: Primary Challenges Making Congress ‘Kind of Neurotic’.” NPR. www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2013/10/08/230256554/hastert-primary-challenges-making-congress-kind-of-neurotic (September 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scarpinato, Daniel. 2006. “Weiss-Giffords Sparks Fly at Forum.” Arizona Daily Star. https://tucson.com/news/local/weiss--giffords-sparks-fly-at-forum/article_3c29b2e3-9acd-5c87-8190-3f26dafc225a.html (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Schildkraut, Deborah J. 2019. “The Political Meaning of Whiteness for Liberals and Conservatives.” The Forum 17(3): 421–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlozman, Daniel, and Rosenfeld, Sam. 2019. “The Hollow Parties.” In Can America Govern Itself? SSRC Anxieties of Democracy, eds. Lee, Frances E., and McCarty, Nolan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 120–52.Google Scholar
Schoen, Douglas. 2021. “The Progressive Takeover of Democratic Party Continues.” TheHill. https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/544222-the-progressive-takeover-of-democratic-party-continues (June 24, 2021).Google Scholar
Schumer, Charles E. 2014. “Opinion | End Partisan Primaries, Save America.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2014/07/22/opinion/charles-schumer-adopt-the-open-primary.html (November 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Shear, Michael D., and Saul, Stephanie. 2021. “Trump, in Taped Call, Pressured Georgia Official to ‘Find’ Votes to Overturn Election.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2021/01/03/us/politics/trump-raffensperger-call-georgia.html (May 26, 2022).Google Scholar
Sides, John, Tausanovitch, Chris, Vavreck, Lynn, and Warshaw, Christopher. 2020. “On the Representativeness of Primary Electorates.” British Journal of Political Science 50(2): 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sievert, Joel, and McKee, Seth C.. 2019. “Nationalization in U.S. Senate and Gubernatorial Elections.” American Politics Research 47(5): 1055–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, Richard, and Olivo, Antonio. 2000. “Two Incumbent Congressmen Facing Tough Challenges.” Los Angeles Times. www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-feb-23-me-1748-story.html (November 20, 2023).Google Scholar
Sin, Gisela. 2017. Separation of Powers and Legislative Organization: The President, the Senate, and Political Parties in the Making of House Rules. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Barbara. 2006. Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Barbara. 2011. Unorthodox Lawmaking: New Legislative Processes in the U.S. Congress. 4th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Singman, Brooke. 2019. “Twitter Post.” @BrookeSingman. https://twitter.com/BrookeSingman/status/1149757034209955841 (May 18, 2022).Google Scholar
Skelley, Geoffrey. 2021. “Changing How Primaries Work Probably Won’t Make Politics Less Divisive.” FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/changing-how-primaries-work-probably-wont-make-politics-less-divisive/ (July 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Skinner, Cal. 2006. “David McSweeney Takes Exception to Kathy Salvi TV Ad Characterization – Says Salvi ‘Is Lying’ in Reply Ad.” McHenry County Blog. https://web.archive.org/web/20061107005200/; www.mchenrycountyblog.com/2006/03/david-mcsweeney-takes-exception-to.html (February 20, 2020).Google Scholar
Skinner, Richard, Masket, Seth, and Dulio, David. 2013. “527 Committees, Formal Parties, and Party Adaptation.” The Forum 11(2): 137–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skocpol, Theda, and Williamson, Vanessa. 2012. The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smidt, Corwin D. 2017. “Polarization and the Decline of the American Floating Voter.” American Journal of Political Science 61(2): 365–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steger, Wayne P. 2007. “Who Wins Nominations and Why? An Updated Forecast of the Presidential Primary Vote.” Political Research Quarterly 60(1): 9199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. 2020. “Marie Newman Beats Dan Lipinski, Democratic Incumbent, in Illinois House Primary.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/marie-newman-dan-lipinski-illinois.html (July 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2010. “Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure.” Journal of Communication 60(3): 556–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, Elizabeth A. et al. 2014. “Using Propensity Scores in Difference-in-Differences Models to Estimate the Effects of a Policy Change.” Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology 14(4): 166–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugarman, Emily. 2017. “Meet the Progressive Democrat Taking on One of Her Party’s Most Conservative Congress Veterans.” The Independent. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/marie-newman-dan-lipinski-illinois-third-district-democrats-primary-2018-a8088421.html (July 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Sulkin, Tracy. 2009. “Campaign Appeals and Legislative Action.” Journal of Politics 71(3): 1093–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulkin, Tracy. 2011. The Legislative Legacy of Congressional Campaigns. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 2021. Movements and Parties: Critical Connections in American Political Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tausanovitch, Chris, and Warshaw, Christopher. 2013. “Measuring Constituent Policy Preferences in Congress, State Legislatures, and Cities.” The Journal of Politics 75(2): 330–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tausanovitch, Chris, and Warshaw, Christopher. 2017a. “Does the Ideological Proximity between Congressional Candidates and Voters Affect Voting Decisions in Recent U.S. House Elections?Political Behavior 40(1): 223–45.Google Scholar
Tausanovitch, Chris, and Warshaw, Christopher. 2017b. “Estimating Candidates’ Political Orientation in a Polarized Congress.” Political Analysis 25(2): 167–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theriault, Sean M. 2006. “Party Polarization in the US Congress: Member Replacement and Member Adaptation.” Party Politics 12(4): 483503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theriault, Sean M. 2008. Party Polarization in Congress. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theriault, Sean M. 2013. The Gingrich Senators: The Roots of Partisan Warfare in Congress. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, Danielle M. 2014. “Ideological Moderates Won’t Run: How Party Fit Matters for Partisan Polarization in Congress.” The Journal of Politics 76(3): 786–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, Danielle M. 2017a. “Joining Patterns Across Party Factions in the US Congress.” The Forum 15(4): 741–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, Danielle M. 2017b. Opting Out of Congress: Partisan Polarization and the Decline of Moderate Candidates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, Danielle M. 2017c. “Primary Turnout and Partisan Polarization in the U.S. House.” In Democratic Anxieties Workshop, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
Thomsen, Danielle M. 2021. “Competition in Congressional Primaries.” In Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA), Chicago (held virtually).Google Scholar
Tollefson, Jeff. 2021. “Tracking QAnon: How Trump Turned Conspiracy-Theory Research Upside Down.” Nature.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Top-Two Primary.” 2022. Ballotpedia. https://ballotpedia.org/Top-two_primary (May 25, 2022).Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. 2021. “American Community Survey (ACS).” The United States Census Bureau. www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs (June 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Utych, Stephen M. 2020a. “A Voter-Centric Explanation of the Success of Ideological Candidates for the U.S. House.” Electoral Studies 65: 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utych, Stephen M. 2020b. “Man Bites Blue Dog: Are Moderates Really More Electable than Ideologues?The Journal of Politics 82(1): 392–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Aelst, Peter et al. 2017. “Political Communication in a High-Choice Media Environment: A Challenge for Democracy?Annals of the International Communication Association 41(1): 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volden, Craig, and Wiseman, Alan E.. 2014. Legislative Effectiveness in the United States Congress: The Lawmakers. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Clarence E. 2011. “‘We’re Losing Our Country’: Barack Obama, Race & the Tea Party.” Daedalus 140(1): 125–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, Amy. 2021. “The Party Still Doesn’t Decide.” The Cook Political Report. https://cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/party-still-doesnt-decide (January 19, 2021).Google Scholar
Ware, Alan. 2002. The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, David, and Flinn, Ally. 2017. Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index. The Cook Political Report. https://adobeindd.com/view/publications/76a932db-5c64-472a-b201-6534a25a6d03/1/publication-web-resources/pdf/PVI_Doc.pdf.Google Scholar
Wasserman, David, and Flinn, Ally. 2021. Introducing the 2021 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index. https://cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/pvi/introducing-2021-cook-political-report-partisan-voter-index (October 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Wehner, Peter. 2019. “The Democratic Party Is Radicalizing.” The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/04/progressivism-making-democrats/586372/ (June 24, 2021).Google Scholar
Weigel, David. 2021. “Analysis | The Trailer: Democrats Are Bracing for Primary Fights. Does the Left Have a Plan?” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/04/06/trailer-democrats-are-bracing-primary-fights-does-left-have-plan/ (April 7, 2021).Google Scholar
Weigel, David. 2022. “The Trailer: Decertify the 2020 Election? In Wisconsin, It May Be on the Ballot.” The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/03/15/trailer-decertify-2020-election-wisconsin-it-may-be-ballot/ (March 16, 2022).Google Scholar
West, Mark Andrew. 2016. “Congressional Primaries: Ideological Quagmires or Crucibles of Representation.” UCLA. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3c92p205 (August 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Willer, Robb, Feinberg, Matthew, and Wetts, Rachel. 2016. Threats to Racial Status Promote Tea Party Support Among White Americans. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2770186 (June 10, 2021).Google Scholar
Wilson, Reid. 2021. “On the Trail: Trump Threatens a Tea Party Redux.” TheHill. https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/539308-on-the-trail-trump-threatens-a-tea-party-redux (February 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Wojcik, Stefan, and Hughes, Adam. 2019. “Sizing Up Twitter Users.” Pew Research Center: Internet & Technology. www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2019/04/twitter_opinions_4_18_final_clean.pdf (April 19, 2021).Google Scholar
Yang, Yunkang, and Bennett, Lance. 2021. “Interactive Propaganda: How Fox News and Donald Trump Co-Produced False Narratives about the COVID-19 Crisis.” In Political Communication in the Time of Coronavirus, eds. Aelst, Peter Van and Blumler, Jay G.. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 83100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yudkin, Daniel, Hawkins, Stephen, and Dixon, Tim. 2019. The Perception Gap: How False Impressions Are Pulling Americans Apart. More in Common. https://perceptiongap.us/ (January 7, 2022).Google Scholar
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zelizer, Julian E. 2012. “What the Tea Party Cost the GOP.” CNN. www.cnn.com/2012/12/18/opinion/zelizer-tea-party/index.html (February 21, 2022).Google Scholar
Zengerle, Jason. 2022. “The Vanishing Moderate Democrat.” The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/magazine/moderate-democrat.html (June 29, 2022).Google Scholar
Zimmer, Thomas. 2019. “Reflections on the Challenges of Writing a (Pre-)History of the ‘Polarized’ Present.” Modern American History 2(3): 403–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Mike Cowburn, European University Viadrina
  • Book: Party Transformation in Congressional Primaries
  • Online publication: 09 November 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Mike Cowburn, European University Viadrina
  • Book: Party Transformation in Congressional Primaries
  • Online publication: 09 November 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Mike Cowburn, European University Viadrina
  • Book: Party Transformation in Congressional Primaries
  • Online publication: 09 November 2024
Available formats
×