Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:19:15.321Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Psychiatric Intensive Care: Development and Definition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2024

Roland Dix
Affiliation:
Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester
Stephen Dye
Affiliation:
Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust, Ipswich
Stephen M. Pereira
Affiliation:
Keats House, London
Get access

Summary

This chapter outlines the historical development of psychiatric intensive care as a specialty. It presents an overview of the current facilities and patients based on the most recent UK National Surveys and current admission criteria taken from national guidelines. Further, it discusses how psychiatric intensive care interfaces with general adult services, mental health secure estates, the criminal justice system and community mental health services. Finally, the chapter presents an outline of the future strategy for the development of the specialty.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, FG and Selesnick, S (1966) The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Argent, V (2023) The 1832 Madhouse Act and the Metropolitan Commission in Lunacy from 1832. www.studymore.org.uk/3_06.btm#3.9.3.Google Scholar
Basson, JV and Woodside, M (1981) Assessment of a Secure/Intensive Care/Forensic Ward. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 64: 132–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beer, MD, Paton, C and Pereira, S (1997) Hot Beds of General Psychiatry: A National Survey of Psychiatric Intensive Care Units. Psychiatric Bulletin 21: 142–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluglass, R (1976) The Design of Security Units, the Type of Patient and Behaviour Patterns. Hospital England pp. 57.Google Scholar
Bonnette, A (1994) Xenophon, Memorabilia, trans. Amy L Bonnette. The Agora Editions. pp. 4950. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Butcher, JN, Mineka, S and Hooley, JM (2007) Abnormal Psychology, 13th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Clinton, C, Pereira, S and Mullins, S (2001) Training Needs of Psychiatric Intensive Care Staff. Nursing Standards 15: 33–6.Google ScholarPubMed
CMO’s update (1996) London Department of Health. In Snowden, P Regional Secure Units and Forensic Services. In Bluglass, R and Bowden, P (eds.), Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. London: Churchill Livingstone (1990) p. 1379.Google Scholar
Coid, JW (1991a) A Survey of Patients from Five Health Districts Receiving Special Care in the Private Sector. Psychiatric Bulletin 15: 257–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coid, JW (1991b) Difficult to Place Patients. The Game of Pass the Parcel Must Stop. British Medical Journal 32: 603–4.Google Scholar
Committee on Madhouses (1815) Report from the Committee on Madhouses in England, 1815 AD. www.bible.ca/psychiatry/report-from-the-committee-on-madhouses-in-england-1815ad.htm.Google Scholar
Committee on Mentally Abnormal Offenders (1975) Report of the Committee on Mentally Abnormal Offenders. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Connolly, J (1856) Treatment of the Insane without Mechanical Restraints. London: Smith Elder & Co.Google Scholar
Corrigan, PW (2002) Empowerment and Serious Mental Illness: Treatment Partnerships and Community Opportunities. Psychiatric Quarterly 73 (3) 217–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crain, PM and Jordan, EG (1979) The Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit – An In-hospital Treatment of Violent Adult Patients. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 11 (2) 190–8.Google Scholar
Cripps, J, Duffield, G and James, D (1995) Bridging the Gap in Secure Provision: Evaluation of a New Local Combined Locked Forensic/Intensive Care Unit. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 6: 7791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Health (2002) Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Adult Acute Inpatient Care Provision. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Department of Health (2012a) Psychiatric Intensive Care: Good Practice Commissioning Guide, consultation draft. London: Department of HealthGoogle Scholar
Department of Health (2012b) Low Secure Services: Good Practice Commissioning Guide, Consultation Draft. London: Department of HealthGoogle Scholar
Department of Health (2015) Mental Health Act 1983: Code of Practice. London: Department of Health.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Social Services (1974) Revised Report for the Working Party on Security in NHS Psychiatric Hospitals (Glancy Report). London: DHSS.Google Scholar
Dix, R (1995) A Nurse-Led Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit. Psychiatric Bulletin 19: 258–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dix, R (1996) An Investigation into Patients Presenting a Challenge to Gloucestershire’s Mental Health Care Services. Gloucester: Gloucestershire Health Authority.Google Scholar
Dix, R (2019) PICUs Problems and Progress: What Matters? Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 15 (2) 55–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dix, R and Woods, L (2023) The Referral and Admission of Prisoners to General Adult Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICU): Quality and Good Practice Guidance. Glasgow: NAPICU Publishing.Google Scholar
Dye, S, Johnston, A and Pereira, S (2005) The National Psychiatric Intensive Care Governance Network 2004–2005. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 1 (2) 97104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farreras, IG (2021) History of Mental Illness. In Biswas-Diener, R and Diener, E (eds.), Noba Textbook Series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF Publishers.Google Scholar
Faulk, M (1995) Basic Forensic Psychiatry, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ford, I and Whiffin, M (1991) The Role of the Psychiatric ICU. Nursing Times 87 (51) 47–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldney, R, Bowes, J, Spence, N, Czechowicz, A, and Hurley, R (1985) The Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit. British Journal of Psychiatry 146: 50–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haw, C and Yorston, G (2004) Thomas Prichard and the Non-restraint Movement at the Northampton Asylum. Psychiatric Bulletin 28 (4) 140–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, AJ, Smith, J, Hoogkamer, R, Laing, J and Donovan, M (1996) Minimum and Medium Security: The Interface: Use of Section 17 Trial Leave. Psychiatric Bulletin 20: 201–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, K (1993) Asylums and After. A Revised History of the Mental Health Services: From the Early 18th Century to the 1900s. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
McKenna, J (1996) In-Patient Characteristics in a Regional Secure Unit. Psychiatric Bulletin 20: 264–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mental Health Act (1983) HM Government. www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/20/contents.Google Scholar
Mental Health Act Commission. 1995 Sixth Biennial Report. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Meyer, SS (2015) Clarendon Plato Series: Plato: Laws 1 and 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, GD (1992) A Survey of Psychiatric Intensive Care Units in Scotland. Health Bulletin 50 (3) 228–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Mounsey, N (1979) Psychiatric Intensive Care. Nursing Times 75: 1811–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Musisi, S, Wasylenski, DA and Rapp, MS (1989) A Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit in a Psychiatric Hospital. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34: 200–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Care Units (NAPICU) (2009) AIMS PICU Accreditation programme. https://napicu.org.uk/publications/improve-your-unit/.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Care (2014) National Minimum Standards for Psychiatric Intensive Care in General Adult Services. Glasgow: NAPICU. https://napicu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/NMS-2014-final.pdf.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Units (NAPICU) (2015) National Minimum Standards for Psychiatric Intensive Care for Young People. Glasgow: NAPICU. https://napicu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/CAMHS_PICU_NMS_final_Aug_2015_cx.pdf.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Units (NAPICU) (2016) Guidance for Commissioners of Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). Glasgow: NAPICU. https://napicu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Commissioning_Guidance_Apr16.pdf.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Units (NAPICU) (2016) Position Statement on the Monitoring, Regulation and Recording of the Extra Care Area, Seclusion and Long-term Segregation Use in the Context of the Mental Health Act Code of Practice (2015). Glasgow: NAPICU. https://napicu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/NAPICU-Seclusion-Position-Statement.pdf.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Units (NAPICU) (2017) Design Guidance for Psychiatric Intensive Care. Glasgow: NAPICU. https://napicu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Design-Guidance-for-Psychiatric-Intensive-Care-Units-2017.pdf.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Units (NAPICU) (2020) Managing Acute Disturbance in the Context of COVID-19. Glasgow: NAPICU. https://napicu.org.uk/acute-disturbance-covid-19/, https://napicu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/NAPICU-Guidance_rev5_15_Dec.pdf.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Units (NAPICU) (2020) Occupational Therapists in PICU Network. https://napicu.org.uk/specialist-networks/ot-network/.Google Scholar
National Association of Psychiatric Intensive Care and Low Secure Units (NAPICU) (2023) Acute, Intensive and Emergency Psychiatry Course. https://napicu.org.uk/acute-intensive-and-emergency-psychiatric-care-short-course/.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2015) NG10 Violence and Aggression: Short-term Management in Mental Health, Health and Community Settings. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng10.Google Scholar
Patel, MX, Sethi, FN, Barnes, TR, Dix, R, Dratcu, L, Fox, B, et al. (2018) Joint BAP NAPICU Evidence-based Consensus Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Acute Disturbance: De-escalation and Rapid Tranquillisation. Journal of Psychopharmacology 32 (6) 601–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pereira, S, Beer, MD, and Paton, C (1999) Good Practice Issues in Psychiatric Intensive Care Settings. Findings from a National Survey. Psychiatric Bulletin 23: 397400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, S and Clinton, C (2002) Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: National Minimum Standards for General Adult Services in Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) and Low Secure Environments. London: Department of Health.Google Scholar
Pereira, S, Sarsam, M, Bhui, K and Paton, C (2005) The London Survey of Psychiatric Intensive Care Units: Psychiatric Intensive Care; Patient Characteristics and Pathways for Admission and Discharge. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 1 (1) 1724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, S, Sarsam, M, Bhui, K and Paton, C (2005) The London Survey of Psychiatric Intensive Care Units: Service Provision and Operational Characteristics of National Health Service Units. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 1 (1) 715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, SM, Dawson, P and Sarsam, M (2006a) The National Survey of PICU and Low Secure Services: 2 Unit Characteristics. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 2: 1319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, SM, Dawson, P and Sarsam, M (2006b) The National Survey of PICU and Low Secure Services: 1 Patient Characteristics. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 2: 712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, SM, Chaudhry, K, Pietromartire, S, Dale, C, Halliwell, J and Dix, R (2006c) Design in Psychiatric Intensive Care Units: Problems and Issues. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 2: 70–6.Google Scholar
Pereira, SM, Walker, LM, Dye, S and Alhaj, H (2021) National Survey of Psychiatric Intensive Care, Low Secure and Locked Rehabilitation Services: NHS Patient Characteristics. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care 17 (2) 7988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, R (2002) Madness: A Brief History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rachlin, S (1973) On the Need for a Closed Ward in an Open Hospital: The Psychiatric Intensive-Care Unit. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 24: 829–33.Google Scholar
Reed, JL (1992) Review of Health and Social Services for Mentally Disordered Offenders and other Requiring Similar Services. Final Summary Report. London: Department of Health.Google Scholar
Smith, J, Parker, J and Donovan, M (1990) Is the Role of Regional Secure Units Changing? Psychiatric Bulletin 14: 713–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snowden, P (1990) Regional Secure Units and Forensic Service in England and Wales. In Bluglass, R, and Bowden, P (eds.), Principles and Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. pp. 1375–86. London: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Sugarman, P (2002) Home Office Statistical Bulletin 22/01: Statistics of MDOs 2000. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 13: 385–90.Google Scholar
Turner, T (1996) Commentary on ‘Guidelines for the Management of Acutely Disturbed Patients’. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2: 200–1.Google Scholar
Warneke, L (1986) A Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit in a General Hospital Setting. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 31: 834–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, L, Craster, L and Forrester, A (2020) Mental Health Act Transfer from Prison to Psychiatric Hospital over a Six-Year Period in a Region of England. Journal of Criminal Psychology 10 (3) 219–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zigmond, A (1995) Special Care Wards: Are They Special? Psychiatric Bulletin 19: 310–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×