Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:58:56.606Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Systemic Racism and Romantic Relationships

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2023

By
Antoinette M. Landor  and
Shardé McNeil Smith
Edited by
Brian G. Ogolsky
Brian G. Ogolsky
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

Relationship scientists have focused on dimensions of relationship dynamics and processes including initiation, development, maintenance, and dissolution, yet most of this research is decontextualized, especially as it pertains to race and racism. Among the relationship research that accounts for race, the treatment of race as a factor to be controlled or as a comparison variable ignores the realities of racism as a system that historically influenced and continues to shape romantic relationship development and functioning. Thus, the primary aim of this chapter is to investigate how systemic racism shifts our understanding of romantic relationships by providing an integrative review and critique of the existing literature using Black romantic relationships as an exemplar. We conclude with recommendations for future relationship science across five key domains: conceptualization and theory, measurement, privilege exploration, and within-group heterogeneity.

Keywords

racediscriminationpowerresilienceBlack
Type
Chapter
Information
The Sociocultural Context of Romantic Relationships , pp. 7 - 28
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.Google Scholar
Allen, T., & Helm, K. M. (2013). Threats to intimacy for African American couples. In Carlson, J. & Helm, K. M. (Eds.), Love, intimacy, and the African American couple (pp. 85–116). Brunner-Routledge.Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 650–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awosan, C. I., & Hardy, K. V. (2017). Coupling processes and experiences of never married heterosexual black men and women: A phenomenological study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(3), 463–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12215CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Awosan, C. I., & Opara, I. (2016). Socioemotional factor: A missing gap in theorizing and studying Black heterosexual coupling processes and relationships. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 3(2), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2016.0027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453–1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, R. S., & O’Connell, H. A. (2022). Structural racism, family structure, and Black–White inequality: The differential impact of the legacy of slavery on poverty among single mother and married parent households. Journal of Marriage and Family, 84(5), 1341–1365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12837CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, R. R. (2012). Is marriage for white people?: How the African American marriage decline affects everyone. Penguin.Google Scholar
Barr, A. B., & Simons, R. L. (2012). Marriage expectations among African American couples in early adulthood: A dyadic analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 726–742. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00985.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barr, A. B., Simons, R. L., & Simons, L. G. (2015). Nonmarital relationships and changing perceptions of marriage among African American young adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(5), 1202–1216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, R. J. D. (2015). Raising the race: Black career women redefine marriage, motherhood, and community. Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Barton, A. W., & Bryant, C. M. (2016). Financial strain, trajectories of marital processes, and African American newlyweds’ marital instability. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(6), 657. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barton, A. W., Beach, S. R., Bryant, C. M., Lavner, J. A., & Brody, G. H. (2018). Stress spillover, African Americans’ couple and health outcomes, and the stress-buffering effect of family-centered prevention. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(2), 186–196. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000376CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Billingsley, A. (1968). Black families in White America. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bloome, D. (2014). Racial inequality trends and the intergenerational persistence of income and family structure. American Sociological Review, 79(6), 1196–1225. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312241455494CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloome, D., & Ang, S. (2020). Marriage and union formation in the United States: Recent trends across racial groups and economic backgrounds. Demography, 57(5), 1753–1786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00910-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). What we were, what we are, and what we should be: The racial problem of American sociology. Social Problems, 64(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spx006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braveman, P. A., Arkin, E., Proctor, D., Kauh, T., & Holm, N. (2022). Systemic and structural Racism: Definitions, examples, health damages, and approaches to dismantling. Health Affairs, 41(2), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01394CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryant, C. M., Wickrama, K. A. S., Bolland, J., Bryant, B. M., Cutrona, C. E., & Stanik, C. E. (2010). Race matters, even in marriage: Identifying factors linked to marital outcomes for African Americans. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2(3), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00051.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulanda, J. R., & Brown, S. L. (2007). Race-ethnic differences in marital quality and divorce. Social Science Research, 36(3), 945–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.04.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, L. M., & Tucker, M. B. (2009). Romantic unions in an era of uncertainty: A post- Moynihan perspective on African American women and marriage. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621(1), 132–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, L. M., Bonilla-Silva, E., Ray, V., Buckelew, R., & Freeman, E. H. (2010). Critical race theories, colorism, and the decade’s research on families of color. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 440–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00712.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, A. L., & Kravitz, A. (2011). Understanding the disproportionately low marriage rate among African Americans: An amalgam of sociological and psychological constraints. Family Relations, 60(5), 648–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00673.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaney, C. (2014). “No matter what, good or bad, love is still there”: Motivations for romantic commitment among Black cohabiting couples. Marriage & Family Review, 50(3), 216–245. https://:doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2013.851056CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, A. Y. (2011). Inequalities of love: College-educated Black women and the barriers to romance and family. Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, P. H. (2004). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowdery, R. S., Scarborough, N., Knudson‐Martin, C., Seshadri, G., Lewis, M. E., & Mahoney, A. R. (2009). Gendered power in cultural contexts: Part II. Middle class African American heterosexual couples with young children. Family Process, 48(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01265.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Abraham, W. T., Gardner, K. A., Melby, J. N., Bryant, C., & Conger, R. D. (2003). Neighborhood context and financial strain as predictors of marital interaction and marital quality in African American couples. Personal Relationships, 10(3), 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Burzette, R. G., Wesner, K. A., & Bryant, C. M. (2011). Predicting relationship stability among midlife African American couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 814–825. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025874CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2023). Critical race theory: An introduction (4th ed.). University Press.Google Scholar
Dew, J. P., Anderson, B. L., Skogrand, L., & Chaney, C. (2017). Financial issues in strong African American marriages: A strengths‐based qualitative approach. Family Relations, 66(2), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, P. (2009). Marriage among African Americans: What does the research reveal? Journal of African American Studies, 13(1), 29–46, 9062–9065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, D. M., & Molix, L. (2014). Perceived discrimination as a stressor for close relationships: Identifying psychological and physiological pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(6), 1134–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9563-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1899). The Philadelphia negro: A social study. University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Faber, J. W. (2020). We built this: Consequences of new deal era intervention in America’s racial geography. American Sociological Review, 85(5), 739–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420948464CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feagin, J. (2006). Systemic racism: A theory of oppression. Routledge.Google Scholar
Galovan, A. M., Orbuch, T. L., Shrout, M. R., Drebit, E., & Rice, T. M. (2022). Taking stock of the longitudinal study of romantic couple relationships: The last 20 years. Personal Relationships. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12452Google Scholar
Gramlich, J. (2018). US incarceration rate is at its lowest in 20 years. Retrieved November, 12, 2018.Google Scholar
Hamilton, D., Goldsmith, A. H., & Darity Jr, W. (2009). Shedding “light” on marriage: The influence of skin shade on marriage for black females. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.05.024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helm, K. M., & Carlson, J. (Eds.). (2013). Love, intimacy, and the African American couple. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, A. K., Wong, J. S., Dues, A., & Walsemann, K. M. (2023). Interpersonal discrimination and relationship quality among married mid-life and older Black adults. Journal of Family Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X221150988Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, R. (1972). The strengths of Black families. Emerson Hall.Google Scholar
Hill, S. A. (2006). Marriage among African American women: A gender perspective. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(3), 421–440. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.37.3.421CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, E. C., & Spencer, M. B. (2017). Civic engagement as an adaptive coping response to conditions of inequality: An application of phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST). In Cabrera, N. J. & Leyendecker, B. (Eds.), Handbook on positive development of minority children and youth (pp. 421–435). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, T. W. (2017). Bound in wedlock: Slave and free black marriage in the nineteenth century. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/whq/whaa144Google Scholar
Hurt, T. R. (2013). Toward a deeper understanding of the meaning of marriage among Black men. Journal of Family Issues, 34(7), 859–884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12451737CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, A. I., Fredman, S. J., Le, Y., Mogle, J. A., & McHale, S. M. (2022). Religious coping and gender moderate trajectories of marital love among black couples. Family Process, 61(1), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12645CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, S., Jérémie‐Brink, G., Chambers, A. L., & Smith‐Bynum, M. A. (2020). The Black Lives Matter movement: A call to action for couple and family therapists. Family Process, 59(4), 1374–1388. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12614CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendi, I. X. (2016). Stamped from the beginning: The definitive history of racist ideas in America. Hachette UK.Google Scholar
King, A. E. O., & Allen, T. T. (2009). Personal characteristics of the ideal African American marriage partner: A survey of adult Black men and women. Journal of Black Studies, 39(4), 570–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934707299637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, M. R., Black, N. C., Matthews, S. A., & James, S. A. (2017). The legacy of slavery and contemporary declines in heart disease mortality in the US South. SSM-Population Health, 3, 609–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krieger, N., Van Wye, G., Huynh, M., Waterman, P. D., Maduro, G., Li, W., Gwynn, R., Barbot, O., & Bassett, M. T. (2020). Structural racism, historical redlining, and risk of preterm birth in New York City, 2013–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 1046–1053. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305656CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landor, A. M., & Barr, A. (2018). Politics of respectability, colorism, and the terms of social exchange in family research. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 330–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landor, A. M., & McNeil Smith, S. (2019). Skin-tone trauma: Historical and contemporary influences on the health and interpersonal outcomes of African Americans. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 797–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619851781CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lassiter, J. M., Dacus, J. D., & Johnson, M. O. (2022). A systematic review of Black American same-sex couples research: Laying the groundwork for culturally-specific research and interventions. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(5), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1964422CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavner, J. A., Barton, A. W., Bryant, C. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2018). Racial discrimination and relationship functioning among African American couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(5), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000415CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lenhardt, R. A. (2014). Marriage as Black citizenship. Hastings Law Journal, 66(5), 1317–1364.Google Scholar
Lerman, R. I. (2002). Impacts of marital status and parental presence on the material hardship of families with children. Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Lincoln, K. D., Taylor, R. J., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). Romantic relationships among unmarried African Americans and Caribbean Blacks: Findings from the national survey of American life. Family Relations, 57(2), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00498.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopoo, L. M., & Western, B. (2005). Incarceration and the formation and stability of marital unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3), 721–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00165.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukachko, A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Keyes, K. M. (2014). Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 103, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, E. E., Malcoe, L. H., Laurent, S. E., Richardson, J., Mitchell, B. C., & Meier, H. C. (2021). The legacy of structural racism: Associations between historic redlining, current mortgage lending, and health. SSM-Population Health, 14, 100793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100793CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, L. D., Hopkins, K., Chaney, C., Monroe, P. A., Nesteruk, O., & Sasser, D. D. (2008). “Together, we are strong”: A qualitative study of happy, enduring African American marriages. Family Relations, 57(2), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00492.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.227CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAdoo, H. P. (2007). Black families (4th ed.). Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeil Smith, S., & Landor, A. M. (2018). Toward a better understanding of African American families: Development of the sociocultural family stress model. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 434–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monterrosa, A. E. (2021). Romantic (in)justice: Criminal-legal system-impacted black women’s romantic relationship status and quality. Feminist Criminology, 16(4), 424–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/15570851211019472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2020). Gender differences in marriage, romantic involvement, and desire for romantic involvement among older African Americans. PLoS One, 15(5), e0233836. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233836CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, T. J., Chaney, C., & Skipper, A. (2021). “Put God above all [and He] will glorify your marriage”: Relational spirituality in Black couples, Marriage & Family Review, 57(8), 673–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2021.1887048CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moynihan, D. P. (1965). The Negro family: The case for national action (pp. 1–35). U.S. Department of Labor.Google Scholar
Murray, V. M., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Mayo‐Gamble, T. L., & Inniss‐Thompson, M. N. (2018). Excavating new constructs for family stress theories in the context of everyday life experiences of Black American families. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 384–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murry, V. M., Brown, P. A., Brody, G. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Simons, R. L. (2001). Racial discrimination as a moderator of the links among stress, maternal psychological functioning, and family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 915–926. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00915.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nightingale, M., Jones, S. C., & Smith, S. D. (2019). Black American couples’ perceptions of the significance of race and racial conversations in therapy: A qualitative study. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 6(2), 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2019.0020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, T. M., Wilmoth, J. D., & Marks, L. D. (2012). Challenges and conflicts… strengths and supports: A study of enduring African American marriages. Journal of Black Studies, 43(8), 936–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12614CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinderhughes, E. B. (2002). African American marriage in the 20th century. Family Process, 41(2), 269–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poole, T. G. (2017). Black families and the Black church: A sociohistorical perspective. In Cheatham, H. E. & Stewart, J. B. (Eds.), Black families (pp. 33–48). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priest, J. B., McNeil Smith, S., Woods, S. B., & Roberson, P. N. (2020). Discrimination, family emotional climate, and African American health: An application of the BBFM. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(5), 598. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/fam0000621CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raley, R. K., & Sweeney, M. M. (2009). Explaining race and ethnic variation in marriage: Directions for future research. Race and Social Problems, 1(3), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-009-9013-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raley, R. K., Sweeney, M. M., & Wondra, D. (2015). The growing racial and ethnic divide in U.S. marriage patterns. The Future of children/Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 25(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2015.0014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., Lei, M. K., & Landor, A. M. (2012). Relational schemas, hostile romantic relationships, and beliefs about marriage among young African American adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(1), 77–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skipper, A. D., Marks, L. D., Moore, T. J., & Dollahite, D. C. (2021). Black marriages matter: Wisdom and advice from happily married black couples. Family Relations, 70(5), 1369–1383. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanik, C. E., & Bryant, C. M. (2012). Marital quality of newlywed African American couples: Implications of egalitarian gender role dynamics. Sex Roles, 66(3–4), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0117-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, M. B., & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (Eds.). (1995). The decline in marriage among African Americans: Causes, consequences, and policy implications. Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Tucker, M. B., & Taylor, R. J. (1989). Demographic correlates of relationship status among Black Americans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(3), 655–665. www.jstor.org/stable/352165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). Marriage and divorce. Retrieved from www.census.gov/topics/families/marriage-and-divorce.htmlGoogle Scholar
Vaterlaus, J. M., Skogrand, L., Chaney, C., & Gahagan, K. (2017). Marital expectations in strong African American marriages. Family Process, 56(4), 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12263CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(1), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williamson, H. C., Bornstein, J. X., Cantu, V., Ciftci, O., Farnish, K. A., & Schouweiler, M. T. (2022). How diverse are the samples used to study intimate relationships? A systematic review. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(4), 1087–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211053849CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, S. (2014, January). 5 things no one is actually saying about Ani DiFranco or plantations. Scott Woods make lists: Everything but laundry and groceries. https://scottwoodsmakeslists.wordpress.com/2014/01/03/5-things-no-one-is-actually-saying-about-ani-difranco-or-plantations/Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×