Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T06:43:59.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Design Argument

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2018

Elliott Sober
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Madison

Summary

This Element analyzes the various forms that design arguments for the existence of God can take, but the main focus is on two such arguments. The first concerns the complex adaptive features that organisms have. Creationists who advance this argument contend that evolution by natural selection cannot be the right explanation. The second design argument - the argument from fine-tuning - begins with the fact that life could not exist in our universe if the constants found in the laws of physics had values that differed more than a little from their actual values. Since probability is the main analytical tool used, the Element provides a primer on probability theory.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108558068
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 29 November 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aquinas, T. (1981). The Summa Theologica of Saint Thomas Aquinas. Christian Classics.Google Scholar
Arbuthnot, J. (1710). “An Argument for Divine Providence, Taken from the Constant Regularity Observ’d in the Births of Both Sexes.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 27: 186190.Google Scholar
Bartha, P. (2016). “Analogy and Analogical Reasoning.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Zalta, E. (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/reasoning-analogy/.Google Scholar
Behe, M. (1996). Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. Free Press.Google Scholar
Behe, M. (2004). “Irreducible Complexity: Obstacle to Darwinian Evolution.” In Dembski, W. and Ruse, M. (eds.), Debating Design: From Darwin to DNA. Cambridge University Press, pp. 352370.Google Scholar
Behe, M. (2006). “Whether Intelligent Design Is Science: A Response to the Opinion of the Court in Kitzmiller vs Dover Area School District.” Discovery Institute Web Site. www.discovery.org/f/697.Google Scholar
Branch, G. (2017). “Paley the Plagiarist?” https://ncse.com/blog/2017/01/paley-plagiarist-0018388.Google Scholar
Buckland, W. (1836). Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology Vol. 1. The Perfect Library, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairn-Smith, A. G. (1982). Genetic Takeover and the Mineral Origins of Life. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carter, B. (1974). “Large Number Coincidences and the Anthropic Principle in Cosmology.” In Longair, M. (ed.), Confrontation of Cosmological Theories with Observational Data. Reidel, pp. 291298.Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. and Harvey, P. (1977). “Primate Ecology and Social Organization.” Journal of the Zoological Society of London 183: 139.Google Scholar
Collins, R. (2003). “Evidence for Fine-Tuning.” In Manson, N. (ed.), God and Design. Routledge, pp. 178199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, R. (2009). “The Teleological Argument: An Exploration of the Fine-Tuning of the Universe.” In Craig, W. and Moreland, J. (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 202281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colyvan, M., Garfield, J., and Priest, G. (2005). “Problems with the Argument from Fine Tuning.” Synthese 145: 325338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, J. (1979). “Genes That Violate Mendel’s Rules.” Scientific American 240: 134146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species. Harvard University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Murray.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1874). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Murray, 2nd edition.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. Norton.Google Scholar
Dembski, W. (1998a). The Design Inference. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dembski, W. (1998b). “Intelligent Science and Design.” First Things 86: 2127.Google Scholar
Doolittle, W. F. and Sapienza, C. (1980). “Selfish Genes, the Phenotype Paradigm and Genome Evolution.” Nature 284: 601603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draper, P. (1989). “Pain and Pleasure: An Evidential Problem for Theists.” Noûs 23: 331350.Google Scholar
Duhem, P. (1914). The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. Princeton University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
Earman, J. (1987). “The SAP Also Rises: A Critical Examination of the Anthropic Principle.” American Philosophical Quarterly 24: 307317.Google Scholar
Eddington, A. (1939). The Philosophy of Physical Science. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. (1972). Likelihood. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Everitt, N. (2003). The Non-Existence of God. Routledge.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. (1956). Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference. Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Fitelson, B. (2011). “Favoring, Likelihoods, and Bayesianism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 8: 666672.Google Scholar
Fitelson, B., Stephens, C., and Sober, E. (1999). “How Not to Detect Design, a Review of William Dembski’s The Design Inference.” Philosophy of Science 66: 472488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forrest, B. and Gross, P. (2004). Creationism’s Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forster, M. (2006). “Counterexamples to a Likelihood Theory of Evidence.” Minds and Machines 16: 319338.Google Scholar
Forster, M. and Sober, E. (2004). “Why Likelihood?” In Taper, M. and Lee, S. (eds.), The Nature of Scientific Evidence. University of Chicago Press, pp. 153165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. (1980). “The Panda’s Thumb.” In The Panda’s Thumb, Norton, pp. 1926.Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (1965). The Logic of Statistical Inference. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (1987). “The Inverse Gambler’s Fallacy: The Argument from Design and the Anthropic Principle Applied to Wheeler Universes.” Mind 96: 331340.Google Scholar
Horwich, P. (1982). Probability and Evidence. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Howson, C. and Urbach, P. (1993). Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach. Open Court.Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1779). Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Coleman, D. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jantzen, B. (2014). An Introduction to Design Arguments. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jeffrey, R. (1965). The Logic of Decision. University of Chicago Press, 2nd edition, 1983.Google Scholar
Johnson, P. (1991). Darwin on Trial. InterVarsity Press, 2nd edition, 1993.Google Scholar
Kingsolver, J. and Koehl, M. (1985). “Aerodynamics, Thermoregulation, and the Evolution of Insect Wings: Differential Scaling and Evolutionary Change.” Evolution 39: 488504.Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1983). Abusing Science. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kolmogorov, A. N. (1950). Foundations of the Theory of Probability. Chelsea.Google Scholar
Kotzen, M. (2012). “Selection Biases in Likelihood Arguments.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 63: 825839.Google Scholar
Krebs, J. and Davies, N. (1981). An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. Sinauer.Google Scholar
Le Poidevin, R. (1996). Arguing for Atheism. Routledge.Google Scholar
Leslie, J. (1989). Universes. Routledge.Google Scholar
Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation. Routledge, 2nd edition.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. (2017). “Units and Levels of Selection.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Zalta, E. (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/selection-units/.Google Scholar
McGrew, L. (2004). “Testability, Likelihoods, and Design.” Philo 7: 521.Google Scholar
McGrew, L. (2016). “Four (or so) New Fine-Tuning Arguments.” European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 8: 85106.Google Scholar
McGrew, T., McGrew, L., and Vestrup, E. (2001). “Probabilities and the Fine-Tuning Argument: A Sceptical View.” Mind 110: 10271037.Google Scholar
Meyer, S. (2009). Signature in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design. Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Monton, B. (2006). “God, Fine-Tuning, and the Problem of Old Evidence.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 57: 405424.Google Scholar
Morris, H. (1980). King of Creation. CLP Publishers.Google Scholar
Narveson, J. (2003). “God by Design?” in Manson, N. (ed.), God and Design. Routledge, pp. 88104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Numbers, R. (2004). “Ironic Heresy: How Young-Earth Creationists Came to Embrace Rapid Microevolution by Means of Natural Selection.” In Lustig, A., Richards, R., and Ruse, M. (eds.), Darwinian Heresies. Cambridge University Press, pp. 84104.Google Scholar
O’Connor, D. (2001). Hume on Religion. Routledge.Google Scholar
Oppy, G. (2002). “Paley’s Argument for Design.” Philo 5.2: 161173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orgel, L. & Crick, F. (1980). “Selfish DNA: The Ultimate Parasite.” Nature 284: 604607.Google Scholar
Orr, H. A. (1997). “Darwin v. Intelligent Design (Again).” Boston Review, December/January. pp. 41–54.Google Scholar
Orzack, S. and Sober, E. (1994). “Optimality Models and the Test of Adaptationism.” American Naturalist 143: 361380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paley, W. (1802). Natural Theology, or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature. Rivington.Google Scholar
Palazzo, A. and Gregory, T. (2014). “The Case for Junk DNA.” PLOS Genetics 10.5: e1004351. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004351Google Scholar
Priest, G. (1981). “The Argument from Design.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59: 422431.Google Scholar
Psillos, S. (2007). “The Fine Structure of Inference to the Best Explanation.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 74: 441448.Google Scholar
Pyle, A. (2006). Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion: A Reader’s Guide. Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. (2012). “Fine-Tuning and the Infrared Bulls-Eye.” Philosophical Studies 160: 287303.Google Scholar
Robson, J. (1990). “The Fiat and Finger of God: The Bridgewater Treatises”. In Helmstadter, R., Lightman, B., and Bernard, V. (eds.). Victorian Faith in Crisis: Essays on Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Religious Belief. Stanford University PressGoogle Scholar
Royall, R. (1997). Statistical Evidence: A Likelihood Paradigm. Chapman & Hall/CRC.Google Scholar
Russell, R. (1912). “On the Notion of Cause.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 13: 126.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1978). “Religion and Science: A New Look at Hume’s Dialogues.” Philosophical Studies 33: 143176.Google Scholar
Sarkar, S. (2007). Doubting Darwin: Creationist Designs of Evolution. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schupbach, J. (2005). “Paley’s Inductive Inference to Design.” Philosophia Christi 7: 2.Google Scholar
Sedley, D. (2007). Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shanks, N. and Joplin, K. (1999). “Redundant Complexity: A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry.” Philosophy of Science 66: 268282.Google Scholar
Shimony, A. (1970). “Scientific Inference.” In Colodny, R. (ed.), The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories. University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. (2009). “William Paley’s ‘Lost’ Intelligent Design.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 31: 5577.Google ScholarPubMed
Sober, E. (1984). The Nature of Selection. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1986). “Explanatory Presupposition.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 64: 143149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E. (1990). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1993). Philosophy of Biology. Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1999). “Testability.” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 73: 4776.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2002). “Intelligent Design and Probability Reasoning.” International Journal for the Philosophy of Religion 52: 6580.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2003). “The Argument from Design.” In Manson, N. (ed.), God and Design. Routledge, pp. 2553. Reprinted in W. Mann (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Religion, 2004, pp. 117–147.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2004). “Likelihood, Model Selection, and the Duhem-Quine Problem.” Journal of Philosophy 101: 122.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2007a). “Intelligent Design Theory and the Supernatural: The ‘God or Extra-Terrestrials’ Reply.” Faith and Philosophy 24: 7282.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2007b). “What’s Wrong with Intelligent Design?Quarterly Review of Biology 82: 18.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2008). Evidence and Evolution: The Logic Behind the Science. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2009). “Absence of Evidence and Evidence of Absence: Evidential Transitivity in Connection with Fossils, Fishing, Fine-Tuning, and Firing Squads.” Philosophical Studies 143: 6390.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2011). Did Darwin Write the Origin Backwards? Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2012). “Coincidences and How to Think about Them.” In European Philosophy of Science Association Proceedings 2009, Springer, pp. 355374.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2015). Ockham’s Razors: A User’s Manual. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E. (forthcoming-a). “A Bayesian Double Negative: A Critique of Hume’s Treatment of the Design Argument in the Dialogues and of the Design Argument Itself.” In Williford, K. (ed.), Essays on Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Routledge.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (forthcoming-b). “Is Fine-Tuning Evidence for God’s Existence? No.” In Peterson, M. and VanArragon, R. (eds.), Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Religion. Wiley-Blackwell, 2nd edition.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Orzack, J. (2003). “Common Ancestry and Natural Selection.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 54: 423437.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Steel, M. (2002). “Testing the Hypothesis of Common Ancestry.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 218: 395408.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Steel, M. (2017). “Similarities as Evidence for Common Ancestry: A Likelihood Epistemology.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 68: 617638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E. & Wilson, D. (1998). Unto Others. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R. (1968). “The Argument from Design.” Philosophy 43: 199212.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R. (1997). Simplicity As Evidence of Truth. Marquette University Press.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R. (2004). The Existence of God. Oxford University Press. 2nd edition, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titelbaum, M. (2013). Quitting Certainties: A Bayesian Framework Modeling Degrees of Belief. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1982a). “Evidential Impact of Base Rates.” In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press, pp. 153160.Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1982b). “Judgments of and by Representativeness.” In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press, pp. 8498.Google Scholar
van Fraassen, B. (1989). Laws and Symmetry. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Vassend, O, Sober, E., and Fitelson, B. (2017). “The Philosophical Significance of Stein’s Paradox.” European Journal for the Philosophy of Science 7: 411433.Google Scholar
Venn, J. (1866). The Logic of Chance. Chelsea Publishing.Google Scholar
Weisberg, J. (2005). “Firing Squads and Fine-Tuning: Sober on the Design Argument.” British Society for the Philosophy of Science 56: 809821.Google Scholar
Weisberg, J. (2010). “A Note on Design: What’s Fine-Tuning Got to Do with It?Analysis 70.3: 431438.Google Scholar
Wells, J. (2011). The Myth of Junk DNA. Discovery Institute Press.Google Scholar
Whewell, W. (1833). Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology. Kessinger Publishing, 2014.Google Scholar
White, R. (2000). “Fine-Tuning and Multiple Universes.” Nous 34: 260276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, R. (2015). “The Argument from Cosmological Fine-Tuning.” In Rosen, G., Byrne, A., Cohen, J., and Shiffrin, S. (eds.), The Norton Introduction to Philosophy. Norton, pp. 4550.Google Scholar
Zach, R. (1978). “Selection and Dropping of Whelks by Northwestern Crows.” Behaviour 67: 134148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J. and Zhang, K. (2015). “Likelihood and Consilience: On Forster’s Counterexamples to the Likelihood Theory of Evidence.” Philosophy of Science 82: 930940.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Design Argument
  • Elliott Sober, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Online ISBN: 9781108558068
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Design Argument
  • Elliott Sober, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Online ISBN: 9781108558068
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Design Argument
  • Elliott Sober, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Online ISBN: 9781108558068
Available formats
×