Element contents
La economía política de una expansión segmentada
Política social latinoamericana en la primera década del siglo XXI
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 April 2024
Summary
Los primeros años del siglo XXI fueron un período de expansión de la política social en América Latina. Se crearon nuevos programas en salud, jubilaciones y pensiones, y asistencia social, y se incorporaron grupos previamente excluidos de las políticas existentes. ¿Cuál fue el carácter de esta expansión de la política social? ¿Por qué experimentó la región esta transformación? A partir de una revisión de un amplio número de artículos y libros, mostramos que los avances de la política social en la primera década del siglo XXI se mantuvieron segmentados, con diferencias en los niveles de acceso y beneficio, brechas en la calidad de los servicios y disparidad entre los sectores de política. Argumentamos que esta “expansión segmentada” fue el resultado de una combinación de características de la democracia a corto y largo plazo, condiciones económicas favorables y legados de política. El análisis revela que quienes estudian la política social latinoamericana han generado nuevos conceptos e importantes teorías que propician nuestra comprensión de las constantes preguntas sobre el desarrollo y el cambio del estado de bienestar.
Keywords
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009443654Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 16 May 2024
References
Referencias
Aguirre, R. & Scuro Somma, L. (2010). Panorama del sistema previsional y género en Uruguay. Avances y desafíos. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Alejo, J., Bergolo, M. & Carbajal, F. (2014). Las transferencias públicas y su efecto distributivo. La experiencia de los países del Cono Sur en el decenio de los 2000. El Trimestre Económico, 81(321), 163–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altman, D. & Castiglioni, R. (2020). Determinants of Equitable Social Policy in Latin America (1990–2013). Journal of Social Policy, 49(4), 763–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alves, J. (2015). (Un?)Healthy Politics: The Political Determinants of Subnational Health Systems in Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), 119–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anria, S. & Niedzwiecki, S. (2016). Social Movements and Social Policy: The Bolivian Renta Dignidad. Studies in Comparative International Development, 51(3), 308–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antía, F. (2018). Regímenes de política social en América Latina: Una revisión crítica de la literatura. Desafíos, 30(2), 193–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antía, F., Castillo, M., Fuentes, G. & Midaglia, C. (2013). La renovación del sistema de protección uruguayo: El desafío de superar la dualización. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, 22(9), 153–174.Google Scholar
Antía, F., Castillo, M. & Midaglia, C. (2015). La estratificación como reto para los ajustes de los sistemas de bienestar. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación Crítica, 3, 101–135.Google Scholar
Arenas de Mesa, A. (2019). Los sistemas de pensiones en la encrucijada: Desafíos para la sostenibilidad en América Latina. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Artaraz, K. (2011). New Latin American Networks of Solidarity? Global Social Policy, 11(1), 88–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. (2012). The Politics of Counter-reform in the Argentine Pension System: Actors, Political Discourse, and Policy Performance. International Journal of Social Welfare, 21, 46–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. (2017). Non-contributory Benefits, Pension Re-reforms and the Social Protection of Older Women in Latin America. Social Policy and Society, 16(3), 361–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. (2018a) Cash Transfers for Families and Children in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: Segmented Expansion or Universal Benefits? Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 34(1), 58–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. (2018b). Child-Centered Social Policies in Argentina: Expansion, Segmentation and Social Stratification. Social Policy & Administration, 52(6), 1217–1232 .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. (2019). Basic Old Age Protection in Latin America: Non-contributory Pensions, Coverage Expansion Strategies and Aging Patterns across Countries. Population and Development Review, 45, 23–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. & Martínez Franzoni, J. (2018). A Long Decade of Gendering Social Policy in Latin America: Transformative Steps and Inequality Traps. En S. Shaver, coord., Handbook on Gender and Social Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 408–429.Google Scholar
Barba Solano, C. (2019). Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Thirty Years of Social Reforms and Conflicting Paradigms. En G. Cruz-Martínez, coord., Welfare and Social Protection in Contemporary Latin America. Londres: Routledge, pp. 29–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2004). Latin America: Towards a Liberal-Informal Welfare Regime. Gough, En I. & coords., G. Wood, Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–168.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2009). Labour Markets and the (Hyphenated) Welfare Regime in Latin America. Economy and Society, 38(1), 87–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2011). On the Distributional Implications of Social Protection Reforms in Latin America. Documento de Trabajo no. 2011/69, United Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2013). Social Assistance in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2019). Social Protection in Latin America: One Region, Two Systems. En G. Cruz-Martínez, coord., Welfare and Social Protection in Contemporary Latin America. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 59–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barros, R., Carvalho, M. de, Franco, S. & Mendonça, R. (2010). Markets, the State, and the Dynamics of Inequality in Brazil., En L. López-Calva & N. Lustig, coords., Declining Inequality in Latin America. A Decade of Progress? Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, pp. 134–174.Google Scholar
Béland, D., Medrano, A. & Rocco, P. (2018). Federalism and the Politics of Bottom‐Up Social Policy Diffusion in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Political Science Quarterly, 133(3), 527–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergman, M. (2019). Economic Growth and Tax Compliance in Latin America: Did the “Good Times” Help to Reduce Tax Evasion? En G. Flores-Macías, coord., The Political Economy of Taxation in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlinski, S. & Schady, N. (2015). Los primeros años: El bienestar infantil y el papel de las políticas públicas. Nueva York: BID.Google Scholar
Bernales-Baksai, P. & Solar-Hormazábal, O. (2018). Advancing Health Coverage of Informal Workers in Three Latin American Countries. Social Policy & Administration, 52(6), 1201–1216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bianculli, A., Ribeiro Hoffmann, A. & Nascimento, B. (2022). Institutional Overlap and Access to Medicines in MERCOSUR and UNASUR (2008–2018). Cooperation before the Collapse? Global Public Health, 17(3), 363–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, R. & Zolt, E. (2015). Fiscal Contracting in Latin America. World Development. 67, 323–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birn, A., Muntaner, C. & Afzal, Z. (2017). South–South Cooperation in Health: Bringing in Theory, Politics, History, and Social Justice. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 33(2), 37–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, M. (2012). Care Work and Class: Domestic Workers’ Struggle for Equal Rights in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. (2016). Moving away from Maternalism? Paper delivered at the RC19 Conference. University of Costa Rica, San José, August 26–27.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. (2019). The Politics of Social Policies in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 54(4), 1056–1064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, M., Ewig, C. & Piscopo, J. (2017). The Reactive Left: Gender Equality and the Latin American Pink Tide. Social Politics, 24, 345–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, M., Giambruno, C. & Filgueira, F. (2020). Policy Expansion in Compressed Time: Assessing the Speed, Breadth and Sufficiency of Post-COVID-19 Social Protection Measures in 10 Latin American Countries. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. & Jokela, M. (2018). Paid Domestic Work and the Struggles of Care Workers in Latin America. Current Sociology, 6(4), 531–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, M. & Martínez Franzoni, J. (2014). Maternalism, Co-responsibility and Social Equity: A Typology of Work–Family Policies. Social Politics, 22(1), 38–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blofield, M., Pribble, J. & Giambruno, C. (2023). The Politics of Social Protection during Times of Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla‐Chacín, M. & Aguilera, N. (2013). The Mexican Social Protection System in Health. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Bonvecchi, A. (2008). Políticas sociales subnacionales en países federales: Argentina en perspectiva comparada. Desarrollo Económico, 48(190), 307–339.Google Scholar
Borges Sugiyama, N. (2011). The Diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in the Americas. Global Social Policy, 11, 250–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borges Sugiyama, N. (2013). Diffusion of Good Government: Social Sector Reforms in Brazil. South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Brinks, D. M., Levitsky, S. & Murillo, M. V. (2019). Understanding Institutional Weakness. Power and Design in Latin American Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, S. (2015). Social Protection for the Poorest: The Adoption of Antipoverty Cash Transfer Programs in the Global South. Politics and Society, 43(4), 551–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabieses, B., Tunstall, H., Pickett, K. & Gideon, J. (2013). Changing Patterns of Migration in Latin America: How Can Research Develop Intelligence for Public Health? Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 34, 68–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Cabrera, M., Lustig, N. & Morán, H. (2015). Fiscal Policy, Inequality, and the Ethnic Divide in Guatemala. World Development, 76, 263–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAF (2013). RED 2012: Public Finance for Development: Strengthening the Connection between Income and Expenditure. Caracas: CAF–Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe.Google Scholar
Caldwell, K. L. (2017). Health Equity in Brazil: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Policy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, E. & Murillo, M. (2014). Partisan Linkages and Social Policy Delivery in Argentina and Chile. In Abente, D. & Diamond, L., coords., Clientelism, Social Policy, and the Quality of Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 17–38.Google Scholar
Cameron, M., Hershberg, E. & Beasley-Murray, J. (2010). Latin America’s Left Turns. Politics, Policies and Trajectories of Change. Boulder: Lynn Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cammett, M. & MacLean, L. (2014). Introduction. In Cammett, M. & MacLean, L., coords., The Politics of Non-state Social Welfare. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campello, D. (2015). The Politics of Market Discipline in Latin America: Globalization and Democracy. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, M. & Mares, I. (2014). Coalitional Realignment and the Adoption of Non-contributory Social Insurance Programmes in Latin America. Socio-Economic Review, 12(4), 695–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnes, M. & Mares, I. (2016). Redefining Who’s “In” and Who’s “Out”: Explaining Preferences for Redistribution in Bolivia. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(11), 1647–1664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castiglioni, R. (2018). Explaining Uneven Social Policy Expansion in Democratic Chile. Latin American Politics and Society, 60(3), 54–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castiglioni, R. (2019). The Right and Work–Family Policies. Santiago. Documento ICSO-UDP no. 58.Google Scholar
Castiglioni, R. (2020). La ampliación de políticas sociales bajo gobiernos de derecha y centro derecha en América Latina. Revista Española de Sociología, 29(3–2), 179–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cecchini, S. & Atuesta, B. (2017). Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Coverage and Investment Trends. Social Policy Series – CEPAL, 224. https://cepal.org/en/publications/42109-conditional-cash-transfer-programmes-latin-america-and-caribbean-coverage-and (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Cecchini, S. & Madariaga, A. (2011). Programas de transferencias condicionadas: Balance de la experiencia reciente en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago: CEPALGoogle Scholar
Cecchini, S. & Martínez, R. (2012). Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: A Comprehensive, Rights-Based Approach. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
CEPAL (2021a). La autonomía económica de las mujeres en la recuperación sostenible y con igualdad. Informe Especial COVID-19, no. 9. Santiago: Naciones Unidas.Google Scholar
Chapman Osterkatz, S. (2013). Commitment, Capacity, and Community: The Politics of Multilevel Health Reform in Spain and Brazil. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Ciccia, R. & Guzmán-Concha, C. (2018). The Dynamics of Redistributive Social Policy in Latin America, documento presentado en UNSRID Conference Overcoming Inequalities in a Fractured World. Ginebra: 8–9 de noviembre. https://bit.ly/3yWZNFt (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Ciccia, R. & Guzmán-Concha, C. (2021). Protest and Social Policies for Outsiders: The Expansion of Social Pensions in Latin America. Journal of Social Policy, 52(2), 1–22.Google Scholar
Collins, K. & Holder, J. (2021). See How Rich Countries Got to the Front of the Vaccine Line. The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/3yzsO8O (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Cook, M. L. & Bazler, J. C. (2013). Bringing Unions Back In: Labour and Left Governments in Latin America. Documento de trabajo. School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Cookson, T. (2017). The Unseen Gender Impact of Conditionality: Extra-official Conditions. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth One Pager, no. 345.Google Scholar
Cornia, G., Gómez-Sabaini, J. & Martorano, B. (2014). Tax Policy and Income Distribution during the Last Decade. En G. Cornia, coord., Falling Inequality in Latin America: Policy Change and Lessons. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 295–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correa Aste, N. (2011). Interculturalidad y políticas públicas: Una agenda al 2016. Economía y Sociedad, 77, 53–58.Google Scholar
Cotlear, D., Gómez-Dantés, O., Knaul, F., Atun, R., Barreto, I. C. H. C., Cetrángolo, O., Cueto, M., Francke, P., Frenz, P., Guerrero, R., Lozano, R., Marten, R. & Sáenz, R. (2015). La lucha contra la segregación social en la atención de salud en América Latina. MEDICC Review, 17, 40–52.Google Scholar
Cruz-Martínez, G. (2019). Esfuerzo de bienestar y pobreza desde el enfoque monetarista y de capacidades: Análisis transnacional en América Latina y el Caribe (1990–2010). Política & Sociedad, 52(3), 631–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danani, C. & Hintze, , coords., S. (2014). Protecciones y desprotecciones (II): Problemas y debates de la seguridad social en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento.Google Scholar
De la O, A. (2015). Crafting Policies to End Poverty in Latin America: The Quiet Transformation. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
del Pino, E., Sátyro, N. & Midaglia, M. (2021). The Latin American Social Protection Systems in Action. En N. Sátyro et al., coords., Latin American Social Policy Developments in the Twenty-First Century. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
Díaz-Cayeros, A., Estévez, F. & Magaloni, B. (2017). The Political Logic of Poverty Relief: Electoral Strategies and Social Policy in Mexico. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dirección de Prensa del Palacio de Gobierno. (2008). Bolivia: Comienza la Revolución Social con el pago de la renta Dignidad. 1 de Febrero. https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n108462.html (30 de Enero de 2024).Google Scholar
Dorlach, T. (2020). The Causes of Welfare State Expansion in Democratic Middle‐Income Countries: A Literature Review. Social Policy & Administration, 1–17.Google Scholar
Doyle, D. (2018). Taxation and Spending in Latin America. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.632 (26 de octubre de 2023).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duarte Recalde, R. (2014). Políticas sociales y democracia. Paraguay Debate, nota de debate, no. 10.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Espino, A. (2016). Resultados de las reformas jurídicas relativas a las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos en Uruguay. Serie Condiciones de Trabajo y Empleo No. 84. Ginebra: OIT.Google Scholar
Esquivel, V. & Kaufman, A. (2016). Innovation in Care: New Concepts, New Actors, New Policies. Berlin: UNRISD y Friederich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Ewig, C. (2010). 3. Health Policy and the Historical Reproduction of Class, Race, and Gender Inequality in Reygadas, Peru. En L. & P. Gootenberg, coords., Indelible Inequalities in Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 53–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewig, C. (2012). The Strategic Use of Gender and Race in Peru’s 2011 Presidential Campaign. Politics & Gender, 8(2), 267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewig, C. (2015). Reform and Electoral Competition: Convergence toward Equity in Latin American Health Sectors. Comparative Political Studies, 49(2), 184–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewig, C. (2018). Forging Women’s Substantive Representation: Intersectional Interests, Political Parity, and Pensions in Bolivia. Politics & Gender, 14(3), 433–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewig, C. & Hernández, A. (2009). Gender Equity and Health Sector Reform in Colombia: Mixed State–Market Model Yields Mixed Results. Social Science & Medicine, 68(6), 1145–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewig, C. & Kay, S. (2011). Postretrenchment Politics: Policy Feedback in Chile’s Health and Pension Reforms. Latin American Politics and Society, 53(4), 67–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairfield, T. (2015). Private Wealth and Public Revenue in Latin America: Business Power and Tax Politics. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairfield, T. & Garay, C. (2017). Redistribution under the Right in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Organized Actors in Policymaking. Comparative Political Studies, 50(14), 1871–1906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falleti, T. (2010). Infiltrating the State: The Evolution of Health Care Reforms in Brazil, 1964–1988. Mahoney, En J. & coords., K. Thelen, Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–62.Google Scholar
Farías Antognini, A. (2019). Políticas sociales en Chile: Trayectoria de inequidades y desigualdades en la distribución de bienes y servicios. Santiago: UAH Ediciones.Google Scholar
Faur, E. (2014). El cuidado infantil en el siglo XXI: Mujeres malabaristas en una sociedad desigual. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores.Google Scholar
Fenwick, T. (2009). Avoiding Governors: The Success of Bolsa Família. Latin American Research Review, 44 (1), 102–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenwick, T. (2016). Avoiding Governors: Federalism, Democracy, and Poverty Alleviation in Brazil and Argentina. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F. (1998). El nuevo modelo de prestaciones sociales en América Latina: Eficiencia, residualismo y ciudadanía estratificada. Centroamérica en reestructuración. Ciudadanía y política social, 71–116.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F. (2007). Cohesión, riesgo y arquitectura de protección social en América Latina. Sojo, En A. & Uthoff, A., coords., Cohesión social en América Latina y el Caribe: Una revisión perentoria de algunas de sus dimensiones. Santiago: CEPAL, pp. 149–169.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F. (2013). Los regímenes de Bienestar en el ocaso de la modernización conservadora: Posibilidades y límites de la ciudadanía social en América Latina. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, 22(2), 17–46.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F., Molina, C., Papadópoulos, G. & Tobar, F. (2006). Universalismo Básico, En C. Molina, coord., Universalismo Básico: Una nueva política social para América Latina. Washington, DC: BID, pp. 19–58.Google Scholar
Flechtner, S. & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2021). Why Is the Accumulation of Knowledge so Hard? Exploring Econometric Research on the Determinants of Public Social Spending in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 57(2), 258–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores-Macias, G. (2019). The Political Economy of Taxation in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garay, C. (2016). Social Policy Expansion in Latin America. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Subirats, I., Vargas, I., Mogollón-Pérez, A. et al. (2014). Barriers in Access to Healthcare in Countries with Different Health Systems: A Cross-Sectional Study in Municipalities of Central Colombia and North-Eastern Brazil. Social Science & Medicine, 106, 204–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gasparini, L. C., Cruces, G. A. & Tornarolli, L. H. (2016). Chronicle of a Deceleration Foretold: Income Inequality in Latin America in the 2010s. Revista de Economía Mundial, 43, 25–46.Google Scholar
Gasparini, L. C., Tornarolli, L. H. & Mejía, D. (2011). Recent Trends in Income Inequality in Latin America. Economía, 11(2), 147–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, C. (2019). Movement-Driven Development: The Politics of Health and Democracy in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gideon, J. (2012). Engendering the Health Agenda? Reflections on the Chilean Case, 2000–2010. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 19(3), 333–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gideon, J. & Molyneux, M. (2012). Limits to Progress and Change: Reflections on Latin American Social Policy. Social Politics, 19(3), 293–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giraudy, A., Moncada, E. & Snyder, R. (2019). Subnational Research in Comparative Politics. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giraudy, A. & Pribble, J. (2018). Rethinking Measures of Democracy and Welfare State Universalism: Lessons from Subnational Research. Regional & Federal Studies, 29(2), 135–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giuffrida, A. (2007). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Survey. En A. Giuffirda, coord., Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: IADB, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Giuffrida, A. (2010). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Review. Diversity in Health and Care, 7(2), 115–128.Google Scholar
Grugel, J. & Riggirozzi, P. (2018). Neoliberal Disruption and Neoliberalism’s Afterlife in Latin America: What is Left of Post-neoliberalism? Critical Social Policy, 38(3), 547–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guendel, L. (2011). Política social e interculturalidad: Un aporte para el cambio. Ajayu, 9(1), 1–52.Google Scholar
Haggard, S. & Kaufman, R. (2008). Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hernández, T. (2013). Affirmative Action in the Americas. Americas Quarterly. www.americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/affirmative-action-in-the-americas/ (19 de noviembre de 2023).Google Scholar
Herrero, M. & Tussie, D. (2015). UNASUR Health: A Quiet Revolution in Health Diplomacy in South America. Global Social Policy, 15(3), 261–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, T. (2009). Strategic Partisanship Policy Seekers. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Holland, A. (2017). Forbearance as Redistribution: The Politics of Informal Welfare in Latin America. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, A. & Schneider, B. (2017). Easy and Hard Redistribution: The Political Economy of Welfare States in Latin America. Perspectives on Politics, 15, 988–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, E., Mustillo, T. & Stephens, J. (2008). Politics and Social Spending in Latin America. The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 420–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, E. & Niedzwiecki, S. (2015). Emerging Welfare States in Latin America and East Asia. Leibfried, En S., Huber, E. & M. Lange, coords., The Oxford Handbook of Transformations of the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 796–812.Google Scholar
Huber, E. & Niedzwiecki, S. (2018). Changing Systems of Social Protection in the Context of the Changing Political Economies since the 1980s. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(7), 2085–2094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huber, E. & Pribble, J. (2011). Social Policy and Redistribution under Left Governments in Chile and Uruguay. Roberts, En K. & S. Levitsky, coords., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 117–138.Google Scholar
Huber, E. & Stephens, J. (2012). Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, W. & Borges Sugiyama, N. (2009). Democracy and Social Policy in Brazil: Advancing Basic Needs, Preserving Privileged Interests. Latin American Politics and Society, 51(2), 29–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IDEA (2019). The Global State of Democracy 2019: Addressing the Ills, Reviving the Promise. www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/global-state-of-democracy-2019 (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
ILO (2021). ILO Social Protection Platform. Concepts and Definitions. www.social-protection.org/gimi/ShowWiki.action?wiki.wikiId=1113 (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Korpi, W. (1989). Power, Politics, and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship: Social Rights during Sickness in Eighteen OECD Countries since 1930. American Sociological Review, 54(3), 309–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korpi, W. & Palme, J. (1998). The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries. American Sociological Review, 63(5), 661–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latinobarómetro (2018). Informe 2018. https://www.latinobarometro.org/latdocs/INFORME_2018_LATINOBAROMETRO.pdf (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Lavinas, L. (2015). Anti-poverty Schemes Instead of Social Protection. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 7(1), 112–171.Google Scholar
Lavinas, L. (2017). The Takeover of Social Policy by Financialization: The Brazilian Paradox. Nueva York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavinas, L. (2021). Latin America at the Crossroads Yet Again: What Income Policies in the Post-pandemic Era? Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 42(1–2), 79–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, S. & Roberts, K. (2011). The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, S. & Schady, N. (2013). Latin America’s Social Policy Challenge: Education, Social Insurance, Redistribution. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(2), 193–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lo Vuolo, R. (1995). Contra la exclusión. La propuesta del ingreso ciudadano. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila.Google Scholar
Lo Vuolo, R., ed. (2013). Citizen’s Income and Welfare Regimes in Latin America. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lo Vuolo, R. (2016). The Limits of Autonomy in Latin American Social Policies: Promoting Human Capital or Social Control? European Journal of Social Theory, 19(2), 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Calva, L. & Lustig, N. (2010). Declining Inequality in Latin America: A Decade of Progress? Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Lustig, N. (2017). Fiscal Redistribution and Ethnoracial Inequality in Bolivia, Brazil, and Guatemala. Latin American Research Review, 52(2), 208–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lustig, N., Lopez-Calva, L. F. & Ortiz-Juárez, E.. (2016). Deconstructing the Decline in Inequality in Latin, America. Basu, En & J. Stiglitz, coords., Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy: Tomo II: Regions and Regularities. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 212–247.Google Scholar
Lustig, N. & Pereira, C. (2016). The Impact of the Tax System and Social Spending on Income Redistribution and Poverty Reduction in Latin America. Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, 219(4), 117–132.Google Scholar
Madrid, R., Hunter, W. & Weyland, K. (2010). The Policies and Performance of the Contestatory and Moderate Left. Weyland, En K., Madrid, R. & Hunter, W., coords., Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahon, J. (2023). Taxation and State Capacity. In Baehler, K. et al., coords., The Oxford Handbook of Governance and Public Management for Social Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 915–932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahon, R. (2015). Integrating the Social into CEPAL’s Neo-structuralist Discourse. Global Social Policy, 5(1), 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martín-Mayoral, F. & Sastre, J. F. (2017). Determinants of Social Spending in Latin America during and after the Washington Consensus: A Dynamic Panel Error-Correction Model Analysis. Latin American Economic Review, 26(10), 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez, R. & Maldonado, R. (2019). Institutional Framework for Social Development. En R. Martínez, coord., Institutional Frameworks for Social Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago: ECLAC, pp. 21–47.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. (2008a). Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Capturing Constellations of Markets, Families, and Policies. Latin American Politics and Society, 50(2), 67–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. (2008b). ¿Arañando bienestar? Trabajo remunerado, protección social y familias en Centroamérica. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. (2021). Conferencia Inaugural Cátedra Humboldt, Universidad de Costa Rica. https://bit.ly/3nUoJqN (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Martínez-Franzoni, J. & Mesa-Lago, C. (2003). Pensiones y salud: Avances, problemas pendientes y recomendaciones. San José: Fundación Friedrich Ebert.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2015). La incorporación social en Centroamérica: Trayectorias, obstáculos y oportunidades. Ciudad de México: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2016). The Quest for Universal Social Policy in the South: Actors, Ideas and Architectures. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2018). Undoing Segmentation? Latin American Health Care Policy during the Economic Boom. Social Policy and Administration, 52, 1181–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2019). Overcoming Segmentation in Social Policy? Comparing New Early Education and Child Care Efforts in Costa Rica and Uruguay. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 38(4), 423–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. & Voorend, K. (2012). Blacks, Whites, or Grays? Conditional Transfers and Gender Equality in Latin America. Social Politics 19(3), 383–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mateo, M. & Rodriguez-Chamussy, L. (2015). Who Cares about Childcare? Estimations of Childcare Use in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nueva York: BID.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer-Foulkes, D. & Larrea, C. (2007). Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities: Bolivia, Brazil, Peru., Guatemala Giuffrida, En A., coord., , Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: IADB, pp. 131–135.Google Scholar
McGuire, J. (2010). Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesa-Lago, C. (1978). Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesa-Lago, C. (2006). Structural Pension Reform – Privatization. Clark, En G., Munnell, A., Williams, K. & Orszag, J., coords., The Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 663–683.Google Scholar
Molyneux, M. (2006). Mothers at the Service of the New Poverty Agenda: Progresa/Oportunidades, Mexico’s Conditional Transfer Programme. Social Policy and Administration, 40(4), 425–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molyneux, M. (2009). Conditional Cash Transfers: A “Pathway to Women’s Empowerment”? Pathways to Women’s Empowerment Working Paper no. 5, IDS, University of Sussex. https://bit.ly/3AE0fKb (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Molyneux, M., Jones, N. & Samuels, F. (2016). Can Cash Transfer Programmes Have “Transformative” Effects? Journal of Development Studies, 52(8), 1087–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montaño, S. (2011). Una mirada a la crisis de los márgenes. Cuadernos de la CEPAL 96, CEPAL, Santiago de Chile. www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/27856-mirada-la-crisis-margenes (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Montenegro, F. & Acevedo, O. (2013). Colombia Case Study: The Subsidized Regime of Colombia’s National Health Insurance System. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Morais de Sá e Silva, M. (2017). Poverty Reduction, Education, and the Global Diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfers. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno Figueroa, M. & Saldívar Tanaka, E. (2016). “We Are Not Racists, We Are Mexicans”: Privilege, Nationalism and Post-race Ideology in Mexico. Critical Sociology. 42(4–5), 515–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murillo, M., Oliveros, V. & Vaishnav, M. (2011). Economic Constraints and Presidential Agency. Levitsky, En S. & Roberts, K., coords, ., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 52–70.Google Scholar
Nagels, N. (2018). Incomplete Universalization? Peruvian Social Policy Reform, Universalism, and Gendered Outcomes. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(3), 410–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2014). The Effect of Unions and Organized Civil Society on Social Policy: Pension and Health Reforms in Argentina and Brazil, 1988–2008. Latin American Politics and Society, 56, 22–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2015). Social Policy Commitment in South America: The Effect of Organized Labor on Social Spending from 1980 to 2010. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(2), 3–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2016). Social Policies, Attribution of Responsibility, and Political Alignments: A Subnational Analysis of Argentina and Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 49(4), 457–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2018). Uneven Social Policies: The Politics of Subnational Variation in Latin America. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2021). Welfare States and Immigration in Latin America: Immigrants’ Inclusion to Social Policy in Argentina. Work-in-Progress Seminar Manuscript, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. & Anria, S. (2019). The Participatory Politics of Social Policies in Bolivia and Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society, 61(2), 115–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nin-Pratt, A. & Valdés Conroy, H. (2020). After the Boom: Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean. IDB Technical Note no. 02082. https://publications.iadb.org/en/after-boom-agriculture-latin-america-and-caribbean (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Noy, S. & Voorend, K. (2016). Social Rights and Migrant Realities. Migration Policy Reform and Migrants’ Access to Health Care in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Chile. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(2), 605–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ocampo, J. (2017). Commodity-Led Development in Latin America. International Development Policy, 9, 51–76.Google Scholar
Ocampo, J. & Gómez-Arteaga, N. (2016). Social Protection Systems in Latin America: An Assessment. Extension of Social Security (ESS) Working Paper no. 52, ILO. https://bit.ly/3PjNfNP (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
O’Donnell, G. (1993). On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries. World Development, 21(8), 1355–1369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Donnell, G. (1994). Ciudadanía, autoritarismo social y consolidación democrática. Estudios Políticos, 2, 167, 173.Google Scholar
OECD (2020). Enrolment Rates in Early Childhood Education and Care Services and Primary Education, 3- to 5-Year-Olds. OECD Family Database. https://data.oecd.org/students/enrolment-rate-in-early-childhood-education.htm (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
OIT (2011). Convenio sobre el trabajo decente para las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos, C189. www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/es/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C189 (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
O’Neill, K. L. (2010). City of God: Christian Citizenship in Postwar Guatemala. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Osorio Gonnet, C. (2018a). ¿Aprendiendo o emulando? Cómo se difunden las políticas sociales en América Latina. Santiago: LOM.Google Scholar
Osorio Gonnet, C. (2018b). Comparative Analysis of the Adoption of Conditional Cash Transfers Programs in Latin America. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 21(4), 385–401.Google Scholar
Otero-Bahamon, S. (2016). When the State Minds the Gap: The Politics of Subnational Inequality in Latin America. Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University.Google Scholar
PAHO (2015). Expertos buscan maneras de aumentar hasta al menos el 6% del PBI la inversión pública en salud para lograr la salud universal. www3.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11500:2015-experts-seek-ways-to-boost-public-spending-on-health-to-achieve-sdg&Itemid=0&lang=es#gsc.tab=0 (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Perreira, K. & Telles, E. (2014). The Color of Health: Skin Color, Ethnoracial Classification, and Discrimination in the Health of Latin Americans. Social Science & Medicine, 116, 241–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierson, P. (1994). Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics. The American Political Science Review, 94(2), 251–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pribble, J. (2013). Welfare and Party Politics in Latin America. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pribble, J. (2015). The Politics of Building Municipal Institutional Effectiveness in Chile. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(3), 100–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reygadas, L. & Filgueira, F. (2010). Inequality and the Incorporation Crisis: The Left’s Toolkit, Social Policy. Maxwell, En C. & Hershberg, E., coords., Latin America’s Left Turns: Politics, Policies and Trajectories of Change. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 171–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, J. (2019). State-Sponsored Activism: Bureaucrats and Social Movements in Democratic Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez Enriquez, C. & Marzonetto, G. (2015). Organización social del cuidado y desigualdad: El déficit de políticas públicas de cuidado en Argentina. Revista Perspectivas de Políticas Públicas, 4(8), 103–134.Google Scholar
Rofman, R., Apella, I. & Vezza, E. (2015). Beyond Contributory Pensions: Fourteen Experiences with Coverage Expansion in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Romero, W. & Orantes, A. (2017). Estudio sobre racismo, discriminación y brechas de desigualdad en Guatemala. Ciudad de México: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Rossi, F. (2015). The Second Wave of Incorporation in Latin America: A Conceptualization of the Quest for Inclusion Applied to Argentina. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(1), 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueda, D. (2005). Insider–Outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties. American Political Science Review, 99, 61–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruttenberg, T. (2019). Post-neoliberalism and Latin America. Cupples, En J., Palomino-Schalscha, M. & Prieto, M., coords., The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Development. Nueva York: Routledge, pp. 111–120.Google Scholar
Sala, G. (2017). Reorientación de la política previsional argentina y acceso de los migrantes limítrofes a la seguridad social. Migraciones Internacionales, 9(1), 119–149.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2019). The Surprising Reduction of Inequality during a Commodity Boom: What Do We Learn from Latin America? Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 2, 1–24.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2021). The Costs of Inequality in Latin America: Lessons and Warnings for the Rest of the World. Londres: I. B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segura-Ubiergo, A. (2007). The Political Economy of the Welfare in Latin America. Globalization, Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sepúlveda, M. (2014). De la retórica a la práctica: El enfoque de derechos en la protección social en América Latina. Serie Políticas Sociales – CEPAL, 189, 1–74.Google Scholar
Silva, E. (2015). Social Movements, Protest, and Policy. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 100, 27–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research. Evans, En P., Rueschemeyer, D. & Skocpol, S., coords., Bringing the State Back. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. (2012). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Soifer, H. (2012). Measuring State Capacity in Contemporary Latin America. Revista de Ciencia Política, 32(3), 585–598.Google Scholar
Sojo, A. (2011). De la evanescencia a la mira: El cuidado como eje de políticas y de actores en América Latina. Serie Seminarios y Conferencias – CEPAL, 67, 1–70.Google Scholar
Sojo, A. (2017). Protección social en América Latina: La desigualdad en el banquillo. Santiago: United Nations.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staab, S. (2012). Maternalism, Male-Breadwinner Bias, and Market Reform: Historical Legacies and Current Reforms in Chilean Social Policy. Social Politics, 19(3), 299–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staab, S. (2016). Opportunities and Constraints on Gender-Egalitarian Policy Change: Michelle Bachelet’s Social Protection Agenda (2006–2010). Waylen, En G., coord., Gender, Institutions and Change in Bachelet´s Chile. Londres: Institute of the Americas, pp. 121–146.Google Scholar
Staab, S. & Gherard, R. (2010). Childcare Expansion in Chile and Mexico: For Women or Children or Both? Ginebra: UNRISD.Google Scholar
Staab, S. & Gerhard, R. (2011). Putting Two and Two Together? Early Childhood Education, Mothers’ Employment and Care Service Expansion in Chile and Mexico. Development and Change, 42(4), 1079–1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telles, E. & Paixão, M. (2013). Affirmative Action in Brazil. LASA Forum, 44(2), 10–11.Google Scholar
Tillin, L. & Duckett, J. (2017). The Politics of Social Policy: Welfare Expansion in Brazil, China, India and South Africa in Comparative Perspective. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55(3), 253–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomazini, C. (2020). Esquiver les critiques: Les institutions financières internationales face aux politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté au Brésil et au Mexique. Critique Internationale, 3(88), 51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNDP (2015). Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Informe de 2015. www.undp.org/es/latin-america/publications/informe-2015-objetivos-de-desarrollo-del-milenio-informe-de-2015 (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
UNDP (2019). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano 2019. Más allá del ingreso, más allá de los promedios, más allá del presente: Desigualdades del desarrollo humano en el siglo XXI. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdr2019espdf_1.pdf (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Uribe-Gómez, M. (2017). Nuevos cambios, viejos esquemas: Las políticas de salud en México y Colombia en los años 2000. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 33(2), 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vieira, R. S. & Arends-Kuenning, M. (2019). Affirmative Action in Brazilian Universities: Effects on the Enrollment of Targeted Groups. Economics of Education Review, 73, 10–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voorend, K. (2019). ¿Un imán de bienestar en el Sur? Migración y política social en Costa Rica. San José: EUCR.Google Scholar
Wampler, B., Borges Sugiyama, N. & Touchton, M. (2019). Democracy at Work: Pathways to Well-Being in Brazil. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2014). Curbing Clientelism in Argentina: Politics, Poverty, and Social Policy. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyland, K. (2005). Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform. World Politics, 57, 262–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, J. (2000). What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus? The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 251–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (1994). Envejecimiento sin crisis: Informe de banco mundial sobre investigaciones relativas a politicas de desarrollo. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/204101468190731858/pdf/135840PUB00SPANISH00Box074505B0PUBLIC0.pdf (26 de octubre de 2023).Google Scholar
Zarate Tenorio, B. (2014). Social Spending Responses to Organized Labor and Mass Protests in Latin America, 1970–2007. Comparative Political Studies, 47(14), 1945–1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar