Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:22:35.649Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Religion and Monotheism

Monotheism and Social Justice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 June 2023

Robert Karl Gnuse
Robert Karl Gnuse
Affiliation:
Loyola University, New Orleans

Summary

The rise of monotheistic religious faith in ancient Israel and post-exilic Judaism inspired the imperative for social justice on behalf of the poor and the oppressed. Though some authors have maintained that monotheism inspires tyranny, this author maintains that real monotheistic faith affirms justice and human equality. This can be evidenced by a consideration of the Old Testament prophets and Law. Especially with the law we may observe a progression in the attempt to provide increasing rights for the poor and the oppressed.
Get access

Keywords

monotheismsocial justiceOld Testament prophetsOld Testament LawBabylonian Exile
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Religion and Monotheism
Online ISBN: 9781009223300
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 20 July 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albertz, R. (1994a). Der Ort des Monotheismus in der israelitischen Religionsgeschichte, In Dietrich, W. and Klopfenstein, M., eds., Ein Gott allein? JHWH-Verehrung und biblischer Monotheismus im Kontext der israelitischen und altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte OBO 139, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 77–96.Google Scholar
Albertz, R. (1994b). A History of Israelite Religion in the Old Testament Period, 2 vols., trans. Bowden, J., OTL, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Alter, R. (1981). The Art of Biblical Narrative, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Amit, Y. (1992). The Jubilee Law – an Attempt at Instituting Social Justice. In Reventlow, G. and Hoffman, Y., eds., Justice and Righteousness: Biblical Themes and their Influence, JSOTSup 137, Sheffield: JSOT Press, pp. 47–59.Google Scholar
Andersen, F., and Freedman, D. N. (1989). Amos, AB, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. (2015). Monotheism and Yahweh’s Appropriation of Baal, LHBOTS 617, London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Arneth, M. (2013). Der Exodus der Sklaven. KD, 59, 109–24.Google Scholar
Assmann, J. (1997). Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bauckham, R. (1987). The Bible in Politics, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox.Google Scholar
Van Beeck, F. J. (1992). Israel’s God, the Psalms, and the City of Jerusalem. Hor, 19, 219–39.Google Scholar
De Benoist, A. (1981). Comment peut-on être païen?, Paris: n.p.Google Scholar
De Benoist, A. (1997). Vu de droite, Paris: n.p.Google Scholar
Berman, J. (2014). The History of Legal Theory and the Study of Biblical Law. CBQ, 76, 19–39.Google Scholar
Bickermann, B. (1967). Four Strange Books of the Bible, New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Bills, N. (2020). A Theology of Justice in Exodus, Siphrut: Literature and Theology of the Hebrew Scriptures 26, University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Bottéro, J. (1982). Le Code de Hammurabi. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa classe di lettere e filosophia, 12(3), 409–44.Google Scholar
Brueggemann, W. (1992). Old Testament Theology, Miller, P., ed., Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.Google Scholar
Brueggemann, W. (1995). Pharaoh as Vassal. CBQ, 57, 27–51.Google Scholar
Brueggemann, W. (1978). The Prophetic Imagination, Philadelphia, PA: Fortress.Google Scholar
Brueggemann, W. (1985). A Shape for Old Testament Theology. CBQ, 47, 28–46.Google Scholar
Bucellati, G. (1995). Ethics and Piety in the Ancient Near East. In Sasson, J., ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, 4 vols., Peabody, MA: Henrickson, pp. 3:1685–96.Google Scholar
Carmichael, C. (2000). The Three Laws on the Release of Slaves Ex 21, 2–11; Dtn 15, 12–18; Lev 25, 39–46. ZAW, 112, 509–25.Google Scholar
Cataldo, J. (2012). Breaking Monotheism: Yehud and the Material Formation of Monotheistic Identity, LHBOTS 565, London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Chirichigno, G. (1993). Debt–Slavery in Israel and the Ancient Near East, JSOTSup 141, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ciholas, P. (1981). Monotheisme et violence. RSR, 69, 325–54.Google Scholar
Clements, R. (1980). Isaiah 1–39, NCBC, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Cobb, J. (1967). The Structure of Christian Existence, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Comblin, J. (1985). Monotheism and Popular Religion, trans. Livingstone, D.. In Geffré, C., Jossua, J. P., and Lefébure, M., eds., Monotheism, Concilium 177, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, pp. 91–9.Google Scholar
Craigie, P. (1976). The Book of Deuteronomy, NICOT, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Croatto, S. (1981). Exodus, trans. Attanasio, S., Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.Google Scholar
Davies, P. (1992). In Search of “Ancient Israel,” JSOTSup 148, Sheffield: JSOT Press.Google Scholar
Dever, W. (2000). How Was Ancient Israel Different? In Lambert-Karlovsky, M., ed., The Breakout: The Origins of Civilization, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 62–7.Google Scholar
Dietrich, W. (1994). Uber Werden und Wesen des biblischen Monotheismus. In Dietrich, W. and Klopfenstein, M., eds., Ein Gott allein? JHWH-Verehrung und biblischer Monotheismus im Kontext der israelitischen und altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte, OBO 139, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 13–30.Google Scholar
Dietrich, W., and Klopfenstein, M., eds. (1994). Ein Gott allein? JHWH-Verehrung und biblischer Monotheismus im Kontext der israelitischen und altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte, OBO 139, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Driver, S. (1902). Deuteronomy, 3rd ed., ICC, Edinburgh: T & T Clark.Google Scholar
Dumas, A. (1985). The New Attraction of Neo-Paganism, trans. Smith, D.. In Geffré, C., Jossua, J. P., and Lefébure, M., eds., Monotheism, Concilium 177, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, pp. 81–90.Google Scholar
Duquoc, C. (1985). Monotheism and Unitary Ideology, trans. Nowell, R.. In Geffré, C., Jossua, J. P., and Lefébure, M., eds., Monotheism, Concilium 177, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, pp. 59–66.Google Scholar
Edelman, D., ed. (1996). The Triumph of Elohim, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Edwards, C. (1904). The Hammurabi Code and Sinaitic Legislation, Port Washington, NY: Kennikat.Google Scholar
Eichrodt, W. (1970). Ezekiel, trans. Quinn, C., OTL, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S., ed. (1986). The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations, Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Elkana, Y. (1986). The Emergence of Second-order Thinking in Classical Greece. In Eisenstadt, S., ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations, SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, pp. 40–64.Google Scholar
Epsztein. (1986), Social Justice of the Ancient Near East and the People of the Bible, London: SCM Press.Google Scholar
Fager, J. (1987). Land Tenure in the Biblical Jubilee: A Moral World View. HAR, 11, 59–68.Google Scholar
Fensham, C. (1962). Widow, Orphan, and the Poor in Ancient Near Eastern Legal Literature. JNES, 21, 161–71.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, J. (1958). Bible and Babel: A Comparative Study of the Hebrew and Babylonian Religious Spirit. Commentary, 26, 431–44.Google Scholar
Fowden, G. (1993). Empire to Commonwealth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Frankl, G. (2005). The Three Faces of Monotheism: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, London: Open Gate Press.Google Scholar
Frick, F. (1985). The Formation of the State in Ancient Israel, SWBA 4, Sheffield: Almond.Google Scholar
Frymer-Kensky, T. (1992). In the Wake of the Goddesses, New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Gamoran, H. (1971). The Biblical Law against Interest on Loans. JNES, 30, 127–34.Google Scholar
Garbini, G. (1988). History and Ideology in Ancient Israel, trans. Bowden, J., New York: Crossroad.Google Scholar
Garr, R. (2003). In His Own Image and Likeness: Humanity, Divinity, and Monotheism, CHANE 15, Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Geffré, C., Jossua, J. P., and Lefébure, M., eds. (1985). Monotheism, Concilium 177, Edinburgh,: T & T Clark.Google Scholar
Geller, S. (2000). The God of the Covenant. In Porter, B., ed., One God or Many? Concepts of Divinity in the Ancient World, Transactions of the Casio Bay Assyriological Institute 1, Portland, ME: TCBAI, pp. 273–319.Google Scholar
Gerstenberger, E. (2007). In der Schuldenfalle: Zwangsvollstreckung? Insolvenzregelungen in Lev 25 und ihre theologischen Folgen. BK, 62, 16–21.Google Scholar
Gerstenberger, E. (1996). Yahweh the Patriarch, trans. Gaiser, F., Minneapolis, MN: Fortress.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, M. (1974). The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2007). Breakthrough or Tyranny: Monotheism’s Contested Implications. Hor, 34, 78–95.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (1999). The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel. Religion, 29, 315–36.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (1989). Heilsgeschichte as a Model for Biblical Theology, College Theology Society Studies in Religion 4, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2021a). Human “Rule” over Nature in Genesis 1: A Better Understanding. International Journal of the Arts and the Humanities, 7(1), 64–71.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (1985). Jubilee Legislation in Leviticus. BTB, 15, 43–48.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2021b). The “Living Soul” in People and Animals: Environmental Themes from Genesis 2. BTB, 51, 168–74.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (1994). New Directions in Biblical Theology. JAAR, 62, 893–918.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel, JSOTSup 241, Sheffield.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2011). No Tolerance for Tyrants: The Biblical Assault on Kings and Kingship, Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2000). The Old Testament and Process Theology, St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2021c). Psalm 104: The Panorama of Life. BTB, 51, 4–14.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2021d). Romans 1:16-17 Condemns the Isis Cult, not Homosexuality. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(3), 33–41.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2015a). Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality. BTB, 45, 68–87.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (2015b). Trajectories of Justice: What the Bible Says about Slaves, Women, and Homosexuality, Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.Google Scholar
Gnuse, R. K. (1985). You Shall Not Steal: Community and Property in the Biblical Tradition, Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.Google Scholar
Goldenberg, R. (1998). The Nations That Know Thee Not, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Greengus, S. (2000). Legal and Social Institutions of Ancient Mesopotamia. In Sasson, J., ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, 4 vols., Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, pp. 1: 471–2.Google Scholar
Gross, R. (1999). Religious Diversity: Some Implications for Monotheism. Cross Currents, 49, 349–66.Google Scholar
Halpern, B. (1991). Jerusalem and the Lineages in the Seventh Century BCE: Kinship and the Rise of Individual Moral Liability. In Halpern, B. and Hobson, D., eds., Law and Ideology in Monarchic Israel, JSOTSup 124, Sheffield: JSOT Press, pp. 11–107.Google Scholar
Hamilton, J. (1992). Social Justice and Deuteronomy, SBLDS 136, Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Hammershaimb, E. (1960). On the Ethics of the Old Testament Prophets. In Congress Volume (Oxford, 1959), VTSup 7, Leiden: Brill, pp. 75–101.Google Scholar
Handy, L. (1994). Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Harper, W. R. (1904). Amos and Hosea, ICC, Edinburgh: T & T Clark.Google Scholar
Harris, R. (1995). The World of the Bible, London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. (1971). Introduction to the Bible, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Hendel, R. (1992). Worldmaking in Ancient Israel. JSOT, 56, 3–18.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. (1985). The Highlands of Canaan: Agricultural Life in the Early Iron Age, SWBA 3, Sheffield: Almond Press.Google Scholar
Houston, W. (2006). Contending for Justice: Ideologies and Theologies of Social Justice in the Old Testament, LHBOTS 428, London: T & T Clark.Google Scholar
Hudson, M. (1999). Proclaim Liberty throughout the Land: The Economic Roots of Jubilee. BibRev, 15(1), 26–33, 44.Google Scholar
Hyatt, J. (1971). Exodus, NCBC, London: Oliphants.Google Scholar
Jackson, B. S. (1989). Ideas of Law and Legal Administration. In Clements, R., ed., The World of Ancient Israel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185–202.Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1953). The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Bullock, M., New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kaiser, O. (1972). Isaiah 1–12, trans. R. A. Wilson, OTL, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Käsemann, E. (1964). Ministry and Community in the New Testament. In Essays on New Testament Themes, trans. W. J. Montague, SBT 41, London: SCM Press, pp. 63–94.Google Scholar
Keel, O., ed. (1980). Monotheismus im Alten Israel und seiner Umwelt, BibB 14, Fribourg: Schweizerisches Katholisches Bibelwerk.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. (2010). Das Erlassjahrgesetz Dtn 15, 1–11. Ein Gebot und seine Umsetzung. TGl, 100, 15–30.Google Scholar
Kirsch, J. (2004). God against the Gods: The History of the War between Monotheism and Polytheism, New York: Viking Compass.Google Scholar
Knight, D. (2011). Law, Power, and Justice in Ancient Israel, Library of Ancient Israel, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox.Google Scholar
Lang, B. (1983). Monotheism and the Prophetic Minority, SWBA 1, Sheffield: Almond Press.Google Scholar
Lemaire, A. (2007). The Birth of Monotheism: The Rise and Disappearance of Yahwism, Washington, DC: BAS Press.Google Scholar
Lerner, G. (1986). The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leuchter, M. (2008). The Manumission Laws in Leviticus and Deuteronomy: The Jeremiah Connection. JBL, 127, 635–53.Google Scholar
Loewenstamm, S. (1971). Law. In Mazar, B., ed., The Judges, WHJP 3, Newark, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 231–67.Google Scholar
Loewenstamm, S. (1969). Neshek and m/tarbith. JBL, 88, 78–80.Google Scholar
Lohfink, N. (1983). Das Alte Testament und sein Monotheismus. In Rahner, K., ed., Der eine Gott und der dreieine Gott, Schriftenreihe der Katholischen Akademie der Erzdiözese Freiburg, Munich: Schnell und Steiner, pp. 28–47.Google Scholar
Lohfink, N. (1985). Zur Geschichte der Diskussion über den Monotheismus im Alten Israel. In Haag, H., ed., Gott, der Einzige. Zur Entstehung des Monotheismus im Israel, QD 104, Freiburg: Herder, pp. 9–25.Google Scholar
Lowery, R. (2000). Sabbath and Jubilee, St. Louis, MO: Chalice.Google Scholar
Luckert, K. (1991). Egyptian Light and Hebrew Fire, Albany, NY: SUNY.Google Scholar
Lutz, D. (1984). The Relative Influence of European Writers on Late Eighteenth Century American Political Thought. The American Political Science Review, 78, 189–97.Google Scholar
Malchow, B. (1966). Social Justice in the Hebrew Bible, Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.Google Scholar
Marquard, O. (1979). Lob des Polytheismus: über Monomythie und Polymythie. In Poser, H., ed., Philosophie und Mythos, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 40–58.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. (1993). Israel and the Book of the Covenant, SBLDS 140, Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Mays, J. L. (1969). Amos, OTL, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Mays, J. L. (1976). Micah, OTL, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, I. (1949). Slavery in the Ancient Near East, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Michaels, A. (1994). Monotheismus und Fundamentalismus. Eine These und ihre Gegenthese. In Dietrich, W. and Klopfenstein, M., eds., Ein Gott allein? JHWH-Verehrung und biblischer Monotheismus im Kontext der israelitischen und altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte, OBO 139, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 51–7.Google Scholar
Milgrom, J. (1993). Sweet Land and Liberty. BibRev, 9(4), 8, 54.Google Scholar
Miller, P. (1985). Israelite Religion. In Knight, D. and Tucker, G., eds., The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpreters, Chico, CA: Scholars Press, pp. 201–37.Google Scholar
Mitchell, H. (1912). Ethics of the Old Testament, Chicago, IL: n.p.Google Scholar
Moltmann, J. (1985). The Inviting Unity of the Triune God, trans. Nowell, R.. In Geffré, C., Jossua, J. P., and Lefébure, M., eds., Monotheism, Concilium 177, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, pp. 50–8.Google Scholar
de Moor, J. (1990). The Rise of Yahwism, BETL 91, Leuven: Leuven University/Peeters.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, J. (1962). Sabbatical Year. In Buttrick, G., ed., IDB, 4 vols., Nashville, TN: Abingdon, p. 4:142.Google Scholar
Moriarity, F. (1974). Word as Power in the Ancient Near East. In Bream, H., Heim, R, and Moore, C., eds., A Light unto My Path, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, pp. 345–62.Google Scholar
Moyer, J. (1983). Hittite and Israelite Cultic Practices. In Hallo, W., Moyer, J., and Perdue, L., eds., Scripture in Context II, Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 19–38.Google Scholar
Nardoni, E. (2004). Rise Up, O Judge: A Study of Justice in the Biblical World, Peabody MA: Henderson.Google Scholar
Neufeld, E. (1955). The Prohibitions against Loans at Interest in Ancient Hebrew Law. HUCA, 226, 359–62, 375–410.Google Scholar
Nicholson, E. (1991). Deuteronomy’s Vision of Israel. In Garrone, D. and Israele, F., eds. Storia e tradizione di Israel, Brescia: Paideia Editrice, pp. 191–204.Google Scholar
Niehr, H. (1990). Der höchste Gott, BZAW 190, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Nikiprowetsky, V. (1975). Ethical Monotheism. Daedalus, 104(2), 68–89.Google Scholar
North, R. (1954). Sociology of the Biblical Jubilee, AnBib 4, Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.Google Scholar
Oswalt, J. (1986). The Book of Isaiah 1–39, NICOT, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Otto, E. (1994). Theologische Ethik des Alten Testaments, Theologische Wissenschaft 3,(2), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.Google Scholar
Pakkala, J. (2009). The Date of the Oldest Edition of Deuteronomy. ZAW, 121, 388–419.Google Scholar
Pakkala, J. (2010). Why the Cult Reforms in Judah Probably Did Not Happen. In Kratz, R. and Spieckermann, H., eds., One God – One Cult – One Nation: Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, BZAW 45, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 201–35.Google Scholar
Petersen, D. (1988). Israel and Monotheism: The Unfinished Agenda. In Tucker, G., Petersen, D., and Wilson, R., eds., Canon, Theology, and Old Testament Interpretation, Philadelphia, PA: Fortress, pp. 92–107.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, H. (2015). Jahwes Kommen von Süden: Jdc 5; Hab 3; Dtr 33 und Ps 68 in ihrem literatur- und theologiegeschichtlichen Umfeld, FRLANT 211, Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, H. (2017). The Origin of Yhwh and Its Attestations. In van Oorschot, J. and Witte, M., eds., The Origins of Yahwism, BZAW 484, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 115–44.Google Scholar
Phillips, A. (1970). Ancient Israel’s Criminal Law: A New Approach to The Decalogue, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Phillips, A. (1973). Deuteronomy, CBC, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, J. R. (1976). Leviticus, CBC, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, J. R. (1979). Old Testament Historiography. In Anderson, G., ed., Tradition and Interpretation, Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 125–62.Google Scholar
Pleins, D. (2001). The Social Visions of the Hebrew Bible, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox.Google Scholar
Pruitt, B. (2010). The Sabbath Year of Release: The Social Location and Practice of Semittah in Deuteronomy 15:1–18. Restoration Quarterly, 52, 81–92.Google Scholar
Roth, M., ed. (1997). Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, 2nd ed. SBLWAW 6, Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Saggs, H. W. F. (1995). Babylonians, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Saggs, H. W. F. (1978). The Encounter with the Divine in Mesopotamia and Israel, London: Athlone.Google Scholar
Schwartz, R. (1997). The Curse of Cain, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Smith, M. (1990). The Early History of God, San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Smith, M. (2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, M., and Hoffman, J. (1989). What the Bible Really Says, San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Snaith, N. (1967). Leviticus and Numbers, Century Bible, New York: Nelson.Google Scholar
Sperling, D. (1986). Israel’s Religion in the Ancient near East. In Green, A., ed., Jewish Spirituality, World Spirituality: An Encyclopedic History of the Religious Quest 13, New York: Crossroad, pp. 5–31.Google Scholar
Stackert, J. (2011). The Sabbath of the Land in the Holiness Legislation: Combining Priestly and Non-Priestly Perspectives. CBQ, 73, 239–50.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (2013). For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (2001). One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stein, S. (1953). The Laws on Interest in the Old Testament. JTS, 4, 161–70.Google Scholar
Stolz, F. (1994). Der Monotheismus Israels im Kontext der altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte–Tendenzen neuerer Forschung. In Dietrich, W. and Klopfenstein, M., eds., Ein Gott allein? JHWH-Verehrung und biblischer Monotheismus im Kontext der israelitischen und altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte, OBO 139, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 33–50.Google Scholar
Theissen, G. (1985). Biblical Faith: An Evolutionary Approach, trans. Bowden., J. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress.Google Scholar
Tremmel, W. (1984). Religion, What Is It?, 2nd ed., New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Uffenheimer, B. (1986). Myth and Reality in Ancient Israel. In Eisenstadt, S., ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations, SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies, Albany: SUNY Press, pp. 135–68.Google Scholar
Van Seters, J. (2003). A Law Book for the Diaspora: Revision in the Study of the Covenant Code, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Varso, M. (2008). Interest (Usury) and Its Variations in the Biblical Law Codices. Communio Viatorum, 50, 323–38.Google Scholar
De Vaux, R. (1961). Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions, trans. McHugh, J., New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Veyne, P. (1987). The Roman Empire. In Veyne, P., ed., A History of the Private Life, I From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, trans. Goldhammer, A., Cambridge, MA: Belknap.Google Scholar
Wacholder, B. Z. (1973). The Calendar of Sabbatical Cycles during the Second Temple and Early Rabbinic Period. HUCA, 44, 158–84.Google Scholar
Wacholder, B. Z. (1976). Sabbatical Year. In Crim, K., ed., , IDBSup, Nashville, TN: Abingdon, pp. 762–3.Google Scholar
Watson, A. (1985). The Evolution of Law, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Weavers, J. (1969). Ezekiel, NCBC, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1952). Ancient Judaism, trans. Gerth, H. and Martindale, D., Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar
Wright, C. (1996). Deuteronomy, NIBC, Peabody, MA: Henrickson.Google Scholar
Zenger, E. (2003). Der Monotheismus Israel: Entstehung – Profil – Relevanz. In Söding, T., ed., Ist Der Glaube Feind der Freiheit? Die Neue Debate um den Monotheismus, QD 196, Freiburg: Herder, pp. 9–52.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Monotheism and Social Justice
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Monotheism and Social Justice
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Monotheism and Social Justice
Available formats
×