Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T17:33:14.641Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Ischaemia and Infarction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2019

Michael T. Ashworth
Michael T. Ashworth
Affiliation:
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London
Get access

Summary

This chapter is devoted to the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of myocardial ischaemia and includes discussion of regional myocardial infarction and of papillary muscle rupture. Coronary atherosclerosis can occur, albeit rarely, in the child, and this is discussed particularly in relation to hypercholesterolaemia. Antiphospholipid syndrome and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome are also discussed.

Keywords

infarctnecrosispapillary ruptureantiphospholipidcalcificationatherosclerosishaemolytic-uraemiccoronary artery
Type
Chapter
Information
Pathology of Heart Disease in the Fetus, Infant and Child
Autopsy, Surgical and Molecular Pathology
 , pp. 155 - 163
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ascuitto, RJ, Ross-Ascuitto, NT. Substrate metabolism in the developing heart. Semin Perinatol 1996; 20: 542–563.Google Scholar
Patterson, AJ, Zhang, L. Hypoxia and fetal heart development. Curr Mol Med 2010; 10: 653–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franciosi, RA, Blanc, WA. Myocardial infarcts in infants and children. I. A necropsy study in congenital heart disease. J Pediatr 1968; 73: 309–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bor, I. Myocardial infarction and ischaemic heart disease in infants and children. Analysis of 29 cases and review of the literature. Arch Dis Child 1969; 44: 268–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Lucia, V, Andreassi, MG, Sabatini, L et al. Myocardial infarction and arterial thrombosis in identical newborn twins with homozygosity for the PAI-1 4 G/5 G polymorphism. Int J Cardiol 2009; 137: e1–4.Google Scholar
Clark, AB, Stokes, TA, Krous, HF, Carbine, DN. Myocardial infarction in a newborn heterozygous for the MTHFR C677T mutation. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15: 232–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, WH, Bucciarelli, RL, Nelson, RM. Ischemic papillary muscle necrosis in stressed newborn infants. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 295–300.Google Scholar
Barberi, I, Calabrò, MP, Cordaro, S et al. Myocardial ischemia in neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and enzymatic correlations. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158: 742–747.Google Scholar
Murugan, SJ, Gnanapragasam, J, Vettukattil, J. Acute myocardial infarction in the neonatal period. Cardiol Young 2002; 12: 411–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Vetten, L, Bergman, KA, Elzenga, NJ et al. Neonatal myocardial infarction or myocarditis? Pediatr Cardiol 2011; 32: 492–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richart, R, Benirschke, K. Myocardial infarction in the perinatal period: report of two cases in newborn infants. J Pediatr 1959; 55: 706–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, NJ. Proceedings: myocardial infarction in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1974; 49: 1974–1976.Google Scholar
Iannone, LA, Duritz, G, McCarty, RJ. Myocardial infarction in the newborn: a case report complicated by cardiogenic shock and associated with normal coronary arteries. Am Heart J 1975; 89: 232–235.Google Scholar
Kilbride, H, Way, GL, Merenstein, GB, Winfield, JM. Myocardial infarction in the neonate with normal heart and coronary arteries. Am J Dis Child 1980; 134: 759–762.Google Scholar
Cabrera, A, Izquierdo, MA, Bilbao, FJ. Myocardial infarction with ventricular aneurysm in a newborn with normal coronary arteries. Int J Cardiol 1991; 31: 243–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setzer, E, Ermocilla, R, Tonkin, I et al. Papillary muscle necrosis in a neonatal autopsy population: incidence and associated clinical manifestations. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 289–294.Google Scholar
Bamber, AR, Pryce, J, Cook, A, Ashworth, M, Sebire, NJ. Myocardial necrosis and infarction in newborns and infants. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013; 9: 521–527.Google Scholar
Riede, FT, Dähnert, I, Razek, V, Kostelka, M. Rupture of the papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve – echocardiographic diagnosis of a rare anomaly leading to critical tricuspid valve regurgitation in the newborn. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169: 165–166.Google Scholar
Bakiler, AR, Aydoğdu, SA, Erişen, S, Yenigün, A, Atay, Y. A case of mitral papillary muscle rupture due to blunt chest trauma. Turk J Pediatr 2011; 53: 97–99.Google ScholarPubMed
Hamaoka, A, Shiraishi, I, Yamagishi, M, Hamaoka, K. A neonate with the rupture of mitral chordae tendinae associated with maternal-derived anti-SSA antibody. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168: 741–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birk, E, Stamler, A, Katz, J et al. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: diagnosis and postoperative follow up. Isr Med Assoc J 2000; 2: 111–114.Google Scholar
Newburger, JW, Fulton, DR. Kawasaki disease. Curr Opin Pediatr 2004; 16: 508–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaney, PM, Nayman, BD, Cabañas, JG, Myers, JB. Fatal myocardial ischemia in a 12-year old secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32: 812.e5–7.Google Scholar
Tome-Esteban, MT, Ashworth, M. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and acute myocardial necrosis with normal coronary arteries. Heart 2008; 94: 1357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Usifo, E, Leigh, SE, Whittall, RA et al. Low-density lipoprotein receptor gene familial hypercholesterolemia variant database: update and pathological assessment. Ann Hum Genet 2012; 76: 387–401.Google Scholar
Sjouke, B, Kusters, DM, Kindt, I et al. Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands: prevalence, genotype-phenotype relationship, and clinical outcome. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 560–565.Google Scholar
Awan, Z, Alrasadi, K, Francis, GA et al. Vascular calcifications in homozygote familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 777–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolansky, DM, Cuchel, M, Clark, BJ et al. Longitudinal evaluation and assessment of cardiovascular disease in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1438–1443.Google Scholar
Mallory, GK, White, PD, Salcedo-Salgar, J. The speed of healing of myocardial infarction: a study of the pathologic anatomy in seventy-two cases. Am Heart J 1939; 18: 647–671.Google Scholar
Michaud, K. Ischemic heart disease. In Suvarna, SK (ed.) Cardiac Pathology. A Guide to Current Practice. London: Springer; 2013, pp. 117–131.Google Scholar
Basso, C, Rizzo, S, Thiene, G. The metamorphosis of myocardial infarction following coronary recanalization. Cardiovasc Patholol 2010; 19: 22–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, Y. Myocardial repair/remodelling following infarction: roles of local factors. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 81: 482–490.Google Scholar
Lynn, RM, O’Brien, SJ, Taylor, CM, et al. Childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome, United Kingdom and Ireland. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 590–596.Google Scholar
Rigamonti, D, Simonetti, GD. Direct cardiac involvement in childhood hemolytic-uremic syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175: 1927–1931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machol, K, Vivante, A, Rubinsthein, M et al. Keeping the heart in mind when managing hemolytic: uremic syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J 2011; 13: 446–447.Google Scholar
Miyakis, S, Lockshin, MD, Atsumi, T et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asherson, RA, Cervera, R, de Groot, PG et al.; Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Registry Project Group. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus 2003; 12: 530–534.Google Scholar
Cervera, R, Espinosa, G. Update on the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and the “CAPS Registry”. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012; 38: 333–338.Google ScholarPubMed
McNeil, HP, Simpson, RJ, Chesterman, CN, Krilis, SA. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87: 4120–4124.Google Scholar
Hojnik, M, George, J, Ziporen, L, Shoenfeld, Y. Heart valve involvement (Libman–Sacks endocarditis) in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Circulation 1996; 93: 1579–1587.Google Scholar
Gleason, CB, Stoddard, MF, Wagner, SG et al. A comparison of cardiac valvular involvement in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome versus anticardiolipin-negative systemic lupus erythematosus. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1123–1129.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Pintó, I, Moitinho, M, Santacreu, I et al.; CAPS Registry Project Group (European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies). Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): Descriptive analysis of 500 patients from the International CAPS Registry. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15: 120–1124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berman, H, Rodríguez-Pintó, I, Cervera, R et al.; Catastrophic Registry Project Group (European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies). Pediatric catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: descriptive analysis of 45 patients from the “CAPS Registry”. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13: 157–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tennstedt, C, Chaoui, R, Vogel, M, Göldner, B, Dietel, M. Pathologic correlation of sonographic echogenic foci in the fetal heart. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20: 287–292.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, SH, Caughey, AB, Norton, ME. Ethnic variation in the prevalence of echogenic intracardiac foci and the association with Down syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 158–161.Google Scholar
Manning, JE, Ragavendra, N, Sayre, J et al. Significance of fetal intracardiac echogenic foci in relation to trisomy 21: a prospective sonographic study of high-risk pregnant women. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 1083–1084.Google Scholar
Yozgat, Y, Kilic, A, Ozdemir, R et al. Modified myocardial performance index is not affected in fetuses with an isolated echogenic focus in the left ventricle. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28: 333–337.Google Scholar
Lamont, RF, Havutcu, E, Salgia, S, Adinkra, P, Nicholl, R. The association between isolated fetal echogenic cardiac foci on second-trimester ultrasound scan and trisomy 21 in low-risk unselected women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004; 23: 346–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drut, R, Drut, RM, Alba Greco, M. Massive myocardial calcification in the perinatal period. Pediatr Devel Pathol 1998; 1: 366–374.Google Scholar
Franklin, RC, Jacobs, JP, Krogmann, ON et al. Nomenclature for congenital and paediatric cardiac disease: historical perspectives and The International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code. Cardiol Young 2008;18 (Suppl 2):70–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×