Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T09:31:42.581Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Language of Gender-Based Separatism

A Comparative Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2023

Veronika Koller
Affiliation:
Lancaster University
Alexandra Krendel
Affiliation:
Lancaster University
Jessica Aiston
Affiliation:
Lancaster University

Summary

This Element shows how two social movements, lesbian separatism and Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW), reflect the changing and complex (anti-)feminist ideologies of their time. The authors outline the historical and political background of those discourses and how they are influencing contemporary gender relations. The materials analysed comprise ten manifestos, which are examined with a combination of data-led discourse analysis and theory-led argumentation analysis. The manifestos are similar in that both sets of authors construct homogenous in-groups and out-groups as well as dichotomies between them. There are some differences though in how this is linguistically realised and who is classified as an out-group. Both groups cast social actors in particular roles and establish ethical norms, but strategic planning and utopias are more prominent among lesbian separatists. Freedom, advantage and authority are central in each group's argumentation, but lesbian separatists also stress humanitarianism while MGTOW focus on financial matters.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009216890
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 03 August 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aiston, J. (2023). Argumentation strategies in an online male separatist community. PhD thesis, Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Aman, I. (2009). Discourse and striving for power: An analysis of Barisan Nasional’s 2004 Malaysian general election manifesto. Discourse & Society, 20(6), 659–84.Google Scholar
Archibald, S. (2021). On wimmin’s land. Places, February. https://doi.org/10.22269/210216.Google Scholar
Baider, F. H., Assimakopoulos, S., & Millar, S. L. (2017). Hate speech in the EU and the C.O.N.T.A.C.T project. In Assimakopoulos, S., Baider, F. H., & Millar, S. (eds.), Online hate speech in the European Union: A discourse analytic perspective (pp. 116). Springer.Google Scholar
Bartley, L. (2019). For the many, not the few: A transitivity analysis of Labour’s 2017 manifesto as a driving force for promoting a populist Britain. In Hidalgo-Tenorio, E., Benítez-Castro, M.-A. & De Cesare, F. (eds.), Populist discourse: Critical approaches to contemporary politics (pp.136–51). Routledge.Google Scholar
Bates, L. (2020). Men who hate women: From incels to pickup artists, the truth about extreme misogyny and how it affects us all. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Beckerman, J. (2021). To B, or not to b? Why capitalize the ‘B’ in Black? NorthJersey.com, 13 October. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from https://eu.northjersey.com/story/opinion/columnists/2021/10/13/why-capitalize-b-black/5980347001/.Google Scholar
Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/223459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication, & Society, 15(5), 739–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661.Google Scholar
Bly, R. (1990). Iron John. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Boss Hunting. (29 October 2019). Men going their own way movement is bitterly jaded but potentially valid. Boss Hunting. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from www.bosshunting.com.au/life-style/men-going-their-own-way-movement/.Google Scholar
Brewer, K. B. (1995). Issues of separatism in the work communities of women. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society, 6, 2536. https://doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc199563.Google Scholar
British Association for Applied Linguistics. (2021). Recommendations on Good Practice in Applied Linguistics. www.baal.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/BAAL-Good-Practice-Guidelines-2021.pdf.Google Scholar
Cadalen, P.-Y. (2020). Republican populism and Marxist populism: Perspectives from Ecuador and Bolivia. In Kranert, M. (ed.), Discursive approaches to populism across disciplines: The return of populists and the people (pp. 313–37). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Carmen. (2015). Rebel girls: On building a better separatism. Autostraddle, 30 September. www.autostraddle.com/rebel-girls-on-building-a-better-separatism-309366/.Google Scholar
Clatterbaugh, K. (2000). Literature of the US men’s movements. Signs, 25(3), 883–94. https://doi.org/10.1086/495485.Google Scholar
Cohen, D. S. (2011). The stubborn persistence of sex segregation. Colombia Journal of Gender and Law, 20(1), 51140. https://doi.org/10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618.Google Scholar
Colman, F. (2010). Notes on the feminist manifesto: The strategic use of hope. Journal for Cultural Research, 14(4), 375–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797581003765333.Google Scholar
Combahee River Collective (1977). The Combahee River Collective statement. In Fahs, B. (ed.), Burn it down! Feminist manifestos for the revolution (pp. 271–80). Verso.Google Scholar
Coston, B. M., & Kimmel, M. (2013). White men as the new victims: Reverse discrimination cases and the men’s rights movement. Nevada Law Journal, 13, 368–85. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/5.Google Scholar
Cox, R. W. (1993). Gramsci, hegemony and international relations. In Gill, S. (ed.) Gramsci, historical materialism and international relations (pp. 4966). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Danio, M. (1992). The concept of social movement. The Sociological Review, 40(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-954X.1992.tb02943.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayter, D., & Rüdiger, S. (2022). The language of pick-up artists: Online discourses of the seduction industry. Routledge.Google Scholar
della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (2020). Social movements: An introduction (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
DiMassa, D. (1999). The complete Hothead Paisan: Homicidal lesbian terrorist. Cleis Press.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. (1988). Separatism: A look back at anger. In Cant, B. & Hemmings, S. (eds.) Radical records: Thirty years of lesbian and gay history (pp. 4252). Routledge.Google Scholar
Doyle, G. (1996). No man’s land: Lesbian separatism revisited. In Godwin, N., Hollows, B. & Nye, S. (eds.) Assaults on convention: Essays on lesbian transgressors (pp. 178–97). Cassell.Google Scholar
Enszer, J. R. (2014). Rethinking lesbian separatism as a vibrant political theory and feminist practice. Paper presented at the conference A revolutionary moment: Women’s Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Boston University, 2729 March. www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Enszer-Rethinking-Lesbian-Separatism.pdf.Google Scholar
Enszer, J. R. (2017). Lesbian books are no longer just for lesbians: Legacies of lesbian print culture. Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 32(1), 6272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2018.1404676.Google Scholar
Fahs, B. (2020). Burn it down! Feminist manifestos for the revolution. Verso.Google Scholar
Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis. (2nd ed.) Longman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T., Fernandez, M., Novotny, J., & Harith, A. (2019). Exploring misogyny across the manosphere in Reddit. WebSci ’19 Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, 8796. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292522.3326045.Google Scholar
Farrell, W. (1993). The myth of male power: Why men are the disposable sex. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Farrukh, F., & Masroor, F. (2021). Portrayal of power in manifestos: Investigating authority legitimation strategies of Pakistan’s political parties. Journal of Language and Politics, 20(3), 451–73. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.18009.far.Google Scholar
Fox, J. (2004). How men’s movement participants view each other. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 12(2), 103–18. https://doi.org/10.3149%2Fjms.1202.103.Google Scholar
France-Presse, . (17 December 2019). 4B is the feminist movement persuading South Korean women to turn their backs on sex, marriage and children. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/3041058/why-south-korean-women-are-turning-their-backs-sex-marriage-and.Google Scholar
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Frye, M. (1978). Some reflections on separatism and power. Sinister Wisdom, 6, 30–9.Google Scholar
Fukasawa, M. (2007). Boys’ encyclopaedia: Respect boys and sober boys. Nikkei BP. 平成男子図鑑 リスペクト男子とし らふ男子』日経BP社Google Scholar
Futrelle, D. (n.d.). WTF is a MGTOW? A Glossary. We Hunted the Mammoth. Retrieved 17 March 2023, from www.wehuntedthemammoth.com/wtf-is-a-mgtow-a-glossary/.Google Scholar
Geraldine, T. (1988). Practising separatism. Lesbian Ethics, 3(2), 35.Google Scholar
Get the L out. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved 17 March 2023, from www.gettheloutuk.com/index.html.Google Scholar
Gillman, C. P. (1915 [1979]). Herland. Pantheon.Google Scholar
Ging, D. (2019). Alphas, betas, and incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638–57. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X17706401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gush, C. (2015). Casting spells for a female future with 70s lesbian separatist Liza Cowan. Dyke A Quarterly. Retrieved 1 February 2022, from www.dykeaquarterly.com/2015/12/in-recent-weeks-perhaps-thevery-first-truly-insta-famous-feminist-fashion-item-has-emerged-a-sweatshirt-worn-by-annie-c.html.Google Scholar
Healey, E. (1996). Lesbian sex wars. Virago.Google Scholar
Heritage, F., & Koller, V. (2020). Incels, in-groups and ideologies: The representation of gendered social actors in a sexuality-based online community. Journal of Language and Sexuality, 9(2), 152–78. https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.19014.her.Google Scholar
Hermansson, P., Lawrence, D., Mulhall, J., & Murdoch, S. (2020). The international alt-right: Fascism for the 21st century? Routledge.Google Scholar
Hess, J., Langford, J., & Ross, K. (1980). Comparative separatism. In S. Hoagland, L. & Penelope, J. (eds.) For lesbians only: A separatist anthology (pp. 125–31). Onlywomen Press.Google Scholar
Hoagland, S. L. (1987). Lesbian separatism: An empowering reality. Gossip: A journal of lesbian feminist ethics, 6, 2436.Google Scholar
Hoagland, S. L., & Penelope, J. (1988). For lesbians only: A separatist anthology. Onlywomen Press.Google Scholar
Holland, J. (2014). Narrative fidelity to the little red book in the framing efforts of the Red Guard Movement: A theoretical model for foundational documents. Discourse & Society, 25(3), 383401. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0957926513519535.Google Scholar
Holland, J., & Nichele, E. (2016). An ideological content analysis of corporate manifestos: A foundational document approach. Semiotica, 208(1), 79101. https://doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0115.Google Scholar
hooks, b. (2005). The significance of feminism. In Hier, S. P. (ed.), Contemporary sociological thought: Themes and theories (pp. 233–42). Canadian Scholars’ Press.Google Scholar
Jane, E. (2016). Nope (a manifesto). In Fahs, B. (ed.) Burn it down! Feminist manifestos for the revolution (p. 263). Verso. https://e-janestudio.tumblr.com/post/132335744305/i-am-not-an-identity-artist-just-because-i-am-a.Google Scholar
Jeffreys, S. (1990). Anticlimax: A feminist perspective on the sexual revolution. Women’s Press.Google Scholar
Jo, B., Strega, L., & Ruston, (2015). Introduction to dykes-loving-dykes: Dyke separatist politics, 25 years update. Bev Jo Radical Lesbian Feminist Writing. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from https://bevjoradicallesbian.wordpress.com/2017/09/10/introduction-to-dykes-loving-dykes-dyke-separatist-politics-25-years-update/.Google Scholar
Johnston, H. (2023). What’s in frame, what’s in a name? Discourse Studies, 25(2), 259–72. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, J. (1973). Lesbian nation The feminist solution. Touchstone.Google Scholar
Johnston, J. (2006). Was lesbian separatism inevitable? The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 26(1). [online article]. https://glreview.org/article/article-121/.Google Scholar
Jones, C., Trott, V., & Wright, S. (2020). Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment. New Media & Society, 22(10), 1903–21. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444819887141.Google Scholar
Kamra, L., & Sen, D. (2021). Women’s collectives and social transformations in South Asia: Negotiations, navigations and self-making. Journal of South Asian Development, 15(3), 309–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174120987091.Google Scholar
Karpenko-Seccombe, T. (2021). Separatism: A cross-linguistic corpus-assisted study of word-meaning development in a time of conflict. Corpora, 16(3), 379416. https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0228.Google Scholar
Kaye, M., & Tolmie, J. (1998). Discoursing dads: The rhetorical devices of fathers’ rights groups. Melbourne University Law Review, 22, 162–94.Google Scholar
Kelly, A. (2020). Fear, hate and countersubversion: American antifeminism online. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia.Google Scholar
killa-man of the C.L.I.T. Collective (1974). Trying hard to forfeit all I’ve known. Reprinted in Hoagland, S. L. & Penelope, J. (eds.), For lesbians only: A separatist anthology (pp. 403–7). Onlywomen Press.Google Scholar
Kimbrell, A. (1997). The masculine mystique. Random House.Google Scholar
Kimmel, M. (2013). Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era. Nation Books.Google Scholar
Kimmel, M., & Kaufman, M. (1994). Weekend warriors: The new men’s movement. In Brod, H. & Kaufman, M. (eds.), Theorizing masculinities (pp. 259–88). SAGE.Google Scholar
Koller, V. (2008). Lesbian discourses: Images of a community. Routledge.Google Scholar
Koller, V. (2010). Lesbian Nation: A case of multiple interdiscursivity. In R. de Cillia, H. Gruber, M. Krzyżanowski & F. Menz (eds.), Discourse, Politics, Identity (pp. 369–81). Stauffenburg.Google Scholar
Koller, V. (2012). How to analyse collective identity in discourse: Textual and contextual parameters. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines, 5(2), 1938. www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/journals/cadaad/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Volume-5_Koller.pdf.Google Scholar
Koller, V. (2014a). Cognitive linguistics and ideology. In Littlemore, J. & Taylor, J. R. (eds.), The Bloomsbury companion to cognitive linguistics (pp. 234–52). Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Koller, V. (2014b). Applying social cognition research to critical discourse studies: The case of collective identities. In Hart, C. & Cap, P. (eds.), Contemporary critical discourse studies (pp. 147–65). Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Krendel, A. (2020). The men and women, guys and girls of the ‘manosphere’: A corpus-assisted discourse approach. Discourse & Society, 31(6), 607–30.Google Scholar
Krendel, A. (2021). From sexism to misogyny: Can online echo chambers stay quarantined? In Zempi, I. & Smith, J. (eds.), Misogyny as hate crime (pp. 99118). Routledge.Google Scholar
Krendel, A., McGlashan, M., & Koller, V. (2022). The representation of gendered social actors across five manosphere communities on Reddit. Corpora, 17(2), 291321.Google Scholar
Kupper, J., & Meloy, J. R. (2021). TRAP-18 indicators validated through the forensic linguistic analysis of targeted violence manifestos. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 8(4), 174–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000165.Google Scholar
Lamoureux, M. (24 September 2015). This group of straight men is swearing off women. Vice. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from www.vice.com/en_us/article/7bdwyx/inside-the-global-collective-of-straight-male-separatists.Google Scholar
Lee, J., & Jeong, E. (2021). The 4B movement: Envisioning a feminist future with/in a non-reproductive future in Korea. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(5), 633–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1929097.Google Scholar
Leeds Revolutionary Feminists (1979). Political lesbianism: The case against heterosexuality. Paper presented at the Revolutionary/Radical Feminist conference, Leeds, September; reprinted in Wires, 81, 25–8.Google Scholar
Lettice, (1987). Separatism. Gossip: A journal of lesbian feminist ethics, 6, 107–10.Google Scholar
Levy, A. (2009): Lesbian nation: When gay women took to the road. The New Yorker, 22 February. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/03/02/lesbian-nation.Google Scholar
Li, J. (14 April 2021). A Chinese platform is erasing ‘radical’ accounts that shun men and the patriarchy. Quartz. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from https://qz.com/1996143/chinas-douban-censors-ideas-from-south-korean-feminist-movement/.Google Scholar
Lin, J. L. (2017). Antifeminism online: MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way). In Frömming, U. U., Köhn, S., Fox, S. & Terry, M. (eds.), Digital environments: Ethnographic perspectives across global online and offline spaces (pp. 7796). Transcript.Google Scholar
MacDonald, J. (2015). Maybe what feminism needs is separatism, not inclusion. Feminist Current, 30 November. www.feministcurrent.com/2015/11/30/18995/.Google Scholar
Mackay, F. (2021). Female masculinities and the gender wars: The politics of sex. I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Manne, K. (2018). Down girl: The logic of misogyny. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, J., & White, P. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSociety_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf.Google Scholar
Massanari, A. L. (2018). Rethinking research ethics, power, and the risk of visibility in the era of the ‘alt-right’ gaze. Social Media + Society, 4(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2056305118768302.Google Scholar
McAfee, N., & Howard, K. B. (2018). Feminist political philosophy. In Zalta, E. N. (ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-political/#RadFem.Google Scholar
McGlashan, M., & Krendel, A. (forthcoming, 2023). Keywords of the manosphere. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics.Google Scholar
Messner, M. A. (1998). The limits of ‘the male sex role’ an analysis of the men’s liberation and men’s rights movements discourse. Gender and Society, 12(3), 255–76. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243298012003002.Google Scholar
Moore, H. (2020). This process is freedom: The Ms. Q&A with lesbian separatist and anti-Klan organizer Trella Laughlin. Ms., 2 March. https://msmagazine.com/2020/03/02/this-process-is-freedom-the-ms-qa-with-lesbian-separatist-and-anti-klan-organizer-trella-laughlin/.Google Scholar
Morioka, M. (2013). A phenomenological study of ‘herbivore men’. The Review of Life Studies, 4(1), 120.Google Scholar
Munro, E. (2013). Feminism: A fourth wave? Political Insight, 4(2), 22–5. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F2041-9066.12021.Google Scholar
Musolff, A. (2014). Metaphorical parasites and ‘parasitic’ metaphors: Semantic exchanges between political and scientific vocabularies. Journal of Language and Politics, 13(2), 218–33. https://doi.org/10.1075/JLP.13.2.02MUS.Google Scholar
Newman, S. (2022). The men. Granta Books.Google ScholarPubMed
OED (Oxford English Dictionary). (2022). ‘Manifesto’ (noun). Retrieved 17 March 2023, from www-oed-com.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk/view/Entry/113499?rskey=Xezn8G&result=1&isAdvanced=false.Google Scholar
Owen, T. (30 January 2020). US Coast Guard officer facing gun charges researched ‘how to rid the U.S. of Jews’, court docs reveal. Vice. Retrieved 4 August 2022, from www.vice.com/en_us/article/939kmv/us-coast-guard-officer-facing-gun-charges-researched-how-to-rid-us-of-the-jews-court-docs-reveal.Google Scholar
Panizo-Lledot, A., Torregrosa, J., Bello-Orgaz, G., Thorburn, J., & Camacho, D. (2019). Describing alt-right communities and their discourse on Twitter during the 2018 US mid-term elections. In Cherifi, H., Gaito, S., Mendes, J. F., Moro, E. & Rocha, L. M. (eds.), Complex networks and their applications VIII (pp. 427–39). Springer. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3–030–36683–4_35.pdf.Google Scholar
Papacharissi, Z. (2014). Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Papacharissi, Z. (2016). Affective publics and structures of storytelling: Sentiment, events and mediality. Informationl, Communication & Society, 19(3), 307–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1109697.Google Scholar
Pavković, A., & Cabestan, J.-P. (2013). Secession and separatism from a comparative perspective: An introduction. In Cabestan, J.-P. & Pavković, A. (eds.), Secessionism and separatism in Europe and Asia: To have a state of one’s own (pp. 119). Routledge.Google Scholar
Pearce, K. C. (2009). The radical feminist manifesto as generic appropriation: Gender, genre, and second wave resistance. Southern Journal of Communication, 64(4), 307–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417949909373145.Google Scholar
Pearce, M. (2014). Key function words in a corpus of UK election manifestos. Linguistik Online, 65(3), 2344. https://doi.org/10.13092/LO.65.1402.Google Scholar
Pearce, R., Erikainen, S., & Vincent, B. (2020). TERF wars: An introduction. The Sociological Review, 68(4), 677–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026120934713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedroja, C. (8 August 2021). Reddit bans ‘Men Going Their Own Way’ forums for violating hate speech rules. Newsweek. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from www.newsweek.com/reddit-bans-men-going-their-own-way-forums-violating-hate-speech-rules-1616379.Google Scholar
Preston, K., Halpin, M., & Maguire, F. (2021). The black pill: New technology and the male supremacy of involuntarily celibate men. Men and Masculinities, 24(5), 823–41. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X211017954.Google Scholar
Radicalesbians., (1970). The woman identified woman. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from https://repository.duke.edu/dc/wlmpc/wlmms01011.Google Scholar
Reddit, . (2020). Promoting hate based on identity and vulnerability. Retrieved 17 March 2023, from www.reddithelp.com/en/categories/rules-reporting/account-and-community-restrictions/promoting-hate-based-identity-or.Google Scholar
Reddit, . (2021). Reddit privacy policy. Retrieved 17 March 2023, from www.redditinc.com/policies/privacy-policy.Google Scholar
Reisigl, M. (2014). Argumentation analysis and the discourse-historical approach: a methodological framework. In Hart, C. & Cap, P. (eds.), Contemporary critical discourse studies (pp. 6796). Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and discrimination: Rhetorics of racism and antisemitism. Routledge.Google Scholar
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2016). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). In Meyer, M. & Wodak, R. (eds.), Methods of critical discourse studies (3rd ed., pp. 2361). SAGE.Google Scholar
Reskin, B. (1993). Sex segregation in the workplace. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 241–70. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.001325.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, M., Blackburn, J., Bradlyn, B. et al. (2020). From pick-up artists to incels: A data-driven sketch of the manosphere. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from www.researchgate.net/publication/338737324_From_Pick-Up_Artists_to_Incels_A_Data-Driven_Sketch_of_the_Manosphere.Google Scholar
Russ, J. (1972). When it changed. In Ellison, H. (ed.), Again, dangerous visions. Doubleday. Retrieved 10 March 2023, from www.future-lives.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/When-It-Changed.pdf.Google Scholar
Savage, R. (2019). Evolve or die: The stark choice facing America’s ‘women’s lands’. Thomson Reuters Foundation, 15 October. www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-lgbt-women-idUSKBN1WU18C.Google Scholar
Scarabicchi, C. (2020). Migration manifestos in the 2010s: Performing border dissent between social action and utopia. Language and Intercultural Communication, 20(2), 141–52.Google Scholar
Schmitz, R. M., & Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in men’s rights activist websites. Social Sciences, 5(2), 116.Google Scholar
Shugar, D. R. (1995). Separatism and women’s community. University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Siapera, E. (2019). Online misogyny as witch hunt: Primitive accumulation in the age of techno-capitalism. In Ging, D., Siapera, E., Soraya, E. & C. (eds.), Gender hate online: Understanding the new anti-feminism (pp. 2144). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Snow, D. A., Soule, S. A., & Kriesi, H. (2004). The Blackwell companion to social movements. Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.Google Scholar
Sobieraj, S. (2018). Bitch, slut, skank, cunt: Patterned resistance to women’s visibility in digital publics. Information, Communication & Society, 21(11), 1700–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1348535.Google Scholar
Solanas, V. (1967). SCUM manifesto. Reproduced in Fahs, B. (ed.), Burn it down! Feminist manifestos for the revolution (pp. 217–45). Verso.Google Scholar
Star, S. L. (1982). Interview with Audre Lorde. In Linden, R. R., Pagano, D. R., Russell, D. E. H. & Star, S. L. (eds.), Against sadomasochism: A radical feminist analysis (pp. 6671). Frog in the Well.Google Scholar
Stein, A. (1997). Sex and sensibility: Stories of a lesbian generation. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sternisko, A., Cichocka, A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2020). The dark side of social movements: Social identity, non-conformity, and the lure of conspiracy theories. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 16. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io%2Fwvqes.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szenes, E. (2021). Neo-Nazi environmentalism: The linguistic construction of ecofascism in a Nordic Resistance Movement manifesto. Journal for Deradicalization, 27(1), 146–92.Google Scholar
Tarrow, S. (2011). Power in movement: Social movements and contentious politics (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813245.Google Scholar
Taub, G., & Hamo, M. (2011). Dialectic textual negotiation: Redemption and sovereignty in manifestos of the Israeli religious settlers’ movement. Journal of Language and Politics, 10(3), 416–35.Google Scholar
Trebilcot, J. (1986). In partial response to those who worry that separatism may be a political cop-out: An expanded definition of activism. Off our backs, May, 13. Reprinted in Gossip, 3, 82–4.Google Scholar
Troutman, D. (2022). Sassy Sasha? The intersectionality of (im)politeness and sociolinguistics. Journal of Politeness Research, 18(1), 121–49. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2019-0005.Google Scholar
Unter, P., & Kelly, N. (2020). The Heart (January): Lesbian separatism is inevitable. Retrieved 17 March 2023 from www.theheartradio.org/solos/2020/1/15/lesbian-separatism-is-inevitable.Google Scholar
van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. SAGE.Google Scholar
van Dijk, T. A. (2023). Social movement discourse: Manifestos. In Coulthard, C.-R. Caldas & Coulthard, M. (eds.), Text and practices revisited: Essential readings in critical discourse analysis (2nd ed.). (pp. 113–33).Routledge.Google Scholar
Van Valkenburgh, S. P. (2021). Digesting the red pill: Masculinity and neoliberalism in the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 24(1), 84103. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X18816118.Google Scholar
Vivenzi, L. (8 June 2018). Infiltrating the manosphere: An exploration of male-oriented virtual communities from the inside. Diggit. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/infiltrating-manosphere-exploration-male-oriented-virtual-communities-inside.Google Scholar
Wachowski, L., & Wachowski, L. (1999). The Matrix. [Film]. Warner Bros. Pictures.Google Scholar
Wolf, D. G. (1979). The lesbian community. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wright, J. H. (2004). Origin stories in political thought: Discourses on gender, power, and citizenship. University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Wright, S., Trott, V., & Jones, C. (2020). ‘The pussy ain’t worth it, bro’: Assessing the discourse and structure of MGTOW, Information, Communication & Society, 23(6), 908–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1751867.Google Scholar
Yan Eureka Ho, S., & Crosthwaite, P. (2018). Exploring stance in the manifestos of 3 candidates for the Hong Kong Chief Executive election 2017: Combining CDA and corpus-like insights. Discourse & Society, 29(6), 629–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926518802934.Google Scholar
Young, H. (13 January 2021). Why the far-right and white supremacists have embraced the middle ages and their symbols. The Conversation. Retrieved 5 August 2022, from https://theconversation.com/why-the-far-right-and-white-supremacists-have-embraced-the-middle-ages-and-their-symbols-152968.Google Scholar
Zuckerberg, D. (2018). Not all dead white men: Misogyny and classics in the digital age. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Language of Gender-Based Separatism
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Language of Gender-Based Separatism
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Language of Gender-Based Separatism
Available formats
×