Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:16:59.532Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Histories of Emotions and the Senses

Phantom Pains and Prosthetic Narratives

From George Dedlow to Dante

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2021

Alastair Minnis
Alastair Minnis
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut

Summary

'Phantom limb pain' designates the sensations which seem to emanate from limbs that in reality are missing. The phrase was coined by the American Civil War surgeon, Weir Mitchell, in reference to his fictional amputee, George Dedlow. Contemporary neuroscience holds that the brain encloses a schema which covers the whole body, and asserts its unity even if certain parts are missing. Reading backwards from Dedlow's sufferings, Alastair Minnis traces the medieval precedents and parallels, focusing on Augustine and Dante, who subscribed to the notion of a 'body in the soul'. Dante's souls in purgatory self-prosthesize with aerial phantoms as they long for the full embodiment which only the resurrection can bring. Is a complete body necessary for personhood? And how can the gamut of human feelings be run if parts or the entirety of one's body does not exist? Combining medieval studies and contemporary neuroscience, this absorbing study explores the fascinating and surprising history of phantom pain.
Get access

Keywords

painprosthesisbody schemaAugustineDante
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Histories of Emotions and the Senses
Online ISBN: 9781108989695
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 18 February 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, A. S., & Feibel, A. (1981). The phantom phenomenon: Its use and disuse. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 57, 99–112.Google ScholarPubMed
Algioti, S. A., Cortese, F., & Franchini, C. (1994). Rapid sensory remapping in the adult human brain as inferred from phantom breast perception. Neuroreport, 5(4), 473–6.Google Scholar
Andoh, J., Diers, M., Milde, C., et al. (2017). Neural correlates of evoked phantom limb sensations. Biological Psychology, 126, 89–97.Google Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas (1964–81). Summa theologiae, Blackfriars edition, 61 vols. London and New York: Eyre and Spottiswoode.Google Scholar
Arcadi, J. A. (1977). Phantom bladder: Is this an unusual entity? Journal of Urology, 118, 354–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aternali, Andrea, & Katz, Joel. (2019). Recent advances in understanding and managing phantom limb pain. F1000Research, 8, 1167.Google Scholar
Bamji, Andrew. (2017). Faces from the Front: Harold Gillies, the Queen’s Hospital, Sidcup and the Origins of Modern Plastic Surgery. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion & Company.Google Scholar
Barbezat, M. D. (2013). In a corporeal flame: The materiality of hellfire before the Resurrection in six Latin authors. Viator, 44, 1–20.Google Scholar
Barney, Stephen A., et al., eds. (2006). The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Robert. (2013). Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bekrater-Bodmann, Robin. (2016). The phantoms in our dreams. Relief: Pain Research News, Insights and Ideas, September 29, https://relief.news/phantom-limb-pain-body-representation-dreams/.Google Scholar
Berlucchi, Giovanni, & Aglioti, Salvatore. (1997). The ‘body in the brain’: The neural bases of corporeal awareness. Trends in Neurosciences, 20, 560–4.Google Scholar
Berlucchi, Giovanni, & Aglioti, Salvatore M. (2010). The body in the brain revisited. Experimental Brain Research, 200, 25–35.Google Scholar
Blakeslee, Sandra. (2006). Out-of-body experience? Your brain is to blame. New York Times, October 3, www.nytimes.com/2006/10/03/health/psychology/03shad.html.Google Scholar
Blanke, Olaf, & Mohr, Christine. (2005). Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin: Implications for neurocognitive mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self consciousness. Brain Research Reviews, 50, 184–99.Google Scholar
Boddice, Rob (2017). Pain: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Borsook, D., Becerra, L., Fishman, S., et al. (1998). Acute plasticity in the human somatosensory cortex following amputation. Neuroreport, 9(6), 1013–17.Google Scholar
Botterill, Steven. (1994). Dante and the Mystical Tradition: Bernard of Clairvaux in the ‘Commedia’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see. Nature, 391(6669), 756.Google Scholar
Bourke, Joanna. (2014a). Phantom suffering: Amputees, stump pain and phantom sensations in modern Britain. In Boddice, Rob, ed., Pain and Emotion in Modern History. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 66–89.Google Scholar
Bourke, Joanna. (2014b). The Story of Pain: From Prayer to Painkillers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Boxall, Peter. (2020). The Prosthetic Imagination: A History of the Novel as Artificial Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brain, Walter Russell. (1941). Visual distortion with special reference to the regions of the right hemisphere. Brain, 64, 244–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bressler, Steven L., & Menon, Vinod. (2010). Large-scale brain networks in cognition: Emerging methods and principles. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 277–90.Google Scholar
Brooke-Rose, Christine. (1970). The foot. In Go When You See the Green Man Walking. London: Michael Joseph, 43–64.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter. (2006). From phantom limb to phantom body. In Knoblich Günther, Thornton, Ian K., et. al. eds., Human Body Perception from the Inside Out. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 171–209.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter. (2008). The phantom limb in dreams. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 1272–8.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter. (2012). Tabula Rama: Review of Ramachandran, V. S. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 17(4), 351–8.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter. (2013). Autoscopic phenomena. In Pashler, Harold, ed., Encyclopedia of the Mind, 2 vols. Los Angeles & London: Sage Reference, I, 99–102.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter. (2015). Phenomenology of phantomology: Lessons from epilepsy, for the Third International Congress on epilepsy, brain, and mind: Part 2, at www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/115491/1/Rector%20et%20al.%202015%20Epilepsy%20%26%20Behavior%20%28part%20Brugger%3B%20for%20ZORA.pdf. See also Brugger (no date given), Phantomology: The Science of the Body in the Brain, at Artbrain.org, www.artbrain.org/phantomology-the-science-of-the-body-in-the-brain/.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter, Christen, Markus, et al. (2016). Limb amputation and other disability desires as a medical condition. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(12), 1176–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brugger, Peter, & Funk, Marion. (2007). Out on a limb, neglect and confabulation in the study of aplasic phantoms. In Sala, Della, Sergio, ed., Tall Tales about the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact from Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 348–68.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter, Kollias, Spyros S., Müri, René M., et al. (2000). Beyond re-membering: Phantom sensations of congenitally absent limbs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(11), 6167–72.Google Scholar
Brugger, Peter, & Mohr, Christine. (2009). Out of the body, but not out of mind. Cortex, 45, 137–40.Google Scholar
Brugger, P., Regard, M., & Landis, T. (1997). Illusory reduplication of one’s own body: phenomenology and classification of autoscopic phenomena. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 7, 179–94.Google Scholar
Burrow, J. A. (1986). The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Bynum, Caroline Walker. (2017). The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Caesarius, , ed. Meister, Aloys. (1901). Die fragmente der Libri VIII miraculorum des Caesarius von Heisterbach. Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Alterthumskunde und für Kirkengeschichte, suppl. 13. Rom: Spithöver.Google Scholar
Camelot Project. Alfred Lord Tennyson, ‘Idylls of the King’ (1859–85), at https://d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/text/tennyson-the-holy-grail.Google Scholar
Cervero, Fernando, & Jensen, Troels S. (2006). Preface. In Pain: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 3rd srs, vol. 3. Edinburgh & New York: Elsevier, vii–viii.Google Scholar
Cervetti, Nancy. (2012). S. Weir Mitchell, 1829–1914: Philadelphia’s Literary Physician. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Cheyne, J. Allan, & Girard, Todd A. (2009). The body unbound: vestibular-motor hallucinations and out-of-body experiences. Cortex, 45(2), 201–15.Google Scholar
Chiamenti, Massimiliano, ed. (2002). Pietro Alighieri, Comentum super poema Comedie Dantis: A Critical Edition of the Third and Final Draft of Pietro Alighieri’s Commentary on Dante’s ‘Divine Comedy’. Tempe, AZ. Accessed through the Dartmouth Dante Project, at https://dante.dartmouth.edu/.Google Scholar
Cipriani, Gabriele, Picchi, Lucia, et al. (2011). The phantom and the supernumerary phantom limb: Historical review and new case. Neuroscience Bulletin, 27, 359–65.Google Scholar
Collins, Kassondra L., Russell, , Hannah, G., Schumacher, Patrick J., et al. (2018). A review of current theories and treatments for phantom limb pain. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 128(6), 2168–76.Google Scholar
Crawford, Cassandra S. (2014). Phantom Limb. Amputation, Embodiment, and Prosthetic Technology. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Crick, Francis, & Koch, , Christof. (2000). The Unconscious Homunculus. In Metzinger, ed., Neural Correlates of Consciousness, 103–10.Google Scholar
Critchley, M. (1979). Corporeal awareness: Body image; body scheme. In Critchley, M., ed., The Divine Banquet of the Brain. Raven Press: New York, 92–105.Google Scholar
De Preester, Helena, & Knockaert, Veroniek, eds. (2005). Body image and body schema, interdisciplinary perspectives on the body. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Dening, T. R., & Berrois, G. E. (1994). Autoscopic phenomena. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165(6), 808–17.Google Scholar
DMLBS. Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, online version, at https://logeion.uchicago.edu.Google Scholar
Dyson, R. W. (1998), tr. Augustine, De civitate Dei. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Mark J., Alonso-Canovas, Araceli, Schrag, Arnette, et al. (2011). Limb amputations in fixed dystonia: A form of body integrity identity disorder? Movement Disorders, 26(8), 1410–14.Google Scholar
Edwards, M. J., Stone, J., & Lang, A. E. (2014). From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: It’s time to change the name. Movement Disorders, 29(7), 849–52.Google Scholar
Edwards, Mark J., Carson, Alan, & Stone, Jon. (2011). To amputate or not: A conundrum in fixed dystonia with complex regional pain. ACNR (Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation), 11(2), 22–5.Google Scholar
Ehrsson, H. H. (2007). The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science, 317(5841), 1048.Google Scholar
Elliott, Dyan. (1999). Fallen Bodies: Pollution, Sexuality, and Demonology in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Fein, Elizabeth. (2011). Innocent machines: Asperger’s syndrome and the neurostructural self. In Pickersgill, M., & Van Keulen, I, eds., Sociological Reflections on the Neurosciences: Bingley: Emerald Group Publications, 27–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finger, Stanley, & Hustwit, Meredith. (2003). Five early accounts of phantom limb in context: Paré, Descartes, Lemos, Bell, and Mitchell. Neurosurgery, 52, 675–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, J. P., Hassan, D. T., & O’Connor, N. (1995). British Medical Journal, 310, 70. Accessed at https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6971.70.Google Scholar
Flor, Herta. (2002). Phantom limb pain: Characteristics, causes, and treatment. The Lancet Neurology, 1(3), 182–9.Google Scholar
Flor, Herta, Nikolajsen, Lone, & Jensen, Troels Staehelin. (2006). Phantom limb pain: A case of maladaptive CNS plasticity? Neuroscience, 7, 873–81.Google Scholar
Funk, Marion, Shiffrar, Maggie, & Brugger, Peter. (2005). Hand movement observation by individuals born without hands: Phantom limb experience constrains visual limb perception. Experimental Brain Research, 164, 341–6.Google Scholar
Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012). Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goodich, Michael. (2007). Miracles and Wonders. The Development of the Concept of Miracle, 1150–1350. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Grottaferrata, , eds. (1971–81). Sententiae in IV libris distinctae, Spicilegium Bonaventurianum, 4–5, 2 vols. Grottaferrata: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae ad Claras Aquas.Google Scholar
Grüsser, S. M., Mühlnickel, W., Schaefer, M., et al. (2004). Remote activation of referred phantom sensation and cortical reorganization in human upper extremity amputees. Experimental Brain Research, 154, 97–102.Google Scholar
Guenther, Katja. (2016). ‘It’s All Done With Mirrors’: V. S. Ramachandran and the Material Culture of Phantom Limb Research. Medical History, 60(3), 342–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, P., & Wolpert, D. M. (2005). Disorders of body scheme. In Freund, Hans-Joachim, Jeannerod, Marc, Hallett, Mark, & Leiguarda, Ramon. Higher-Order Motor Disorders. From Neuroanatomy and Neurobiology to Clinical Neurology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 261–71.Google Scholar
Hahamy, Avital, Sotiropoulos, , Stamatios, N., Slater, David Henderson, , et al. (2015). Normalisation of brain connectivity through compensatory behaviour, despite congenital hand absence. eLife, 4:e04605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallett, Mark, Stone, Jon, & Carson, Alan, eds. (2016). Functional neurologic disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 3rd series. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Halligan, Peter W. (2002). Phantom limbs: The body in mind. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 7(3), 251–68.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna. (1991). A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century. In Haraway, Donna, Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 149–81.Google Scholar
Head, Henry. (1918). Sensation and the cerebral cortex. Brain, 41, 57–123.Google Scholar
Head, Henry. (1919). ‘Destroyers’ and Other Verses. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Head, H., & Holmes, G. (1911). Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions. Brain, 34(2–3), 102–254.Google Scholar
Herrmann, B., & Gibbs, W. (1945). Phantom limb pain: Its relation to the treatment of large nerves at the time of amputation. American Journal of Surgery, 67, 168–80.Google Scholar
Herschbach, Lisa. (1995). ‘True clinical fictions’: Medical and literary narratives from the Civil War hospital. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 19 (1995), 183–205.Google Scholar
Herschbach, Lisa. (1997). Prosthetic reconstructions: Making the industry, re-making the body, modelling the nation. History Workshop Journal, 44, 22–57.Google Scholar
Hill, Edmund, tr. (2002). Augustine: On Genesis. The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century, 1(13). New York: New City Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Edmund, tr. (2005). Augustine, De divinatione daemonum, in Augustine: On Christian Belief. The Works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century, 1(8). New York: New City Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Julius. (1954). Phantom limb syndrome: A critical review of literature. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 119, 261–70.Google Scholar
Holland, Henry Richard (1852–4). Memoirs of the Whig Party during my time, by Henry Richard Lord Holland, edited by his son, Henry Edward Lord Holland. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Ingraham, (2020). Pain is weird: A volatile, misleading sensation. Pain Science, updated 27 February 2020, accessed www.painscience.com/articles/pain-is-weird.php.Google Scholar
Jarrett, Christian. (2012). Mirror neurons: The most hyped concept in neuroscience? Mirror neurons are fascinating but they aren’t the answer to what makes us human. Psychology Today (10 December 2012), at www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/brain-myths/201212/mirror-neurons-the-most-hyped-concept-in-neuroscience.Google Scholar
Jarrett, Christian. (2013). A calm look at the most hyped concept in neuroscience: Mirror neurons. Wired, 12, at www.wired.com/2013/12/a-calm-look-at-the-most-hyped-concept-in-neuroscience-mirror-neurons/.Google Scholar
Katz, J., & Melzack, R. (1990). Pain ‘memories’ in phantom limbs: Review and clinical observations. Pain, 43(3), 319–36.Google Scholar
Kelham, R. D. Langdale, (1952). Artificial Limbs in the Rehabilitation of the Disabled. London: HMSO, 1952.Google Scholar
Kilner, J. M., & Lemon, R. N. (2013). What we know currently about mirror neurons. Current Biology, 23(23), 1057–62.Google Scholar
Knecht, S., Henningsen, H., Elbert, T., et al. (1996). Reorganizational and perceptional changes after amputation. Brain, 119, 1213–19.Google Scholar
Laqueur, Thomas W. (2015). The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Loewy, Monika. (2020). Phantom Limbs and Body Integrity Identity Disorder. Literary and Psychoanalytic Perspectives. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Luibheid, Colm, tr. (1987). Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works: New York and Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Makin, Tamar R., & Bensmaia, Sliman J. (2017). Stability of sensory topographies in adult cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(3), 195–204.Google Scholar
Makin, Tamar R., Cramer, Alona O., Scholz, Jan, et al. (2013). Deprivation-related and use-dependent plasticity go hand in hand. eLife, 2:e01273.Google Scholar
Matthews, Gareth B. (2015). Death in Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. In Bradley, Ben, & Feldman, Fred, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 186–99.Google Scholar
Mayhew, Emily R. (2004). The Reconstruction of Warriors: Archibald McIndoe, the Royal Air Force and the Guinea Pig Club. London: Greenhill.Google Scholar
McCabe, C. S., Haigh, R. C., Halligan, P. W., & Blake, D. R. (2005). Simulating sensory-motor incongruence in healthy volunteers: Implications for a cortical model of pain. Rheumatology (Oxford), 44(4), 509–16.Google Scholar
McGinn, Bernard, ed. (1977). Three Treatises on Man: A Cistercian Anthropology. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.Google Scholar
Meikle, Murray C. (2013). Reconstructing Faces: The Art and Wartime Surgery of Gillies, Pickerill, McIndoe and Mowlem. Dunedin: Otago University Press.Google Scholar
Melzack, Ronald. (1989). Phantom limbs, the self, and the brain. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 30, 1–16.Google Scholar
Melzack, Ronald. (1990). Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends in Neurosciences, 13, 88–92.Google Scholar
Melzack, Ronald. (1992). Phantom limbs. Scientific American, 266(4), 120–6.Google Scholar
Melzack, Ronald et al. (1997). Phantom limbs in people with congenital limb deficiency or amputation in early childhood. Brain, 120, 1603–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merzenich, M. M., Kaas, J. H., Wall, J., et al. (1983). Topographic reorganization of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deafferentation. Neuroscience, 8(1), 33–55.Google Scholar
Metzinger, Thomas, ed. (2000). Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Metzinger, Thomas. (2000). The subjectivity of subjective experience: A representationalist analysis of the first-person perspective. In Metzinger, ed., Neural Correlates of Consciousness, 285–306.Google Scholar
Metzinger, Thomas. (2004). Being No One. The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Metzinger, Thomas. (2005). Out-of-body experiences as the origin of the concept of a ‘soul’. Mind & Matter, 3(1), 57–84.Google Scholar
Metzinger, Thomas. (2009). Why are out-of-body experiences interesting for philosophers? The theoretical relevance of OBE research. Cortex, 45, 256–8.Google Scholar
Metzler, Irina. (2006). Disability in Medieval Europe: Thinking about Physical Impairment during the High Middle Ages, c. 1100–1400. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Metzler, Irina. (2016). Fools and Idiots? Intellectual Disability in the Middle Ages. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Mews, Constant. (2018). Debating the authority of Pseudo-Augustine’s De spiritu et anima. Przegląd Tomistyczny, 24, 321–48.Google Scholar
Mezue, Melvin, & Makin, Tamar. (2017). Immutable body representations: Lessons from phantoms in amputees. In de Vignemont, Frederique, & Alsmith, Adrian J. T., The Subject’s Matter: Self-Consciousness and the Body. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press: 33–50.Google Scholar
Minnis, Alastair. (2016). From Eden to Eternity: Creations of Paradise in the Later Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Minnis, Alastair. (2020). Hellish Imaginations from Augustine to Dante: An Essay in Metaphor and Materiality. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature.Google Scholar
Miracles, , ed. Warner, (1885). Miracles de Nostre Dame, ed. Warner, George. Westminster: Nichols.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. Weir. (1871). Phantom limbs. Lippincott’s Magazine of Popular Literature and Science, 8(48), 563–9.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. Weir. (1872). Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences. Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. Weir. (1883). The Hill of Stones and Other Poems. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. Weir. (1900). The Autobiography of a Quack and The Case of George Dedlow, illustrated by Keller, A. J.. New York: The Century Co.Google Scholar
Mitchell, David, & Snyder, Sharon, eds. (2014). Narrative Prosthesis: Disability and the Dependencies of Discourse. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Mowbray, Donald. (2009). Pain and Suffering in Medieval Theology: Academic Debates at the University of Paris in the Thirteenth Century. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
Mulder, T., Hochstenbach, J., Dijkstra, P. U., et al. (2008). Born to adapt, but not in your dreams. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 1266–71.Google Scholar
Muret, Dollyanne, & Makin, Tamar R. (forthcoming). The Homeostatic Homunculus: Rethinking Deprivation-Triggered Reorganization.Google Scholar
Nardi, Bruno. (1960). Studi di filosofia medievale. Rome, Edizioni di Storia e letteratura.Google Scholar
Newman, William R. (1999). The Homunculus and his forbears: Wonders of art and nature. In Grafton, Anthony, & Siraisi, Nancy, eds., Natural Particulars: Nature and the Disciplines in Renaissance Europe. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Newman, William R. (2004). Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Newman, Barbara, tr. (2017). Mechthild of Hackeborn: The Book of Special Grace. New York: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Nielsen, G., Stone, J., & Edwards, M. J. (2013). Physiotherapy for functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(2), 93–102.Google Scholar
Nikolajsen, L., & Jensen, T. S. (2001). Phantom limb pain. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 87(1), 107–16.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Erin. (1997). ‘Fractions of Men’: Engendering Amputation in Victorian Culture. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 39(4), 742–77.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, Suzanne. (2016). It’s All in Your Head: Stories from the Frontline of Psychosomatic Illness. Reprint. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
OED. Oxford English Dictionary, online version. Accessed at www.oed.com/.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, Janet. (1985). The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ortega, Francisco, & Vidal, Fernando. (2007). Mapping the cerebral subject in contemporary culture. Electronic Journal of Communication, Innovation & Innovation in Health (Rio de Janeiro), 1(2), 255–9.Google Scholar
Osler, William. (1905). Science and Immortality, The 1904 Ingersoll Lecture, 6th impression. Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company.Google Scholar
Paillard, J. (1975). Discussion du rapport de R. Angelergue sur ‘Reflexions sur la notion de schéma corporel’. In Symposium de l’APSLF (Paris, 1973): Psychologie de la conscience de soi. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 143–8.Google Scholar
Paillard, J. (1999). Body schema and body image – a double dissociation in deafferented patients. In Gantchev, G. N., Mori, S., & Massion, J., eds. Motor Control, Today and Tomorrow. Sophia: Academic Publishing House, 197–214.Google Scholar
Paré, Ambroise. (1649). The Workes of That Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey, Translated Out of Latine and Compared with the French, by Tho. Johnson. London: Richard Cotes.Google Scholar
Penfield, Wilder, & Rasmussen, Theodore. (1950). The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function. New York, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Perry, B. N., Moran, C. W., Armiger, R. S., et al. (2018). Initial clinical evaluation of the modular prosthetic limb. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 153.Google Scholar
Petrocchi, Giorgio (1994), ed. Dante, La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgate. 4 vols., rev. reprint ed. Florence: Le Lettere.Google Scholar
Plamper, Jan. (2015). The History of Emotions: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Price, Douglas B. (1976). Miraculous restoration of lost body parts: Relationship to the phantom limb phenomenon and to limb-burial superstitions and practices. In Hand, Wayland D., ed., American Folk Medicine: A Symposium. Berkeley: University of California Press, 49–71.Google Scholar
Price, Douglas B., & Twombly, Neil J. (1978). The Phantom Limb Phenomenon: A Medical, Folkloric, and Historical Study: Texts and Translations of 10th to 20th Century Accounts of the Miraculous Restoration of Lost Body Parts. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Prothero, Stephen. (2002). Purified by Fire: A History of Cremation in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Quaracchi, editors (1882–1902). Bonaventurae opera omnia, 11 vols. Quaracchi: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae ad Claras Aquas.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S. (2011). The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Quest for What Makes Us Human. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S. (2012). Author response to review by Peter Brugger of The Tell-Tale Brain (2011). Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 17(4), 359–66.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S., & Blakeslee, Sandra. (1998). Phantoms in the Brain: Human Nature and the Architecture of the Mind. London and New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S., & Hirstein, William. (1998). The perception of phantom limbs. Brain, 121, 1603–30.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, V. S., & Rogers-Ramachandran, D. (2008). Sensations referred to a patient’s phantom arm from another subject’s intact arm: Perceptual correlates of mirror neurons. Medical Hypotheses, 70, 1233–4.Google Scholar
Regan, Richard, & Davies, Brian, eds. (2001). The De Malo of Thomas Aquinas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, Ruth. (1988). Death, Dissection and the Destitute. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Riddoch, George. (1941). Phantom limbs and body shape. Brain, 64 (4), 197–222.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G., Camarda, R., Fogassi, L., et al. (1988). Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey. II. Area F5 and the control of distal movements. Experimental Brain Research, 71, 491–507.Google Scholar
Satz, Aura. (2010). ‘The conviction of its existence’: Silas Weir Mitchell, phantom limbs and phantom bodies in neurology and spiritualism. In Salisbury, L., & Shail, A., eds., Neurology and Modernity: A Cultural History of Nervous Systems, 1800–1950. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 113–29.Google Scholar
Schilder, Paul. (1923, rpt. 2013). Das Körperschema: Ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom Bewusstsein des Eigenen Körpers. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Schilder, Paul. (1935, rpt. 1999). The Image and Appearance of the Human Body: Studies in the Constructive Energies of the Psyche. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Schott, G. D. (1993). Penfield’s homunculus: A note on cerebral cartography. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 56, 329–33.Google Scholar
Sherman, R. A., Sherman, C. J., & Parker, L. (1984). Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: Results of a survey. Pain, 18(1), 83–95.Google Scholar
Silano, Giulio, tr. (2007–10). Peter Lombard, Sententiae in IV libris distinctae, 4 vols. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.Google Scholar
Simmel, Marianne L. (1956). On phantom limbs. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 75, 637–47.Google Scholar
Singleton, Charles S., ed. and tr. (1977). Dante, Comedy, 3 vols, rev. reprint ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sobchack, Vivian. (2006). A leg to stand on: Prosthetics, metaphor, and materiality. In Smith, Marquard, & Morra, Johanne, eds., The Prosthetic Impulse: From a Posthuman Present to a Biocultural Future. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 17–42.Google Scholar
Spicker, S. F. T. (1975). The lived body as catalytic agent: Reaction at the interface of medicine and philosophy. In Engelhardt, H. R., & Spicker, S. F., eds., Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences. Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Co.: 181–204.Google Scholar
Stallings-Taney, M., ed. (1997). Meditaciones vite Christi, olim Bonaventuro attributae, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis 153. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Stamenov, Maxim. (2005). Body schema, body image, and mirror neurons. In De Preester & Knockaert, eds., Body Image and Body Schema, 21–43.Google Scholar
Stone, Jon, Carson, Alan, Duncan, R., et al. (2010). Who is referred to neurology clinics? – The diagnoses made in 3781 new patients. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 112(9), 747–51.Google Scholar
Stone, Jon, Smyth, Roger, Carson, Alan, et al. (2005). Systematic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and ‘hysteria’. British Medical Journal, 331(7523), 989.Google Scholar
Tennyson, Alfred. (2007). Tennyson: A Selected Edition, ed. Ricks, Christopher, rev. ed. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Teske, Ronald. (2001). Augustine’s philosophy of memory. In Stump, Eleonore, & Kretzmann, Norman, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Augustine, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 148–58.Google Scholar
Thomas, Daniel L., & Thomas, Lucy B. (1920). Kentucky Superstitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thomson, Ian, & Perraud, Louis, tr. (1990). Ten Latin Schooltexts of the Later Middle Ages. Lewiston: Mellen.Google Scholar
Tóth, Peter, & Falway, Dâvid. (2014). New light on the date and authorship of the Meditationes vitae Christi. In Kelly, Stephen, & Perry, Ryan, eds., Devotional Culture in Late Medieval England and Europe: Diverse Imaginations of Christ’s Life. Turnhout: Brepols, 17–105.Google Scholar
Wade, Nicholas J. (2003). The Legacy of Phantom Limbs. Perception, 32, 517–24.Google Scholar
Wade, Nicholas J. (2009). Beyond body experiences: Phantom limbs, pain and the locus of sensation. Cortex, 45, 243–55.Google Scholar
Weiss, S. A., & Fishman, S. (1963). Extended and telescoped phantom limbs in unilateral amputees. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 66, 489–97.Google Scholar
White, P. D., Rickards, H., & Zeman, Adam. (2012). Time to end the distinction between mental and neurological illnesses. British Medical Journal, 344, e3454.Google Scholar
Whitney, Annie W., & Bullock, Caroline C. (1925). Folk-lore from Maryland. Memoirs of the American Folklore Society, 18. New York: American Folklore Society.Google Scholar
Woolgar, C. M. (2006). The Senses in Late Medieval England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Zeman, Adam. (2014). Neurology is psychiatry – and vice versa. Practical Neurology, 4, 136–44.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Phantom Pains and Prosthetic Narratives
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Phantom Pains and Prosthetic Narratives
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Phantom Pains and Prosthetic Narratives
Available formats
×