Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T11:32:46.584Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Jewish Monotheism and Slavery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2024

Catherine Hezser
Affiliation:
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

Summary

Biblical monotheism imagines God as a slave master who owns and has total control over humans as his slaves, who are expected to show obedience to him. The theological use of slavery metaphors has a limited value, however, and is deeply problematic from the perspective of real-life slave practices. Ancient authors already supplemented the metaphor of God as a slave master with other images and emphasized God's difference from human slave owners. Ancient and modern experiences of and attitudes toward slavery determined the understanding and applicability of the slavery metaphors. This Element examines the use of slavery metaphors in ancient Judaism and Christianity in the context of the social reality of slavery, modern abolitionism, and historical-critical approaches to the ancient texts.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009260497
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 14 March 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agosto, E. (2005). Servant Leadership: Jesus and Paul. St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press.Google Scholar
Ali, K. (2010). Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Aminof, I. (2015). Esau My Brother: Father of Edom and Rome. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass.Google Scholar
Ariel, D. S. (2006). Kabbalah: The Mystic Quest in Judaism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Bakhos, C. (2006). Ishmael on the Border: Rabbinic Portrayals of the First Arab. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakhos, C. (2007). Figuring (Out) Esau: The Rabbis and Their Others. Journal of Jewish Studies 58, 250262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
B. E. J. (1932). Review of: E. McKenna Friend, Moses Mielziner, 1828–1903: A Biography with a Bibliography of His Writings and a Reprint of His “Slavery Amongst the Ancient Hebrews.” Journal of American History 19(1), 152.Google Scholar
Bjelland Kartzow, M. (2018). The Slave Metaphor and Gendered Enslavement in Early Christian Discourse: Double Trouble Embodied. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bokser, B. M. (1984). The Origins of the Seder: The Passover Rite and Early Rabbinic Judaism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bokser, B. M. (1985). Wonder-Working and the Rabbinic Tradition: The Case of Hanina ben Dosa. Journal for the Study of Judaism 16, 4292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boss, S. J. (2000). Empress and Handmaid: On Nature and Gender in the Cult of the Virgin Mary. London: Cassell.Google Scholar
Bradley, K. (1994). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, K. (2000). Animalizing the Slave: The Truth of Fiction. Journal of Roman Studies 90, 110125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, K. & Cartledge, P., eds. (2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Vol. 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bridge, E. J. (2010). The Use of Slave Terms in Deference and in Relation to God in the Hebrew Bible. Unpublished PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney.Google Scholar
Bridge, E. J. (2013). The Metaphorical Use of Slave Terms in the Hebrew Bible. Bulletin for Biblical Research 23, 1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridge, E. J. (2014). The “Slave” Is the “Master”: Jacob’s Servile Language to Esau in Genesis 33.1–17. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 38, 263278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckland, W. W. (1970, reprint of 1908). The Roman Law of Slavery: The Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Byron, J. (2003). Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity: A Traditio-historical and Exegetical Examination. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Carroll, M. D. (2003). Family in the Prophetic Literature. In: Hess, R. S. & Carroll, M. D. (eds.), Family in the Bible: Exploring Customs, Culture, and Context. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, pp. 100123.Google Scholar
Chen, K. S. (2019). The Messianic Vision of the Exodus. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.Google Scholar
Chirichigno, G. C. (1993). Debt-Slavery in Israel and the Ancient Near East. Sheffield: JSOT Press.Google Scholar
Claassens, L. J. M. (2012). Mourner, Mother, Midwife: Reimagining God’s Delivering Presence in the Old Testament. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. J. D. (2005). Why Aren’t Jewish Women Circumcised? Gender and Covenant in Judaism. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colish, M. L. (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, Vol. 1: Stoicism in Classical Latin Literature. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Collman, R. D. (2023). The Apostle to the Foreskin: Circumcision in the Letters of Paul. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, D. (1984). Joseph and Aseneth. In: Sparks, H. F. D. (ed.), The Apocryphal Old Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 465–504. www.markgoodacre.org/aseneth/translat.htmGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. (1984). Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy. Boston, MA: Women’s Press.Google Scholar
Dan, J. (1986). Introduction. In: Dan, J. (ed.), The Early Kabbalah. New York: Paulist Press, 43–44.Google Scholar
Deacy, S. (1997). The Vulnerability of Athena: Parthenoi and Rape in Greek Myth. In: Deacy, S. & Pierce, K. F. (eds.), Rape in Antiquity: Sexual Violence in the Greek and Roman Worlds. London: Duckworth, pp. 4364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delaney, C. (1998). Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devries, L. (1997). Baal. In Mills, W. E. (ed.), Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. 5th ptg. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, pp. 7980.Google Scholar
Di Segni, L. (1988). The Inscriptions of Tiberias (Hebrew). Idan 11, 7095.Google Scholar
Dobbs, D. (1994). Natural Right and the Problem of Aristotles’ Defense of Natural Slavery. Journal of Politics 56, 6994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doering, L. (2012). Ancient Jewish Letters and the Beginnings of Christian Epistolography. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drescher, S. (2010). Jews and New Christians in the Atlantic Slave Trade. In: Sarna, J. D. & Mendelsohn, A. (eds.), Jews and the Civil War: A Reader. New York: New York University Press, pp. 5186.Google Scholar
DuBois, P. (2003). Slaves and Other Objects. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Elazar, D. J. (2017). Covenant and Polity in Biblical Israel: Biblical Foundations & Jewish Expressions. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Elliot, A. (1999). Social Theory and Psychoanalysis in Transition: Self and Society from Freud to Kristeva. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
El-Sharif, A. (2012). Metaphors We Believe By: Islamic Doctrine as Evoked by the Prophet Muhammad’s Metaphors. Critical Discourse Studies 9, 231245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faber, E. (1998). Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Fagenblat, M., ed. (2017). Negative Theology and Jewish Modernity. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farbstein, D. (1896). Das Recht der freien und unfreien Arbeiter nach jüdisch-talmudischem Recht verglichen mit dem antiken, speciell mit dem römischen Recht. Frankfurt: Kauffmann.Google Scholar
Ferguson, E. (2003). Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Forsdyke, S. (2021). Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraade, S. D. (1983). Sifre Deuteronomy 26 (ad Deut. 3:23): How Conscious the Composition? Hebrew Union College Annual 54, 245301.Google Scholar
Frede, M. (1978). Principles of Stoic Grammar. In: Rist, J. M. (ed.), The Stoics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 2776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1939). Moses and Monotheism. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, S. S. (1998). Jews and the American Slave Trade. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Garlitz, D. (2015). Judaism. In: Frank, L. Tendrich (ed.), The World of the Civil War: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, pp. 572574.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1994). Philo Judaeus and Slave Theory. Scripta Classica Israelica 13, 3045.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1996). Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. (1997). Sons, Slaves – and Christians. In: Rawson, B. & Weaver, P. (eds.), The Roman Family in Italy: Status, Sentiment, Space. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 101121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geary, D. & Hodkinson, S. (2012). Introduction: Slaves and Religions: Historiographies, Ancient and Modern. In: Geary, D. & Hodkinson, S. (eds.), Slaves and Religions in Graeco-Roman Antiquity and Modern Brazil. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Gerbner, K. (2018). Christian Slavery: Conversion and Race in the Protestant Atlantic World. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, K. (1994). The Biblical Argument for Slavery: Can the Bible Mislead? A Case Study in Hermeneutics. Evangelical Quarterly 661, 317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giller, P. (2001). Reading the Zohar: The Sacred Text of the Kabbalah. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glancy, J. A. (2002). Slavery in Early Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glancy, J. A. (2011). Slavery as Moral Problem: In the Early Church and Today. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Goldenberg, D. M. (2003). The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, E. (1992). Introduction. In: Leibowitz, Y., Judaism, Human Values, and the Jewish State, Goldman, E. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. vii-xxxiv.Google Scholar
Green, W. S. (1979). Palestinian Holy Men: Charismatic Leadership and Rabbinic Tradition. Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II 19.2, 619647.Google Scholar
Greene, P. J. (2017). The End of Divine Truthiness: Love, Power, and God: Powerful Buddhist-Christian-Taoist Love. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock.Google Scholar
Grünfeld, R. (1886). Die Stellung der Sclaven bei den Juden nach biblischen und talmudischen Quellen, part 1. Doctoral thesis, University of Jena.Google Scholar
Hacohen, M. H. (2019). Jacob & Esau: Jewish European History between Nation and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamel, G. H. (1990). Poverty and Charity in Roman Palestine, First Three Centuries C.E. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hamel, G. H. (2010). Poverty and Charity. In: Hezser, C. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 308324.Google Scholar
Harper, K. (2011). Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J. H. (1999). Slave of Christ: A New Testament Metaphor for Total Devotion to Christ. Downer’s Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.Google Scholar
Harris, W. V. (2001). Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Haynes, S. R. (2002). Noah’s Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heschel, A. J. (1951). Man Is Not Alone: A Philosophy of Religion. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Heschel, A. J. (1959). Between God and Man. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Hezser, C. (1997). The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Hezser, C. (2003). Slaves and Slavery in Rabbinic and Roman Law. In: Hezser, C. (ed.), Rabbinic Law in Its Roman and Near Eastern Context. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, pp. 133176.Google Scholar
Hezser, C. (2005). Jewish Slavery in Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hezser, C. (2013). Part Whore, Part Wife: Slave Women in the Palestinian Rabbinic Tradition. In: Eisen, U. E., Gerber, C., & Standhartinger, A. (eds.), Doing Gender – Doing Religion. Fallstudien zur Intersektionalitaet im fruehen Judentum, Christentum und Islam. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, pp. 303323.Google Scholar
Hezser, C. (2016). Greek and Roman Slaving in Comparative Ancient Perspective: The Level of Integration. In: Hodkinson, S., Kleijwegt, M., and Vlassopoulos, K. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Slaveries. Oxford: Oxford University Press (online publication). https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/40302Google Scholar
Hezser, C. (2018). Bild und Kontext. Jüdische und christliche Ikonographie der Spätantike. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Hezser, C. (2019). Women, Children, and Slaves in Rabbinic Law. In: Barmash, P. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 489503.Google Scholar
Hezser, C. (2022). What Was Jewish about Jewish Slavery in Late Antiquity? In: de Wet, C. L., Kahlos, M. & Vuolanto, V. (eds.), Slavery in the Late Antique World, 150–700 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 129148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hezser, C. (2023). New Testament and Rabbinic Slave Parables at the Intersection between Fiction and Reality. In: Merz, A., Ottenheijm, E., & Spoelstra, N. (eds.), The Power of Parables: Essays on the Comparative Study of Jewish and Christian Parables. Leiden: Brill, pp. 367388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hezser, C. (forthcoming). Passover, Liberation from Foreign Domination, and Roman-Byzantine Imperialism: The Exodus Tradition in Late Antique Judaism. In: López-Sánchez, F. & Bueno-Sánchez (eds.), M., The New Children of Israel: Newcomers in Movement from Constantine to Muhammad.Google Scholar
Himmelfarb, M. (2020). The Virgin Mary and Ancient Jewish Literature. In: Consolino, F. E. & Herrin, J. (eds.), The Early Middle Ages. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press, pp. 103120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, P. (2018). Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ilan, T. (1995). Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine: An Inquiry into Image and Status. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Isaac, B. (2004). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, R. M. (forthcoming). Understanding Early Christian Art. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Joshel, S. R. (2010). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kahlos, M. (2022). Late Roman Ideas of Ethnicity and Enslavement. In: de Wet, C. L., Kahlos, M. & Vuolanto, V. (eds.), Slavery in the Late Antique World, 150700 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 87104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamen, D. (2023). Greek Slavery. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasher, A. (1988). Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Keuss, J. F. (2010). Freedom of the Self: Kenosis, Cultural Identity, and Mission at the Crossroads. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock.Google Scholar
König, A. (1873/4). Die Bibel und die Sklaverei. Reisse: F. Bär.Google Scholar
Krauss, S. (1911, reprinted in 1966). Talmudische Archäologie, Vol. 2. Leipzig, reprinted Hildesheim.Google Scholar
Krüger, P. P. (2021). Life in the Pentateuch (1): Genesis 1–11: Life Created and Sustained. In: Coetsee, A. J. & Viljoen, F. P. (eds.), Biblical Theology of Life in the Old Testament. Cape Town: AOSIS, pp. 1134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kyrtatas, D. J. (1987). The Social Structure of the Early Christian Communities. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Labowitz, G. (2009). Marriage and Metaphor: Constructions of Gender in Rabbinic Literature. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Laitman, M. (2007). The Zohar: Annotations to the Ashlag Commentary. Toronto: Kabbalah.Google Scholar
Langer, G. (2010). Brother Esau? Esau in Rabbinic Midrash. In: Laato, A. & Lindqvist (eds.), P., Encounters of the Children of Abraham from Ancient to Modern Times. Leiden: Brill, pp. 75-94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. (2018). Greek Slave Systems in Their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800–146 BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, K. Y. (2017). Metaphors and Social Identity Formation in Paul’s Letters to the Corinthians. Eugene, OR: Pickwick.Google Scholar
Lindemann, A. S. (1997). Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lockyer, H. (1975). All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.Google Scholar
Lowance, M. I. Jr., ed. (2003). A House Divided: The Antebellum Slavery Debates in America, 1776–1865. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, D. B. (1990). Slavery as Salvation: The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCraken Flesher, P. V. (1988). Oxen, Women, or Citizens? Slaves in the System of the Mishnah. Atlanta, GA: Brown Judaic Studies.Google Scholar
McKenzie, S. L. (2000). Covenant. St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press.Google Scholar
Meeks, W. A. (1983, 2nd ed. 2003). The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, I. (1978). Slavery in the Ancient Near East: A Comparative Study of Slavery in Babylonia, Assyria, Syria, and Palestine from Middle of the Third Millennium to the End of the First Millennium. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, M. A. (1997). Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Mielziner, M. (1859). Die Verhältnisse der Sklaven bei den alten Hebräern, nach biblischen und talmudischen Quellen dargestellt: Ein Beitrag zur hebräisch-jüdischen Alterthumskunde. Copenhagen: P. G. Philipsen.Google Scholar
Mielziner, M. (1931). The Institution of Slavery among the Ancient Hebrews According to the Bible and Talmud (reprint). In: Friend Mielziner, E. McKenna (ed.), Moses Mielziner, 1828–1903: A Biography with a Bibliography of His Writings, with a Reprint of His “Slavery among the Ancient Hebrew.” New York: The Author. Originally published in Cincinnati, OH: The Bloch Printing Company, 1894, https://archive.org/details/mielzinerm1894isaah (no page numbers).Google Scholar
Miles, M. R. (1993). Santa Maria Maggiore’s Fifth-Century Mosaics: Triumphal Christianity and the Jews. Harvard Theological Review 86, 155176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, K. D. (2012). Martin Luther King’s Biblical Epic: His Final, Great Speech. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.Google Scholar
Morgan, M. L. (1992). Dilemmas in Modern Jewish Thought: The Dialectics of Revelation and History. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, C. (2002). Wealth in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Qumran Community. Leiden, MA: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niehoff, M. R. (2018). Philo of Alexandria: An Intellectual Biography. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Niehoff, M. R. (2020). Abraham in the Greek East: Faith, Circumcision, and Covenant in Philo’s Allegorical Commentary and Paul’s Letter to the Galatians. The Studia Philonica Annual 32, 227248.Google Scholar
Noll, M. A. (2006). The Civil War as a Theological Crisis. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Noy, D. (1993). Jewish Inscriptions from Western Europe, Vol. 1: Italy (excluding the City of Rome), Spain and Gaul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Oehler, G. F. (1891). Theologie des Alten Testaments. Stuttgart: J. F. Steinkopf.Google Scholar
Orlov, A. A. (2005). The Enoch-Metatron Tradition. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.Google Scholar
Owens, W. M. (2022). The Representation of Slavery in the Greek Novel: Resistance and Appropriation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pasierowska, R. (2021). “I Wuz Like a Petty Dog”: White Animalization of Enslaved Blacks. In: Chism, J. L., Craft DeFreitas, S., Robertson, V. & Ryden, D. (eds.), Critical Race Studies across Disciplines: Resisting Racism through Scholactivism. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, pp. 3150.Google Scholar
Pellegrin, P. (2013). Natural Slavery. In: Deslauriers, M. & Destrée, P. (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle’s Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 92116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perdue, L. (2013). Hosea and the Empire. In Boer, R. (ed.), Postcolonialism and the Hebrew Bible:The Next Step. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, pp. 169192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perdue, L. G. (1997). The Household, Old Testament Theology, and Contemporary Hermeneutics. In: Perdue, L. G., Blenkinsopp, J., Collins, J.J., and Meyers, C. (eds.), Families in Ancient Israel. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, pp. 223257.Google Scholar
Perry, C., Eltis, D., Engerman, S.L., and Richardson, D., eds. (2021). The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Vol. 2: AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ploeg, J. P. M. van der (1972). Slavery in the Old Testament. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 22, 7287.Google Scholar
Priest, J. (1852). Bible Defense of Slavery. Glasgow: W. S. Brown.Google Scholar
Rajak, T. (2000). The Jewish Dialogue with Greece and Rome: Studies in Cultural and Social Interaction. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramelli, I. L. E. (2016). Social Justice and the Legitimacy of Slavery: The Role of Philosophical Asceticism from Ancient Judaism to Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risinger, J. (2021). Stoic Romanticism and the Ethics of Emotion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, B.-Z. & Perlmutter, H. (2020). Social Stratification of the Jewish Population of Roman Palestine in the Period of the Mishnah, 70–250 CE. Leiden, MA: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth-Gerson, L. (1987). The Greek Inscriptions from the Synagogues of Eretz Israel (Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi.Google Scholar
Sandnes, K. O. (1997). Equality within Patriarchal Structures: Some New Testament Perspectives on the Christian Fellowship as a Brother- or Sisterhood or a Family. In: Moxnes, H. (ed.), Constructing Early Christian Families: Family as Social Reality and Metaphor. London: Routledge, pp. 150–165.Google Scholar
Schwabe, M. & Lifshitz, B. (1974). Beth She’arim, Vol. 2: The Greek Inscriptions. Jerusalem: Massada Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. (2001). Imperialism and Jewish Society: 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sheikh, F. (2019). Being an Intelligent Slave of God: Discursive Strategies and Subject Formation in Early Muslim Thought. Journal of Religious Ethics 47, 125152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivertsev, A. (2005). Households, Sects, and the Origins of Rabbinic Judaism. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, G. (1863). Does the Bible Sanction American Slavery? Cambridge: Sever and Francis.Google Scholar
Sokolov, J. A. (2010). The Antebellum Jewish Abolitionists. In: Sarna, J. D. & Mendelsohn, A. (eds.), Jews and the Civil War: A Reader. New York: New York University Press, pp. 125144.Google Scholar
Sommer, B. D. (2009). The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, D. (1994). Parables in Midrash: Narratives and Exegesis in Rabbinic Literature. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stoutjesdijk, M. J. (2020). From Debtor to Slave: An Explorative Bildfeld Analysis of Debt and Slavery in Early Rabbinic and New Testament Parables. In: Poorthuis, M. & Ottenheijm, E. (eds.), Parables in Changing Contexts: Essays on the Study of Parables in Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism. Leiden: Brill, pp. 280300.Google Scholar
Teugels, L. (2019). The Meshalim in the Mekhiltot: An Annotated Edition and Translation of the Parables in Mekhilta de Rabbi Yishmael and Mekhilta de Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thoma, C. (1989). Literary and Theological Aspects of the Rabbinic Parables. In: Thoma, C. & Wyschogrod, M. (eds.), Parable and Story in Judaism and Christianity. New York: Paulist Press, pp. 2641.Google Scholar
Tise, L. E. (1987). Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America, 1701–1840. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Urbach, E. E. (1964). The Laws Regarding Slavery as a Source for the Social History of the Period of the Second Temple, the Mishnah and Talmud, Papers of the Institute of Jewish Studies, University College London 1, 194.Google Scholar
Vile, J. R. (2020). The Bible in American Law and Politics: A Reference Guide. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Visotzky, B. L. (1990). Anti-Christian Polemic in Leviticus Rabbah. Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 56, 83100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waller, G. (2015). A Cultural Study of Mary and the Annunciation: From Luke to the Enlightenment. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westermann, W. L. (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. Philadelphia, PA: The American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar
Whitford, D. M. (2016). The Curse of Ham in the Early Modern Era: The Bible and the Justifications for Slavery. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wiedemann, T. E. J. (1981). Greek and Roman Slavery. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilson, B. E. (2015). Unmanly Men: Refigurations of Masculinity in Luke-Acts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yonge, C. D. (1854–1890). The Works of Philo Judaeus, the Contemporary of Josephus, Translated from the Greek. London: H. G. Bohn. www.earlyjewishwritings.com/philo.html.Google Scholar
Yuval, I. J. (2008). Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Zangenberg, J. K. (2016). Performing the Sacred in a Community Building: Observations from 2010–2015 Kinneret Regional Project Excavations in the Byzantine Synagogue of Horvat Kur (Galilee). In: Day, J., Hakola, R., and Kahlos, M. (eds.), Spaces in Late Antiquity: Cultural, Theological and Archaeological Perspectives. London: Routledge, pp. 166189.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S. (1962–3). Slavery during the Second Commonwealth and the Tannaitic Period. The Jewish Quarterly Review 53, 185218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, I. (1903). Die Königsgleichnisse des Midrasch beleuchtet durch die römische Kaiserzeit. Breslau: Schlesische Verlagsanstalt von S. Schottländer.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Jewish Monotheism and Slavery
  • Catherine Hezser, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Online ISBN: 9781009260497
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Jewish Monotheism and Slavery
  • Catherine Hezser, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Online ISBN: 9781009260497
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Jewish Monotheism and Slavery
  • Catherine Hezser, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
  • Online ISBN: 9781009260497
Available formats
×