Element contents
The Political Economy of Segmented Expansion
Latin American Social Policy in the 2000s
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 October 2022
Summary
The early 2000s were a period of social policy expansion in Latin America. New programs were created in healthcare, pensions, and social assistance, and previously excluded groups were incorporated into existing policies. What was the character of this social policy expansion? Why did the region experience this transformation? Drawing on a large body of research, this Element shows that the social policy gains in the early 2000s remained segmented, exhibiting differences in access and benefit levels, gaps in service quality, and unevenness across policy sectors. It argues that this segmented expansion resulted from a combination of short and long-term characteristics of democracy, favorable economic conditions, and policy legacies. The analysis reveals that scholars of Latin American social policy have generated important new concepts and theories that advance our understanding of perennial questions of welfare state development and change.
Keywords
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009344135Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 08 December 2022
References
Agencia de Noticias Fides. (2007). Evo Morales afirma que la Renta Dignidad hará de Bolivia un país modelo. Noticias Fides. October 23. https://bit.ly/3PgyTxJ.Google Scholar
Aguirre, R. & Scuro Somma, L. (2010). Panorama del sistema previsional y género en Uruguay: Avances y desafíos. Serie Mujer y desarrollo 100. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Alejo, J., Bergolo, M. & Carbajal, F. (2014). Las transferencias públicas y su efecto distributivo. La experiencia de los países del Cono Sur en el decenio de los 2000. El Trimestre Económico, 81(321), 163–198.Google Scholar
Altman, D. & Castiglioni, R. (2020). Determinants of Equitable Social Policy in Latin America (1990–2013). Journal of Social Policy, 49(4), 1–22.Google Scholar
Alves, J. (2015). (Un?) Healthy Politics: The Political Determinants of Subnational Health Systems in Brazil. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(4), 119–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anria, S. & Niedzwiecki, S. (2016). Social Movements and Social Policy: The Bolivian Renta Dignidad. Studies in Comparative International Development, 51(3), 308–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antía, F. (2018). Regímenes de política social en América Latina: una revisión crítica de la literatura. Desafíos, 30(2), 193–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antía, F., Castillo, M., Fuentes, G., & Midaglia, C. (2013). La Renovación del Sistema de Protección Uruguayo: El Desafío de Superar la Dualización. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, 22(9), 153–174.Google Scholar
Antía, F., Castillo, M., & Midaglia, C. (2015). La estratificación como reto para los ajustes de los sistemas de bienestar. Revista latinoamericana de investigación crítica, 3, 101–135.Google Scholar
Arenas de Mesa, A. (2019). Los sistemas de pensiones en la encrucijada: desafíos para la sostenibilidad en América Latina. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Artaraz, K. (2011). New Latin American Networks of Solidarity? Global Social Policy, 11(1), 88–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. (2012). The Politics of Counter Reform in the Argentine Pension System: Actors, Political Discourse and Policy Performance. International Journal of Social Welfare, 21, 46–60.Google Scholar
Arza, C. (2017). Non-contributory Benefits, Pension Re-reforms and the Social Protection of Older Women in Latin America. Social Policy and Society, 16(3), 361–375.Google Scholar
Arza, C. (2018a). Cash Transfers for Families and Children in Argentina, Brazil and Chile: Segmented Expansion or Universal Benefits? Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 34(1), 58–75.Google Scholar
Arza, C. (2018b). Child-Centered Social Policies in Argentina: Expansion, Segmentation and Social Stratification. Social Policy & Administration, 52(6), 1217–1232.Google Scholar
Arza, C. (2019). Basic Old Age Protection in Latin America: Non-contributory Pensions, Coverage Expansion Strategies and Aging Patterns Across Countries. Population and Development Review, 45, 23–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arza, C. & Martínez Franzoni, J. (2018). A Long Decade of Gendering Social Policy in Latin America: Transformative Steps and Inequality Traps. In Shaver, S., ed., Handbook on Gender and Social Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 408–429.Google Scholar
Barba Solano, C. (2019). Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Thirty Years of Social Reforms and Conflicting Paradigms. In Cruz-Martínez, G., ed., Welfare and Social Protection in Contemporary Latin America. London: Routledge, pp. 29–58.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2004). Latin America: Towards a Liberal-Informal Welfare Regime. In Gough, I. & Wood, G., eds., Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–168.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2009). Labour Markets and the (Hyphenated) Welfare Regime in Latin America. Economy and Society, 38(1), 87–108.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2011). On the Distributional Implications of Social Protection Reforms in Latin America. WIDER Working Paper 69. Helsinki.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2013). Social Assistance in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2018). Social Assistance in Low and Middle Income Countries Dataset (SALMIC). Global Development Institute, University of Manchester. ManchesterGoogle Scholar
Barrientos, A. (2019). Social Protection in Latin America: One Region, Two Systems. In Cruz-Martínez, G., ed., Welfare and Social Protection in Contemporary Latin America. New York: Routledge, pp. 59–71.Google Scholar
Barrientos, A., Nino-Zarazua, M., & Maitrot, M. (2010). Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database Version 5.0. Brooks World Poverty Institute Working Paper Series, Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper. Manchester. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1672090Google Scholar
Barrientos, A., Telias Simunovic, A., Fernandez, E. et al., eds. (2015). Theoretical and Empirical Insights into Child and Family Poverty: Cross National Perspectives. Sydney: Springer Nature, pp. 159–174.Google Scholar
Barros, R., de Carvalho, M., Franco, S., & Mendonça, R. (2010). Markets, the State, and the Dynamics of Inequality in Brazil. In L. López Calva & N. Lustig, eds. Declining Inequality in Latin America. A Decade of Progress? Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Béland, D., Medrano, A., & Rocco, P. (2018). Federalism and the Politics of Bottom‐Up Social Policy Diffusion in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Political Science Quarterly, 133(3), 527–560.Google Scholar
Bergman, M. (2019). Economic Growth and Tax Compliance in Latin America: Did the “Good Times” Help to Reduce Tax Evasion? In Flores-Macías, G., ed., The Political Economy of Taxation in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 53–75.Google Scholar
Berlinski, S. & Schady, N. (2015). Los primeros años: el bienestar infantil y el papel de las políticas públicas. New York: BID.Google Scholar
Bianculli, A., Ribeiro Hoffmann, A., & Nascimento, B. (2022). Institutional Overlap and Access to Medicines in MERCOSUR and UNASUR (2008–2018): Cooperation before the Collapse? Global Public Health, 17(3), 363–376.Google Scholar
Bird, R. & Zolt, E. (2015). Fiscal Contracting in Latin America. World Development, 67, 323–335.Google Scholar
Birn, A., Muntaner, C., & Afzal, Z. (2017). South-South Cooperation in Health: Bringing in Theory, Politics, History, and Social Justice. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 33(2), 37–52.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. (2012). Care Work and Class: Domestic Workers’ Struggle for Equal Rights in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. (2016). Moving Away from Maternalism? Paper delivered at the RC19 Conference. University of Costa Rica, San José, August 26–27.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. (2019). The Politics of Social Policies in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 54(4), 1056–1064.Google Scholar
Blofield, M., Ewig, C., & Piscopo, J. (2017). The Reactive Left: Gender Equality and the Latin American Pink Tide. Social Politics, 24, 345–369.Google Scholar
Blofield, M., Giambruno, C., & Filgueira, F. (2020). Policy Expansion in Compressed Time: Assessing the Speed, Breadth and Sufficiency of Post-COVID-19 Social Protection Measures in 10 Latin American Countries. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. & Jokela, M. (2018). Paid Domestic Work and the Struggles of Care Workers in Latin America. Current Sociology, 6(4), 531–546.Google Scholar
Blofield, M. & Martínez Franzoni, J. (2014). Maternalism, Co-responsibility and Social Equity: A Typology of Work-Family Policies. Social Politics, 22(1), 38–59.Google Scholar
Blofield, M., Pribble, J., & Giambruno, C. (2022). The Politics of Social Protection during Times of Crisis. Unpublished manuscript under review.Google Scholar
Bonilla‐Chacín, M. & Aguilera, N. (2013). The Mexican Social Protection System in Health. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Bonvecchi, A. (2008). Políticas sociales subnacionales en países federales: Argentina en perspectiva comparada. Desarrollo Económico, 48(190), 307–339.Google Scholar
Borges Sugiyama, N. (2011). The Diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in the Americas. Global Social Policy, 11, 250–278.Google Scholar
Borges Sugiyama, N. (2013). Diffusion of Good Government: Social Sector Reforms in Brazil. South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Brinks, D. M., Levitsky, S., & Murillo, M. V. (2019). Understanding Institutional Weakness: Power and Design in Latin American Institutions. Cambridge Elements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, S. (2015). Social Protection for the Poorest: The Adoption of Antipoverty Cash Transfer Programs in the Global South. Politics & Society, 43(4), 551–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabieses, B., Tunstall, H., Pickett, K., & Gideon, J. (2013). Changing Patterns of Migration in Latin America: How Can Research Develop Intelligence for Public Health? Revista Panamericana de salud pública, 34, 68–74.Google Scholar
Cabrera, M., Lustig, N., & Morán, H. (2015). Fiscal Policy, Inequality, and the Ethnic Divide in Guatemala. World Development, 76, 263–279.Google Scholar
CAF (2013). RED 2012: Public Finance for Development: Strengthening the Connection between Income and Expenditure. Caracas: CAF-Development Bank of Latin America.Google Scholar
Caldwell, K. L. (2017). Health Equity in Brazil: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Policy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Calvo, E., & Murillo, M. (2014). Partisan Linkages and Social Policy Delivery in Argentina and Chile. In D. Abente & L. Diamond, eds., Clientelism, Social Policy, and the Quality of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 17–38.Google Scholar
Cameron, M., Hershberg, E., & Beasley-Murray, J. (2010). Latin America’s Left Turns. Politics, Policies and Trajectories of Change. London: Lynn Rienner.Google Scholar
Cammett, M., & MacLean, L. (2014). Introduction. In Cammett, M. & MacLean, L., eds., The Politics of Non-state Social Welfare. Cornell: Cornell University Press, pp.1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campello, D. (2015). The Politics of Market Discipline in Latin America: Globalization and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Carnes, M., & Mares, I. (2009). Social Policy in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(2009), 93–113.Google Scholar
Carnes, M., & Mares, I. (2014). Coalitional Realignment and the Adoption of Non-Contributory Social Insurance Programmes in Latin America. Socio-Economic Review, 12(4), 695–722.Google Scholar
Carnes, M., & Mares, I. (2016). Redefining Who’s “In” and Who’s “Out”: Explaining Preferences for Redistribution in Bolivia. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(11), 1647–1664.Google Scholar
Castiglioni, R. (2018). Explaining Uneven Social Policy Expansion in Democratic Chile. Latin American Politics and Society, 60(3), 54–76.Google Scholar
Castiglioni, R. (2019). The Right and Work-Family Policies: Santiago. Documento ICSO-UDP, 58. https://icso.udp.cl/cms/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ICSO_DT_58_Castiglioni_DEF.pdfGoogle Scholar
Castiglioni, R. (2020). La ampliación de políticas sociales bajo gobiernos de derecha y centro derecha en América Latina. Revista Española de Sociología, 29(3–2), 179–188.Google Scholar
Cecchini, S., & Atuesta, B. (2017). Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Coverage and Investment Trends. Social Policy Series – CEPAL, 224. https://cepal.org/en/publications/42109-conditional-cash-transfer-programmes-latin-america-and-caribbean-coverage-andGoogle Scholar
Cecchini, S., & Madariaga, A. (2011). Programas de transferencias condicionadas: balance de la experiencia reciente en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago: CEPALGoogle Scholar
Cecchini, S., & Martínez, R. (2012). Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: A Comprehensive, Rights-Based Approach. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Cecchini, S., Filgueira, F., Martínez, R., & Rossel, C. (2015), Instrumentos de Protección Social: Caminoslatinoamericanos hacia la universalización. Santiago: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Chapman, S. (2013). Commitment, Capacity, and Community: The Politics of Multilevel Health Reform in Spain and Brazil, PhD dissertation, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.Google Scholar
Ciccia, R., & Guzmán-Concha, C. (2018). The Dynamics of Redistributive Social Policy in Latin America, paper delivered at the UNSRID Conference Overcoming Inequalities in a Fractured World. Geneva: 8–9 November. https://bit.ly/3yWZNFtGoogle Scholar
Ciccia, R., & Guzmán-Concha, C. (2021). Journal of Social Policy, 1–22. doi:10.1017/S0047279421000623Google Scholar
Collins, K., & Holder, J. (2021). See How Rich Countries Got to the Front of the Vaccine Line. The New York Times. March 31, 2021. https://nyti.ms/3yzsO8OGoogle Scholar
Cook, M. L., & Bazler, J. C. (2013). Bringing Unions Back In: Labour and Left Governments in Latin America. School of Industrial and Labor Relations Working Paper. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Cookson, T. (2017). The Unseen Gender Impact of Conditionality: Extra-Official Conditions. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth One Pager, 345. https://ipcig.org/publication/28157?language_content_entity=enGoogle Scholar
Cookson, T. (2018). Unjust Conditions: Women’s Work and the Hidden Cost of Cash Transfer Programs. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cornia, G., Gómez-Sabaini, J., & Martorano, B. (2014). Tax Policy and Income Distribution During the Last Decade. In Cornia, G., ed., Falling Inequality in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 295–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correa Aste, N. (2011). Interculturalidad y políticas públicas: una agenda al 2016. Economía y Sociedad, 77, 53–58.Google Scholar
Cotlear, D., Gómez-Dantés, O., Knaul, F., Atun, R., Barreto, I. C. H. C., Cetrángolo, O., Cueto, M., Francke, P., Frenz, P., Guerrero, R., Lozano, R., Marten, R., & Sáenz, R. (2014). Overcoming social segregation in health care in Latin America. The Lancet, 385(9974), 1248–1259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotlear, D., Gómez-Dantés, O., Knaul, F., Atun, R., Barreto, I. C. H. C., Cetrángolo, O., Cueto, M., Francke, P., Frenz, P., Guerrero, R., Lozano, R., Marten, R., & Sáenz, R. (2015). “La lucha contra la segregación social en la atención de salud en América Latina.” MEDICC Review, 17, 40–52.Google Scholar
Cruz-Martínez, G. (2019). Esfuerzo de bienestar y pobreza desde el enfoque monetarista y de capacidades: Análisis transnacional en América Latina y el Caribe (1990–2010). Política & Sociedad, 52(3), 631–659.Google Scholar
Danani, S., & Hintze, S. (2014). Protecciones Y Desprotecciones (II): Problemas Y Debates De La Seguridad Social En La Argentina. Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento.Google Scholar
De La, O, A. (2015). Crafting Policies to End Poverty in Latin America: The Quiet Transformation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
del Pino, E., Sátyro, N., & Midaglia, M. (2021). The Latin American Social Protection Systems in Action. In Sátyro, N. et al., eds., Latin American Social Policy Developments in the Twenty-First Century. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
de Sá, M., & Silva, M. (2017). Poverty Reduction, Education, and the Global Diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfers. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Díaz-Cayeros, A., Estévez, F., & Magaloni, B. (2017). The Political Logic of Poverty Relief: Electoral Strategies and Social Policy in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dion, M. (2010). Workers and Welfare: Comparative Institutional Change in Twentieth Century Mexico. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Dorlach, T. (2020). The Causes of Welfare State Expansion in Democratic Middle‐Income Countries: A Literature Review. Social Policy & Administration, 1–17. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/spol.12658Google Scholar
Doyle, D. (2018). Taxation and Spending in Latin America. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
ECLAC. (2019a). Critical obstacles to inclusive social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago: United Nations.Google Scholar
ECLAC. (2019b). Non contributory social protection programs database, ECLAC. Accessed April 30, https://dds.cepal.org/bpsnc/home.Google Scholar
ECLAC (2021a). La autonomía económica de las mujeres en la recuperación sostenible y con igualdad, Informe Especial COVID-19 Nº 9, Santiago: United Nations.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Espino, A. (2016). Resultados de las reformas jurídicas relativas a las trabajadoras y los trabajadores domésticos en Uruguay. Serie Condiciones de Trabajo y Empleo No. 84. Ginebra: OIT.Google Scholar
Esquivel, V., & Kaufman, A. (2016). Innovation in Care: New Concepts, New Actors, New Policies. Berlin: UNRISD and Friederich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar
Etchemendy, S. (2001). Construir Coaliciones Reformistas: La Política de las Compensaciones en el Camino Argentino hacia la Liberalización Económica. Desarrollo Económico, 665–706.Google Scholar
Ewig, C. (2010). 3. Health Policy and the Historical Reproduction of Class, Race, and Gender Inequality in Peru. In Reygadas, L. & Gootenberg, P., eds., Indelible Inequalities in Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 53–80.Google Scholar
Ewig, C. (2012). The Strategic Use of Gender and Race in Peru’s 2011 Presidential Campaign. Politics & Gender, 8(2), 267.Google Scholar
Ewig, C. (2015). Reform and Electoral Competition: Convergence toward Equity in Latin American Health Sectors. Comparative Political Studies, 49(2), 184–218.Google Scholar
Ewig, C. (2016). Gender Equity and the Politics of Health Sector Reform: Overcoming Policy Legacies and Forming Epistemic Communities. In Gideon, J., ed., Handbook on Gender and Health. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 283–297.Google Scholar
Ewig, C. (2018). Forging Women’s Substantive Representation: Intersectional Interests, Political Parity, and Pensions in Bolivia. Politics & Gender, 14(3), 433–459.Google Scholar
Ewig, C., & Hernández, A. (2009). Gender Equity and Health Sector Reform in Colombia: Mixed State-Market Model Yields Mixed Results. Social Science & Medicine, 68(6), 1145–1152.Google Scholar
Ewig, C., & Kay, S. (2011). Postretrenchment Politics: Policy Feedback in Chile’s Health and Pension Reforms. Latin American Politics and Society, 53(4), 67–99.Google Scholar
Fairfield, T. (2015). Private Wealth and Public Revenue in Latin America: Business Power and Tax Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fairfield, T., & Garay, C. (2017). Redistribution under the Right in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Organized Actors in Policymaking. Comparative Political Studies, 50(14), 1871–1906.Google Scholar
Falleti, T. (2010). Infiltrating the State: The Evolution of Health Care Reforms in Brazil, 1964–1988. In Mahoney, J. & Thelen, K., eds., Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–62.Google Scholar
Farías Antognini, A. (2019). Políticas Sociales en Chile: Trayectoria de Inequidades y Desigualdades en la Distribución de Bienes y Servicios. Santiago: UAH Ediciones.Google Scholar
Faur, E. (2014). El Cuidado Infantil En El Siglo XXI: Mujeres Malabaristas En Una Sociedad Desigual. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Siglo XXI Editores.Google Scholar
Fenwick, T. (2009). Avoiding Governors: The Success of Bolsa Família. Latin American Research Review, 44 (1), 102–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenwick, T. (2016). Avoiding Governors: Federalism, Democracy, and Poverty Alleviation in Brazil and Argentina. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Fides. Agencia de Noticias Fides. (2007). Evo Morales afirma que la Renta Dignidad hará de Bolivia un país modelo. Accessed May 1, 2021. www.noticiasfides.com/nacional/politica/evo-morales-afirma-que-la-renta-dignidad-hara-de-bolivia-un-pais-modelo-14880.Google Scholar
Figueroa, M., G. M., & Tanaka, E. S.. (2016). ‘We Are Not Racists, We Are Mexicans’: Privilege, Nationalism and Post-Race Ideology in Mexico. Critical Sociology. 42 (4–5), 515–533.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F. (1998). El nuevo modelo de prestaciones sociales en América Latina: eficiencia, residualismo y ciudadanía estratificada. Centroamérica en reestructuración. Ciudadanía y política social, 71–116.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F. (2007). Cohesión, riesgo y arquitectura de protección social en América Latina. In Sojo, A. & Uthoff, A., eds., Cohesión social en América Latina y el Caribe: una revisión perentoria de algunas de sus dimensiones. Santiago: CEPAL, pp. 149–169.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F. (2013). Los regímenes de Bienestar en el ocaso de la modernización conservadora: posibilidades y límites de la ciudadanía social en América Latina. Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, 22(2), 17–46.Google Scholar
Filgueira, F., Molina, C., Papadópoulos, G., & Tobar, F. (2006). Universalismo Básico. In Molina, C., ed., Universalismo Básico: Una nueva política social para América Latina. Washington, DC: BID y Editorial Planeta, pp. 19–58.Google Scholar
Flores-Macias, G. (2019). The Political Economy of Taxation in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Flechtner, S., & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2021). Why Is the Accumulation of Knowledge so Hard? Exploring Econometric Research on the Determinants of Public Social Spending in Latin America. Latin American Research Review.Google Scholar
Garay, C. (2016). Social Policy Expansion in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garcia-Subirats, I., Vargas, I., Mogollón-Pérez, A. et al. (2014). Barriers in Access to Healthcare in Countries with Different Health Systems: A Cross-Sectional Study in Municipalities of Central Colombia and North-Eastern Brazil. Social Science & Medicine, 106, 204–213.Google Scholar
Gasparini, L. G., Tornarolli, C. L., & Mejía, D. (2011). Recent Trends in Income Inequality in Latin America. Economía, 11(2), 147–201.Google Scholar
Gasparini, L. C., Cruces, G. A., & Tornarolli, L. H. (2016). Chronicle of a Deceleration Foretold: Income Inequality in Latin America in the 2010s. Revista de Economía Mundial, 43, 25–46.Google Scholar
Gibson, C. (2019). Movement-Driven Development: The Politics of Health and Democracy in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gideon, J. (2012). Engendering the Health Agenda? Reflections on the Chilean Case, 2000–2010. Social Politics, 19(3), 333–360. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxs009.Google Scholar
Gideon, J, & Molyneux, M. (2012). Limits to Progress and Change: Reflections on Latin American Social Policy. Social Politics. 19(3), 293–298.Google Scholar
Giuffrida, A. (2007). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Survey. In A. Giuffirda, ed., Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health in Latin America and The Caribbean. Washington, DC: IADB, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Giuffrida, A. (2010). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Review. Diversity in Health and Care, 7(2), 115–128.Google Scholar
Gideon, J., & Molyneux, M. (2012). Limits to Progress and Change: Reflections on Latin American Social Policy. Social Politics, 19(3), 293–298.Google Scholar
Giraudy, A., & Pribble, J. (2018). Rethinking Measures of Democracy and Welfare State Universalism: Lessons from Subnational Research. Regional & Federal Studies, 29(2), 135–163.Google Scholar
Giraudy, A., Moncada, E., & Snyder, R. (2019). Subnational Research in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grugel, J., & Riggirozzi, P. (2018). Neoliberal Disruption and Neoliberalism’s Afterlife in Latin America: What is Left of Post-Neoliberalism? Critical Social Policy, 38(3), 547–566.Google Scholar
Guendel, L. (2011). Política social e interculturalidad: Un aporte para el cambio. Ajayu, 9(1), 1–52.Google Scholar
Haggard, S., & Kaufman, R. (2008). Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hernández, T. (2013). Affirmative Action in the Americas. Americas Quarterly. Accessed May 27, 2021. www.americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/affirmative-action-in-the-americas/.Google Scholar
Herrero, M., & Tussie, D. (2015). UNASUR Health: A Quiet Revolution in Health Diplomacy in South America. Global Social Policy, 15(3), 261–277.Google Scholar
Holland, A. (2017). Forbearance as Redistribution: The Politics of Informal Welfare in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holland, A., & Schneider, B. (2017). Easy and Hard Redistribution: The Political Economy of Welfare States in Latin America. Perspectives on Politics, 15, 988–1006.Google Scholar
Hicks, T. (2009). Strategic Partisanship Policy Seekers. Ph.D. dissertation. Oxford: University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Huber, E., & Stephens, J. (2012). Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Huber, E., Mustillo, T., & Stephens, J. (2008). Politics and social spending in Latin America. The Journal of Politics, 70(2), 420–436.Google Scholar
Huber, E., & Niedzwiecki, S. (2015). Emerging Welfare States in Latin America and East Asia. In Leibfried, S., Huber, E., Lange, M., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Transformations of the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 796–812.Google Scholar
Huber, E., & Niedzwiecki, S. (2018). Changing Systems of Social Protection in the Context of the Changing Political Economies since the 1980´s. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 23(7), 2085–2094.Google Scholar
Huber, E., & Pribble, J. (2011). Social Policy and Redistribution under Left Governments in Chile and Uruguay. In Roberts, K. & Levitsky, S., eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 117–138.Google Scholar
Huber, E., & Stephens, J. (2015). Predistribution and Redistribution. Alternative or Complementary Policies? In C. Chwalisz & P. Diamond, eds., The Predistribution Agenda. Tackling Inequality and Supporting Sustainable Growth. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 67–78.Google Scholar
Hunter, W., & Borges Sugiyama, N. (2009). Democracy and Social Policy in Brazil: Advancing Basic Needs, Preserving Privileged Interests. Latin American Politics and Society, 51(2), 29–58.Google Scholar
IDEA. (2019). The Global State of Democracy 2019: Addressing the Ills, Reviving the Promise. www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chapters/the-global-state-of-democracy-2019-key-findings.pdf.Google Scholar
ILO. (2013). Domestic Workers across the World: Global and Regional Statistics and the Extent of Legal Protection. International Labour Office. Geneva: ILO.Google Scholar
ILO. (2021). ILO Social Protection Platform. Concepts and Definitions. Accessed January 12, www.social-protection.org/gimi/ShowWiki.action?wiki.wikiId=1113.Google Scholar
IMF. (1995). Social Dimensions of the IMF’s Policy Dialogue. World Summit for Social Development. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pam/pam47/pam47.pdf.Google Scholar
Korpi, W. (1989). Power, Politics, and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship: Social Rights during Sickness in Eighteen OECD Countries since 1930. American Sociological Review, 54(3), 309–328.Google Scholar
Korpi, W., & Palme, J. (1998) The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries, American Sociological Review, 63(5), 661–687.Google Scholar
Lamprea, E. (2014). Colombia’s Right-to-Health Litigation in a Context of Health Care Reform. In Flood, C., & Gross, A., eds., The Right to Health at the Public/Private Divide: A Global Comparative Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 131–158.Google Scholar
Latinobarómetro. (2018). Informe 2018. Banco de Datos en Línea. https://latinobarometro.org/lat.jspGoogle Scholar
Lavinas, L. (2015). Anti-Poverty Schemes Instead of Social Protection. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, 7(1), 112–171.Google Scholar
Lavinas, L. (2017). The Takeover of Social Policy by Financialization: The Brazilian Paradox. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lavinas, L. (2021). Latin America at the Crossroads Yet Again: What Income Policies in the Post-Pandemic Era? Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 42(1–2), 79–89.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S., & Roberts, K. (2011). The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, S., & Schady, N. (2013). Latin America’s Social Policy Challenge: Education, Social Insurance, Redistribution. Journal of EconomicPerspectives, 27(2), 193–218.Google Scholar
López-Calva, L., & Lustig, N. (2010). Declining Inequality in Latin America: A Decade of Progress? Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Lo Vuolo, R. (1995). Contra la exclusión. La propuesta del ingreso ciudadano. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila.Google Scholar
Lo Vuolo, R., ed. (2013). Citizen’s Income and Welfare Regimes in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lo Vuolo, R. (2016). The Limits of Autonomy in Latin American Social Policies: Promoting Human Capital or Social Control? European Journal of Social Theory, 19(2),1–17.Google Scholar
Lustig, N. (2017a). Fiscal Redistribution and Ethnoracial Inequality in Bolivia, Brazil, and Guatemala. Latin American Research Review, 52(2), 208–220.Google Scholar
Lustig, N. (2017b). El impacto del sistema tributario y el gasto social en la distribución del ingreso y la pobreza en América Latina: Una aplicación del marco metodológico del Proyecto Compromiso con la Equidad (CEQ). TrimestreEconómico, 84, 493–568.Google Scholar
Lustig, N., Lopez-Calva, L.F., & Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2016). Deconstructing the Decline in Inequality in Latin America. In K. Basu & J. Stiglitz, eds., Inequality and Growth: Patterns and Policy: Volume II: Regions and Regularities. London: Palgrave MacMillan (and World Bank).Google Scholar
Lustig, N., & Pereira, C. (2016). The Impact of the Tax System and Social Spending on Income Redistribution and Poverty Reduction in Latin America. Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, 219(4), 117–132.Google Scholar
Madrid, R., Hunter, W., & Weyland, K. (2010). The Policies and Performance of the Contestatory and Moderate Left. In Weyland, K., Madrid, R., & Hunter, W., eds., Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–180.Google Scholar
Mahon, J. (Forthcoming). Taxation, State Capacity and Redistribution in Latin America. In Arza, C., Blofield, M., & Filgueira, F., eds., The Oxford International Handbook of Governance and Management for Social Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mahon, R. (2015). Integrating the Social into CEPAL’s Neo-Structuralist Discourse. Global Social Policy, 5(1), 3–22Google Scholar
Malloy, J. (1979). The Politics of Social Security in Brazil. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Martinez, R., & Maldonado, R. (2019) Institutional Framework for Social Development. In Martinez, R., ed., Institutional frameworks for social policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago: ECLAC, pp. 21–47.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. (2008a). Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Capturing Constellations of Markets, Families, and Policies. Latin American Politics and Society, 50(2), 67–100.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. (2008b). ¿Arañando bienestar? Trabajo remunerado, protección social y familias en Centroamérica. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J. (2021) Conferencia Inaugural Cátedra Humboldt, University of Costa Rica, April 26. https://bit.ly/3nUoJqNGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Franzoni, J., & Mesa-Lago, C. (2003). Pensiones y Salud: Avances, Problemas Pendientes y Recomendaciones, San José: Fundacion Friedrich Ebert.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J., & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2015). Public Social Services and Income Inequality. In Berg, J., ed., Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 287–315.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J., & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2016). The Quest for Universal Social Policy in the South Actors, Ideas and Architectures. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J., & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2018). Undoing Segmentation? Latin American Health Care Policy During the Economic Boom. Social Policy and Administration, 52, 1181–1200.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J., & Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2019). Overcoming segmentation in Social Policy? Comparing New Early Education and Child Care Efforts in Costa Rica and Uruguay. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 38(4), 423–437.Google Scholar
Martínez Franzoni, J., & Voorend, K. (2012). Blacks, Whites, or Grays? Conditional Transfers and Gender Equality in Latin America. Social Politics 19(3), 383–407.Google Scholar
Martín-Mayoral, F., & Sastre, J. F. (2017). Determinants of Social Spending in Latin America During and After the Washington Consensus: A Dynamic Panel Error-Correction Model Analysis. Latin American Economic Review, 26(10), 1–32.Google Scholar
Mateo, M., & Rodriguez, L. (2015). Who Cares about Childcare? Estimations of Childcare Use in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: BID.Google Scholar
Mayer-Foulkes, D., & Larrea, C. (2007). Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities: Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Peru. In Giuffrida, A., ed., Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: IADB, pp. 131–135.Google Scholar
McGuire, J. (2010). Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, C. (1979). Social Security in Latin America: Pressure Groups, Stratification and Inequality. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, C. (2006). Structural Pension Reform—Privatization. In Clark, G., Munnell, A., Williams, K., & Orszag, J., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Pensions and Retirement Income, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 663–683.Google Scholar
Montaño, S. (2011). Una mirada a la crisis de los márgenes. Cuadernos de la CEPAL 96, CEPAL, Santiago de Chile. https://cepal.org/es/publicaciones/27856-mirada-la-crisis-margenesGoogle Scholar
Molyneux, M. (2006). Mothers at the Service of the New Poverty Agenda: Progresa/ Oportunidades, Mexico’s Conditional Transfer Programme. Social Policy and Administration, 40(4), 425–449.Google Scholar
Molyneux, M. (2009). Conditional Cash Transfers: A “Pathway to Women’s Empowerment”? Pathways to Women’s Empowerment Working Paper 5. IDS, University of Sussex. https://bit.ly/3AE0fKbGoogle Scholar
Molyneux, M., Jones, N., & Samuels, F. (2016). Can Cash Transfer Programmes have “Transformative” Effects? Journal of Development Studies, 52(8), 1087–1098.Google Scholar
Montenegro, F., & Acevedo, O. (2013). Colombia Case Study: The Subsidized Regime of Colombia’s National Health Insurance System. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Murillo, M., Oliveros, V., & Vaishnav, M. (2011). Economic Constraints and Presidential Agency. In Levitsky, S. & Roberts, K., eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 52–70.Google Scholar
Nagels, N. (2018). Incomplete Universalization? Peruvian Social Policy Reform, Universalism, and Gendered Outcomes. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(3), 410–431.Google Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2014). The Effect of Unions and Organized Civil Society on Social Policy: Pension and Health Reforms in Argentina and Brazil, 1988–2008. Latin American Politics and Society, 56, 22–48.Google Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2015). Social Policy Commitment in South America: The Effect of Organized Labor on Social Spending from 1980 to 2010. Journal of Politics in Latin America,7(2), 3–42.Google Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2016). Social Policies, Attribution of Responsibility, and Political Alignments: A Subnational Analysis of Argentina and Brazil. Comparative Political Studies, 49(4), 457–498.Google Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2018). Uneven Social Policies: The Politics of Subnational Variation in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S. (2021). Welfare States and Immigration in Latin America: Immigrants’s Inclusion to Social Policy in Argentina. Kellogg’s Work-in-Progress Seminar Manuscript.Google Scholar
Niedzwiecki, S., & Anria, S. (2019). The Participatory Politics of Social Policies in Bolivia and Brazil. Latin American Politics & Society, 61(2), 115–137.Google Scholar
Nin-Pratt, A., & Valdés Conroy, H. (2020). After the Boom: Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean. IDB Technical Note 02082. https://publications.iadb.org/en/after-boom-agriculture-latin-america-and-caribbeanGoogle Scholar
Noy, S., & Voorend, K. (2016). Social Rights and Migrant Realities. Migration Policy Reform and Migrants’ Access to Health Care in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Chile. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(2), 605–629.Google Scholar
Ocampo, J. (2017). Commodity-Led Development in Latin America. International Development Policy, 9, 51–76.Google Scholar
Ocampo, J., & Gómez-Arteaga, N. (2016). Social protection systems in Latin America: An Assessment. ILO Working Papers 994902513402676. https://bit.ly/3PjNfNPGoogle Scholar
O’Donnell, G. (1993). On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries. World Development, 21(8), 1355–1369.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, G. (1994). Ciudadanía, autoritarismo social y consolidación democrática. Estudios Políticos, 2, 167, 173.Google Scholar
O’Neill, K. L. (2010). City of God: Christian Citizenship in Postwar Guatemala. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
OECD. (2020). Enrolment Rates in Early Childhood Education and Care Services and Primary Education, 3- to 5-Year-Olds. OECD Family Database. https://data.oecd.org/students/enrolment-rate-in-early-childhood-education.htmGoogle Scholar
Osorio Gonnet, C. (2018b). Comparative Analysis of the Adoption of Conditional Cash Transfers Programs in Latin America. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 21(4), 385–401.Google Scholar
Otero-Bahamon, S. (2016). When the state minds the gap: the politics of subnational inequality in Latin America. Ph.D. dissertation. Evanston: Northwestern University.Google Scholar
Otero-Bahamon, S. (2019). Subnational Inequality in Latin America: Empirical and Theoretical Implications of Moving beyond Interpersonal Inequality. Studies in Comparative International Development, 54(2), 185–209.Google Scholar
PAHO. (2015). Experts Seek Ways to Boost Public Spending on Health in Latin America and the Caribbean to Achieve and Sustain Universal Health. Pan American Health Organization. https://www3.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11500:2015-experts-seek-ways-to-boost-public-spending-on-health-to-achieve-sdg&Itemid=1926&lang=enGoogle Scholar
Perreira, K., & Telles, E. (2014). The Color of Health: Skin Color, Ethnoracial Classification, and Discrimination in the Health of Latin Americans. Social Science & Medicine, 116, 241–250.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (1994). Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. Cambridge, England, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics. The American Political Science Review, 94(2), 251–267.Google Scholar
Pribble, J. (2006). The Politics of Women’s Welfare in Chile and Uruguay. Latin American Research Review, 41, 84–111.Google Scholar
Pribble, J. (2013). Welfare and Party Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pribble, J. (2015). The Politics of Building Municipal Institutional Effectiveness in Chile. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(3), 100–121.Google Scholar
Pribble, J., & Huber, E. (2011). Social Policy and Redistribution: Chile and Uruguay. In Levitsky, S. & Roberts, K., eds., The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 117–138.Google Scholar
Reygadas, L., & Filgueira, F. (2010). Inequality and the Incorporation Crisis: The Left’s Social Policy Toolkit. In Maxwell, C. & Hershberg, E., eds., Latin America’s Left Turns: Politics, Policies and Trajectories of Change. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 171–192.Google Scholar
Rich, J. (2019). State-Sponsored Activism: Bureaucrats and Social Movements in Democratic Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rinehart, C., & McGuire, J. (2017). Obstacles to Takeup. Ecuador’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program, The Bono de Desarrollo Humano. World Development, 97, 165–177.Google Scholar
Rodriguez Enriquez, C., & Marzonetto, G. (2015). Organización social del cuidado y desigualdad: el déficit de políticas públicas de cuidado en Argentina. Revista Perspectivas de Políticas Públicas, 4(8), 103–134.Google Scholar
Rofman, R., Apella, I., & Vezza, E. (2015). Beyond Contributory Pensions: Fourteen Experiences with Coverage Expansion in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Romero, W., & Orantes, A. (2017). Estudio sobre racismo, discriminación y brechas de desigualdad en Guatemala. México: CEPAL.Google Scholar
Rossi, F. (2015). The Second Wave of Incorporation in Latin America: A Conceptualization of the Quest for Inclusion Applied to Argentina. Latin American Politics and Society, 57(1), 1–28.Google Scholar
Rueda, D. (2005). Insider–outsider Politics in Industrialized Democracies: The Challenge to Social Democratic Parties. American Political Science Review, 99, 61–74.Google Scholar
Ruttenberg, T. (2019). Post-neoliberalism and Latin America. In Cupples, J., Palomino-Schalscha, M., & Prieto, M., eds., The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Development. New York: Routledge, pp. 111–120.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2019). The Surprising Reduction of Inequality During a Commodity Boom: What Do We Learn from Latin America? Journal of Economic Policy Reform, (2), 1–24. https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17487870.2019.1628757Google Scholar
Sánchez-Ancochea, D. (2021). The Costs of Inequality in Latin America: Lessons and Warnings for the Rest of the World. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Sala, G. (2017). Reorientación De La Política Previsional Argentina Y Acceso De Los Migrantes Limítrofes a La Seguridad Social. Migraciones Internacionales, 9(1), 119–149.Google Scholar
Segura-Ubiergo, A. (2007). The Political Economy of the Welfare in Latin America. Globalization, Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sepúlveda, M. (2014). De La Retórica a La Práctica: El Enfoque De Derechos En La Protección Social En América Latina. Serie Políticas Sociales – CEPAL, 189, 1–74.Google Scholar
Silva, E. (2015). Social Movements, Protest, and Policy. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 100, 27–39.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research. In P. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & S. Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–43.Google Scholar
Smith, P. (2012). Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Soifer, H. (2012). Measuring State Capacity in Contemporary Latin America. Revista de Ciencia Política, 32(3), 585–598.Google Scholar
Sojo, A. (2011). De la evanescencia a la mira: el cuidado como eje de políticas y de actores en América Latina. Serie Seminarios y Conferencias – CEPAL, 67, 1–70.Google Scholar
Sojo, A. (2017). Protección social en América Latina: la desigualdad en el banquillo. Santiago: United Nations.Google Scholar
Staab, S. (2012). Maternalism, Male-Breadwinner Bias, and Market Reform: Historical Legacies and Current Reforms in Chilean Social Policy. Social Politics, 19(3), 299–332.Google Scholar
Staab, S. (2016). Opportunities and Constraints on Gender-Egalitarian Policy Change: Michelle Bachelet’s Social Protection Agenda (2006–2010). In Waylen, G., ed., Gender, Institutions, and Change in Bachelet´s Chile. London: Institute of the Americas, pp. 121–146.Google Scholar
Staab, S., & Gherard, R. (2010). Childcare Expansion in Chile and Mexico: For Women or Children or Both? Geneva: UNRISD.Google Scholar
Staab, S., & Gerhard, R. (2011). Putting Two and Two Together? Early Childhood Education, Mothers’ Employment and Care Service Expansion in Chile and Mexico. Development and Change, 42(4), 1079–1107.Google Scholar
Telles, E., & Paixão, M. (2013). Affirmative Action in Brazil. LASA Forum, XLIV(2), 10–11.Google Scholar
Tillin, L., & Duckett, J. (2017). The Politics of Social Policy: Welfare Expansion in Brazil, China, India and South Africa in Comparative Perspective. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55(3), 253–277.Google Scholar
Tomazini, C. (2020). Esquiver les critiques: les institutions financières internationals face aux politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté au Brésil et au Mexique. Critique Internationale, 3(88), 51–70.Google Scholar
Wampler, B., Sugiyama, N., & Touchton, M. (2020). Democracy at Work: Pathways to Well-Being in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
UNDP. (2015). Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Informe de 2015. https://undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/es/UNDP_MDG_Report_2015.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNDP. (2019). Human Development Report 2019. Beyond Income, Beyond Averages, Beyond Today: Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century. New York: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Uribe-Gómez, M. (2017). Nuevos cambios, viejos esquemas: las políticas de salud en México y Colombia en los años 2000. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 33(2), 1–12.Google Scholar
Vieira, R. S., & Arends-Kuenning, M. (2019). Affirmative Action in Brazilian Universities: Effects on the Enrollment of Targeted Groups. Economics of Education Review, 73, 10–11.Google Scholar
Voorend, K. (2019). ¿Un imán de bienestar en el Sur? Migración y política social en Costa Rica. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Wampler, B., Borges Sugiyama, N., & Touchton, M. (2019). Democracy at Work: Pathways to Well-Being in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weible, K., Böger, T., & Berten, J. (2015). FLOORCASH-Basic. The Basic Dataset on Social Cash Transfers in the Global South, Version 2. Research Project FLOOR (FloorCash). Germany: Bielefeld University.Google Scholar
Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2014). Curbing Clientelism in Argentina: Politics, Poverty, and Social Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weyland, K. (2005). Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform. World Politics, 57, 262–295.Google Scholar
Weyland, K., de la Madrid, R., & Hunter, W. (2010). Leftist Governments in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, J. (2000). What Should the World Bank Think About the Washington Consensus? The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 251–264.Google Scholar
World Bank. (1994). Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bank, World. (2019). ASPIRE: The Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity. The World Bank. Accessed on February 16, 2020. https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/datatopics/aspire.Google Scholar
Zarate Tenorio, B. (2014). Social Spending Responses to Organized Labor and Mass Protests in Latin America, 1970–2007. Comparative Political Studies, 47(14), 1945–1972.Google Scholar