Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Maps
- List of Tables
- List of Text-figures
- Preface
- CHAPTER XI THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD IN EGYPT
- CHAPTER XII THE LAST PREDYNASTIC PERIOD IN BABYLONIA
- CHAPTER XIII THE CITIES OF BABYLONIA
- CHAPTER XIV THE OLD KINGDOM IN EGYPT AND THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
- CHAPTER XV PALESTINE IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
- CHAPTER XVI THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD IN MESOPOTAMIA
- CHAPTER XVII SYRIA BEFORE 2200 B.C.
- CHAPTER XVIII ANATOLIA, c. 4000–2300 b.c.
- CHAPTER XIX THE DYNASTY OF AGADE AND THE GUTIAN INVASION
- CHAPTER XX THE MIDDLE KINGDOM IN EGYPT: INTERNAL HISTORY FROM THE RISE OF THE HERACLEOPOLITANS TO THE DEATH OF AMMENEMES III
- CHAPTER XXI SYRIA AND PALESTINE c. 2160–1780 b.c.
- CHAPTER XXII BABYLONIA, c. 2120–1800 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXIII PERSIA, c. 2400–1800 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXIV (a) ANATOLIA, c. 2300–1750 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXIV(b) ANATOLIA IN THE OLD ASSYRIAN PERIOD
- CHAPTER XXV ASSYRIA, c. 2600–1816 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXVI(a) GREECE, CRETE, AND THE AEGEAN ISLANDS IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
- CHAPTER XXVI(b) CYPRUS IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
- CHAPTER XXVII IMMIGRANTS FROM THE NORTH
- BIBLIOGRAPHIES
- Chronological Tables
- Index to Maps
- General Index
- Map 6. Babylonia and Western Persia.
- Map 12. Early Bronze Age sites in Greece and the Aegean Islands.
- Map 16. Map to illustrate movements of northern peoples in the third to first millennia B.C.
- References
CHAPTER XIII - THE CITIES OF BABYLONIA
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
By
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Maps
- List of Tables
- List of Text-figures
- Preface
- CHAPTER XI THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD IN EGYPT
- CHAPTER XII THE LAST PREDYNASTIC PERIOD IN BABYLONIA
- CHAPTER XIII THE CITIES OF BABYLONIA
- CHAPTER XIV THE OLD KINGDOM IN EGYPT AND THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
- CHAPTER XV PALESTINE IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
- CHAPTER XVI THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD IN MESOPOTAMIA
- CHAPTER XVII SYRIA BEFORE 2200 B.C.
- CHAPTER XVIII ANATOLIA, c. 4000–2300 b.c.
- CHAPTER XIX THE DYNASTY OF AGADE AND THE GUTIAN INVASION
- CHAPTER XX THE MIDDLE KINGDOM IN EGYPT: INTERNAL HISTORY FROM THE RISE OF THE HERACLEOPOLITANS TO THE DEATH OF AMMENEMES III
- CHAPTER XXI SYRIA AND PALESTINE c. 2160–1780 b.c.
- CHAPTER XXII BABYLONIA, c. 2120–1800 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXIII PERSIA, c. 2400–1800 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXIV (a) ANATOLIA, c. 2300–1750 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXIV(b) ANATOLIA IN THE OLD ASSYRIAN PERIOD
- CHAPTER XXV ASSYRIA, c. 2600–1816 B.C.
- CHAPTER XXVI(a) GREECE, CRETE, AND THE AEGEAN ISLANDS IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
- CHAPTER XXVI(b) CYPRUS IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
- CHAPTER XXVII IMMIGRANTS FROM THE NORTH
- BIBLIOGRAPHIES
- Chronological Tables
- Index to Maps
- General Index
- Map 6. Babylonia and Western Persia.
- Map 12. Early Bronze Age sites in Greece and the Aegean Islands.
- Map 16. Map to illustrate movements of northern peoples in the third to first millennia B.C.
- References
Summary
THE SECOND AND THIRD EARLY DYNASTIC PERIODS
Materially, the changes between the first Early Dynastic period and the succeeding generations which made up the second and third were not great. The most marked was a development in the style of the cylinder-seals, which turned from patterns to a more representational set of designs and began to bear inscriptions; these last are the leading characteristic of the age. For with it we enter the realm of history, of record set down by men with the conscious aim of perpetuating their acts to posterity, and very soon is added the thought of imposing upon the present by reference to the past. Writing, invented in an earlier epoch, and employed since then constantly (even if appearing sporadically) for the purpose of memorandum concerning material things, was now adopted by kings and applied to religious and political ends. Here therefore begins in Babylonia a process which was under way at about the same time in Egypt.
The earliest appearance of writing in the alluvial plain of southern Iraq belongs to a period considerably earlier than the subject of this chapter, though the distance can hardly be measured in years. Owing to the scattered nature of the evidence, its development can be watched only in separate groups, and the first two of these, the tablets found at Uruk and at the site called Jamdat Nasr, belong to the subject-matter of the preceding chapter. These are followed in chronological order by the archaic tablets of Ur, which lay in two strata already existing when the celebrated ‘royal tombs’ were sunk in the ground, and since these visibly belonged to the full maturity of the Early Dynastic civilization the archaic tablets have been assigned to the beginning of this period.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 93 - 144Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1971
References
‘The Early Sumerian City-state in recent Soviet Historiography.’ In Abr-Nahrain, 1 (1959–60) ff.Google Scholar
Sumerian Business and Administrative Documents from the Earliest Times to the Dynasty of Agade (University of Pennsylvania. The University Museum. Publications of the Babylonian Section IX). Philadelphia, 1915.Google Scholar
‘The Abū Salāblkh Tablets: A Preliminary Survey.’ In Journal of Cuneiform Studies
20 [1966] ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Le lapis-lazuli dans les textes sumériens archaïques.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d ArchMogie orientale. 60 (1967), 175 ff.Google Scholar
‘Das Menschenopfer bei den alten Sumerern.’ In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
39 (1930) ff.Google Scholar
Cylindres et cachets orientaux conservés dans les collections suisses, 1
Ascona, 1947.Google Scholar
, ‘The Date of the “2nd Dynasty” graves in the Royal Cemetery of Ur.’ In Journal of the American Oriental Siociety
74 (1954) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘The Constellation of the Wagon, and Recent Archaeology.’ In Miscellanea Orientalia dedicata Antonio Deimel. (Analecta Orientalia. 12, 1935) ff.Google Scholar
Lukians Schrift über die syrische Göttin (Der Alte Orient no. 37, Heft 3/4). Leipzig, 1938.Google Scholar
‘Bahrain–Tilmun.’ In Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no. 103 (1946) ff.Google Scholar
‘Remarques sur l'origine de l'écriture sumérienne.’ In
Symb. F. Hrozný, pars quarta ff. Praha, 1950.Google Scholar
Šumerische Tempelwirtschaft zur Zeit Urukaginas und seiner Vorgänger (Analecta Orientalia. 2). Rome, 1931.Google Scholar
Plano-convex Bricks and the Methods of their Employment (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental civilization 7, 1). Chicago, 1933.Google Scholar
Vozniknovenie despotičeskogo gosudarstva v drevnem Dvurečije. (Full German summary and comments by
in Archiv Orientálni
25 (1957) ff.Google Scholar
‘Sale of Land in Pre-Sargonic Sumer.’ In Papers presented by the Soviet Delegation at the XXIII International Congress of Orientalists. Moscow, 1954.Google Scholar
‘Some Remarks on the “Reforms” of Urukagina.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale
52 (1958) ff.Google Scholar
‘Les découvertes épigraphiques de la XVe campagne de fouilles à Mari.’ In Comptes-Rendus de I'Acadimie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 1965 ff.Google Scholar
‘Enmebaragesi von Kiš.’ In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
53 (1959) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Die Inschriften Gudeas von Lagaš: I. Einleitung (Analecta Orientalia. 30). Rome, 1966.Google Scholar
‘Palestine in the Roman Period, 63 B.C.–A.D. 324.’ In Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1956 ff.Google Scholar
‘Gold in the Ancient Near East.’ In Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap ‘Ex Oriente Lux’. 6 (1939) ff.Google Scholar
Archaeology and the Sumerian Problem (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 4). Chicago, 1932.Google Scholar
Progress of the Work of the Oriental Institute in Iraq, 1934/35 (Oriental Institute Communications 20). Chicago, 1936.Google Scholar
Stratified Cylinder-seals from the Diyala Region (Oriental Institute Publications LXXII). Chicago, 1955.Google Scholar
and
Oriental Institute Discoveries in Iraq, 1933/34 (Oriental Institute Communications. 19). Chicago, 1935.Google Scholar
Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafājah (Oriental Institute Publications 44). Chicago, 1939.Google Scholar
More Sculpture from the Diyala Region (Oriental Institute Publications 60). Chicago, 1943.Google Scholar
‘The Spirit of Living Sacrifices in Tombs.’ In Iraq, 22 (1960) ff.
Histoire générale du travail, livre deuxième: L'Asie occidentale ancienne. Paris, 1960.Google Scholar
‘The ancient Mesopotamian ration-system.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies
24 (1965) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Lapis-lazuli and Ultramarine in Ancient Times.’ In Alumni (Brussels), 19 (1949–50) ff.Google Scholar
‘Historical Allusions in Old-Babylonian Omen-Texts.’ In Journal of Cuneiform Studies. I (1947) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Mesilim and Mesannepadda—are they identical?’ In Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. no. 132 (1953) ff.Google Scholar
‘Die historische Tradition und ihre literarische Gestaltung bei Babyloniern und Hethitern bis 1200.’ In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie and vorderasiatische Archäologie. 42 (1934) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘New votive plaques from Nippur.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 22 (1963) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Animal Remains from Tell Asmar (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 20). Chicago, 1941.Google Scholar
‘The Assumed Conflict between Sumerians and Semites in Early Babylonian History.’ In Journal of the American Oriental Society
59 (1939) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2 (1943) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Early Political Development in Mesopotamia.’ In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 52 (1957) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘La géographie et les voies de communication du pays de Sumer.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale. 52 (1958) ff.Google Scholar
. ‘Die in Tărtăria (Alsótatárlaka) gefundenen piktographischen Tafeln und die jüngere Steinzeit Südosteuropas.’ In Különnyomat a Móra Ferenc Múzeum évkönyve 1966–1967 évi kötetéböl. Szeged, 1967.Google Scholar
‘Le poème d'En-me-er-kar.’ In Revue de l'histoire des religions. 151 (1957) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and others. ‘Vorläufige Berichte über die… in Uruk-Warka… Ausgrabungen’ : nos. in Berlin (München, etc.). Abhandlungen der Preussischen (Bayerischen, etc.) Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist.Klasse, 1930–40; nos. in Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellscharft. nos. (1956–60).Google Scholar
‘Zur staatlichen Wirtschaftsverwaltung in altbabylonischer Zeit.’ In Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 47 (1942) ff.Google Scholar
Enki and Ninhursag. Bulletion of the American School of Oriental Research. Supplementary Study, no. I. Philadelphia, 1945.Google Scholar
‘Dilmun, the Land of the Living.’ In Bulletion of the American School of Oriental Research no 96 (1944) ff.Google Scholar
and
Sumerische Hterarische Texte aus Nippur, I (Texte und Matterialien der Hilprecht Sammlung, Jena n.F. III). Berlin, 1961.Google Scholar
‘Zur Liste der älteren Könige von Babylonien.’ In Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
50 (1952) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Provinzen des neusumerischen Reiches von Ur III.’ In Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
51 (1955) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Altmesopotamische Tonnägel mit Keilinschriften.’ In Halil Edhem hâtira kitabt ff.
‘Les origines et la formation de la Terre dans le poème babylonien de la Création.’ In Analecta Biblica, 12 (1959) ff.Google Scholar
‘L'intronisation de Lugalanda.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale. 50 (1956).Google Scholar
‘Une histoire du conflit entre Lagash et Umma.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale. 50 (1956) ff.Google Scholar
‘Textes commerciaux de Lagash.’ Parts I and II in Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale
47 (1953) ff. ff., part III in Archiv Orientálni
23 (1955) ff.Google Scholar
‘Les “reformes” d'Urukagina.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale
50 (1956) ff.Google Scholar
‘L'occupation de Girsu par Urlumma, roi d'Umma.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d' ArchMogie orientale
59 (1965) ff.Google Scholar
‘Mezopotamya'da Medeniyetin Doğuşu.’ In Ankara Universitesi, Dilve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, II, no. 3 (German summary ff.). Ankara, 1944.Google Scholar
Pictographic Inscriptions from Jemdet Nasr (Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts VII). Oxford, 1928.Google Scholar
and
‘The Geographical History of the Mesopotamian Plains.’ In Geographical Journal, 118 (1952) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Business Documents of the Third Dynasty of Ur (U.E.T. III). London and Philadelphia, 1947.Google Scholar
‘Origin and Development of the Sexagesimal System.’ In Journal of the American Oriental Society
69 (1949) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Kingship and Council in Israel and Sumer.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 22 (1963) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Zu den Ausdrücken für “Zugaben” in den vorsargonischen Grundstückkaufurkunden.’ In Archiv Orientálni
22 (1954) ff.Google Scholar
‘Zur neueren Literatur über das Gilgameš-Epos.’ In Bibliotheca Orientalis. 21 (1964 ff.Google Scholar
‘Some aspects of incised drawing and mosaic in the Early Dynastic period.’ In Iraq, 29 (1967) ff.Google Scholar
Frühe Bildkunst in Sumer (Mitteilungen der vorderasiatisch-ägyptischen Gesellschaft XL, no. 3). Berlin, 1940.Google Scholar
Der mesopotamische Streitwagen und seine Entwicklung im ostmediterranen Bereich. Berlin, 1966.Google Scholar
‘Textes hépatoscopiques d'époque ancienne.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale. 40 (1945–6) ff.Google Scholar
‘Les grandes écoles de glyptique à l'époque archaïque.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'. 41 (1947) ff.Google Scholar
‘Un “chef de guerre” mésopotamien.’ In Foundation Eugène Piot. (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.) Monuments et mémoires, 38 (1941) ff.Google Scholar
‘Narration in Babylonian Art.’ In American Journal of Archaeology
61 (1957) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘War and Civilization.’ In Bulletin of the John Rylands Library (Manchester) 4 (1918) ff.Google Scholar
Historical and Grammatical Texts (University of Pennsylvania. The University Museum. Publication of the Babylonian Saction v). Philadelphia, 1914.Google Scholar
‘Zu einer Klausel altsumerischer Rechtsurkunden.’ In Symb…. Koschaker ff.
Corpus of Ancient Near-Eastern Seals in North American Collections, I. Washington, 1948.Google Scholar
(ed.). Ancient Near-Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament. Ed. 2. Princeton, 1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rencontre assyriologique internationale, Compte-rendu de la seconde. Paris, 1951.
‘Studien zu altbabylonischen hymnisch-epischen Texten (3).’ In Die Welt des Orients. 4 (1967) ff.Google Scholar
Le concept sumérien de consommation dans la vie économique et religieuse. Paris, 1960.Google Scholar
‘La notion sumérienne de souverainté divine.’ In Revue de l'histoire de religions
156 (1959) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Recently Discovered Ancient Sites in the Hammar Lake District.’ In Sumer, 16 (1960) ff.Google Scholar
‘The Date of the Sumerian King-list.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 19 (1960) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Les titres royaux šar kiššati et šar kibrāt arba'i’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d' ArchMogie orientale. 59 (1965) ff.Google Scholar
‘Zweisprachigkeit in der geistigen Kultur Babyloniens.’ In Österreichischen Akademic der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Klasse, 235 Band, I Abh. (1960).Google Scholar
. ‘Assyriologische Miszellen: 7. Der Anfang des Etana-Mythus.’ In Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 55 (1959) ff.Google Scholar
Le système verbal dans les inscriptions ‘royales’ présargoniques de Lagaš. Geneva, 1952.Google Scholar
Royal Inscriptions, Part II (Ur Excavations: Texts. VIII). London and Philadelphia, 1965.Google Scholar
‘The Beginnings of Civilization in Mesopotamia.’ In Journal of Biblical Literature and Exegesis. 59 (1939), supplement IV ff.Google Scholar
‘Authority and Law in Mesopotamia.’ In Journal of the American Oriental Society Supplement 17 (1954) ff.Google Scholar
‘Ancient Mesopotamia.’ In
(ed.), The Idea of History in the Ancient Near East. New Haven, 1955.Google Scholar
Les Statues de culte dans les textes mésopotamiens des origines á la Ire. dynastie de Babylone. Paris, 1968.Google Scholar
in
Sumerian and Akkadian Administrative Texts (Babylonian inscriptions in the collection of J. B. Nies, Yale University VIII) f. New Haven, 1958.Google Scholar
‘Notes on Some Economic Texts of the Time of Urukagina: I. Who was Urukagina's Predecessor?’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale. 49 (1955) ff.Google Scholar
‘Une incursion élamite en territoire sumérien.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale. 6 (1904–7) ff.Google Scholar
‘Une tablette en or provenant d'Umma.’ In Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale. 34 (1937) ff.Google Scholar
Gosudarstvennoe khozyaistvo drevnego Shumera. Moscow-Leningrad, 1956. Summaries: (in French) by
in Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientale
52 (1958) ff.; (in German) by
in Bibliotheca Orientalis
15 (1958) ff.Google Scholar
‘Preliminary report on the decipherment of Proto-Sumerian writing.’ In Peredneasiatskiy Sbornik, II ff. (English summary ff.) Moscow, 1966.Google Scholar
‘Einige Bemerkungen zu sumerischen religionsgeschichtlichen Problemen.’ In Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 1967 ff.Google Scholar
‘Chronology of the Neolithic in Transylvania, in the light of the Tărtăria settlement's stratigraphy.’ In Dacia n.s., 7 (1963) ff.Google Scholar
‘Zur Altersbestimmung der vorgeschichtlichen Kulturen des Zweistromlandes.’ In Archiv für Orientforschung
13 (1939–41) ff.Google Scholar
‘Historisches Material in der babylonischen Omina-Literatur.’ In M.A.O.G. 4 (1928) ff.Google Scholar
The Indus Civilization. The Cambridge History of India, supplementary volume. Cambridge, 1953.Google Scholar
‘Excavations at Ur.’ Preliminary accounts, in Antiquaries Journal. 3 (1923)– (1934).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
. ‘Hyksos Fortifications and the Battering-ram.’ In Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
137 (1955) ff.Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by