Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T14:52:43.222Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Rise of American Girls' Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2021

Ashley N. Reese
Affiliation:
University of South Florida

Summary

This Element looks at the publishing history of the genre, girls' literature, in the United States spanning 1850–1940. The genre is set in context, beginning with an examination of the early American women's literature that preceded girls' literature. Then the Element explores several sub-genres of girls' literature, the family story, orphan story, school story, as well as African American girls' literature. Underpinning each of these stories is the bildungsroman, which overwhelmingly ends with girls 'growing down' to marry and raise children, following the ideals outlined in the cult of domesticity.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108942546
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 17 June 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Alcott, L. M. (1868–9). Little Women. Boston, MA: Roberts Brothers.Google Scholar
Bancroft, E. (1917). Jane Allen of the Sub-Team. Akron, OH: Saalfield Publishing.Google Scholar
Blanchard, A. E. (1906). The Four Corners. Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs.Google Scholar
Blume, J. (1975). Forever. New York: Bradbury Press.Google Scholar
Brown, H. D. (1886). Two College Girls. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin.Google Scholar
Bunyan, J. (1678). Pilgrim’s Progress. London: Nathaniel Ponder.Google Scholar
Canfield, D. (1916). Understood Betsy. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Champney, L. W. (1883). Three Vassar Girls Abroad: Rambles of Three College Girls on a Vacation Trip through France and Spain for Amusement and Instruction. Boston, MA: Estes and Lauriat.Google Scholar
Champney, L. W. (1885). Three Vassar Girls in South America. A Holiday Trip of Three College Girls through the Southern Continent, Up the Amazon, Down the Madeira, Across the Andes, and Up the Pacific Coast to Panama. Boston, MA: Estes and Lauriat.Google Scholar
Collins, S. (2008–10). The Hunger Games series. New York: Scholastic.Google Scholar
Collins, S. (2010). Mockingjay. New York: Scholastic.Google Scholar
Coolidge, S. (1872). What Katy Did. Boston, MA: Robert Brothers.Google Scholar
Fauset, J. R., ed., (1920–1). The Brownies’ Book. New York: DuBois and Dill.Google Scholar
Finley, M. (1867–1905). Elsie Dinsmore series. New York: M.W. Dodd.Google Scholar
Finley, M. (1867). Elsie Dinsmore. New York: M.W. Dodd.Google Scholar
Finley, M. (1868). Elsie’s Holidays at Roselands. New York: M.W. Dodd.Google Scholar
Follen, E. L. C. (1838). Sketches of Married Life. Boston, MA: Hilliard, Gray, and Co.Google Scholar
Gilman, C. (1838). Recollections of a Southern Matron. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Graves, A. J. (1844). Girlhood and Womanhood; or, Sketches of my Schoolmates. Boston, MA: T.H. Carter.Google Scholar
Grove, H. P. (1931). Betty Lee series. New York: A.L. Burt.Google Scholar
Harper, F. E. W. (1892/2010). Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted. New York: Penguin Classics.Google Scholar
Harper, F. E. W. (1888/1994). Minnie’s Sacrifice; Sowing and Reaping; Trial and Triumph: Three Rediscovered Novels by Frances E.W. Harper. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, A. E. (1890/1988). Clarence and Corinne; or, God’s Way. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, A. E. (1894/1988). The Hazeley Family. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, A. F. (1895–1907). Little Colonel series. Boston, MA: L.C. Page.Google Scholar
Johnston, A. F. (1895). Little Colonel. Boston, MA: L.C. Page.Google Scholar
Johnston, A. F. (1903). The Little Colonel at Boarding-School. Boston, MA: L.C. Page.Google Scholar
Johnston, A. F. (1907). The Little Colonel’s Knight Comes Riding. Boston, MA: L.C. Page.Google Scholar
Lester, P. (1922). Marjorie Dean, College Freshman. New York: A.L. Burt.Google Scholar
Lester, P. (1917–25). Marjorie Dean series. New York: A.L. Burt.Google Scholar
Lovelace, M. H. (1940–55). Betsy-Tacy series. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Google Scholar
Lovelace, M. H. (1946). Betsy in Spite of Herself. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Google Scholar
Pascal, F. (1983–2003). Sweet Valley High series. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Patmore, C. (1854). The Angel in the House. London: John W. Parker.Google Scholar
Porter, E. (1913). Pollyanna. Boston, MA: L.C. Page.Google Scholar
Porter, E. (1915). Pollyanna Grows Up. Boston, MA: L.C. Page.Google Scholar
Richards, L. H. (1921–3). Caroline series. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Richards, L. H. (1921). Then Came Caroline.Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Rowson, S. (1794). Charlotte Temple. Philadelphia: Matthew Carey.Google Scholar
Sawyer, R. (1936). Roller Skates. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Sawyer, R. (1940). The Year of Jubilo. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, C. M. (1822). A New-England Tale. New York: Bliss & White.Google Scholar
Speed, N. (1917). The Carter Girls. New York: A.L. Burt.Google Scholar
Stowe, H. B. (1852). Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Boston, MA: John P. Jewett.Google Scholar
Stratton Porter, G. (1909). A Girl of the Limberlost. New York: Doubleday, Page.Google Scholar
Warde, M. (1906). Betty Wales, Freshman. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing.Google Scholar
Warde, M. (1912). Nancy Lee. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing.Google Scholar
Warner, S. (1850). The Wide, Wide World. New York: G.P. Putnam.Google Scholar
Webster, J. (1903). When Patty Went to College. New York: The Century Company.Google Scholar
Webster, J. (1911). Just Patty. New York: The Century Company.Google Scholar
Webster, J. (1912). Daddy Long Legs. New York: The Century Company.Google Scholar
Webster, J. (1915). Dear Enemy. New York: The Century Company.Google Scholar
Wells, C. (1907). Marjorie’s Vacation. New York: Dodd, Mead.Google Scholar
Wiggin, K. D. (1903). Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin.Google Scholar
Wilder, L. I. (1932–71). Little House series. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Abate, M. A. (2008). Tomboys: A Literary and Cultural History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Advertisement 151. (1910). The Bookman: A Review of Books and Life, 30(6), 822.Google Scholar
Advertisement 13. (1918). The Youth’s Companion, 92(42), 544.Google Scholar
Avery, G. (1992). Home and family: English and American ideals in the nineteenth century. In Butts, D., ed., Stories and Society: Children’s Literature in its Social Context. Basingstoke: Macmillan Academic and Professional, pp. 3749.Google Scholar
Avery, G. (1994). Behold the Child: American Children and their Books 1621–1922. London: Bodley Head.Google Scholar
Baym, N. (1992). Feminism and American Literary History. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Baym, N. (1993). Woman’s Fiction: A Guide to Novels by and about Women in America, 1820–1870, 2nd edn. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, R. (2011). Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, R. S. (2007). Free within Ourselves: The Development of African American Children’s Literature. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Christian, B. (1988).Introduction. In The Hazeley Family. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. xxviixxxvii.Google Scholar
Cockett, L. S. & Kleinberg, J. R. (1994). Periodical literature for African-American young adults: A neglected resource. In Smith, K. P., ed., African-American Voices in Young Adult Literature: Tradition, Transition, Transformation. Latham, MD: Scarecrow Press, pp. 115–67.Google Scholar
Cooperative Children’s Book Center. (2020). Books by and/or about Black, Indigenous, and People of Color. https://ccbc.education.wisc.edu/literature-resources/ccbc-diversity-statistics/books-by-and-or-about-poc-2019/.Google Scholar
D’Amico, L. (2017). Finding God’s way: Amelia E. Johnson’s Clarence and Corinne as a path to religious resistance for African American children. In Duane, A. M. & Capshaw, K., eds., Who Writes for Black Children? African American Children’s Literature before 1900. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 182–99.Google Scholar
Dorré, G. M. (2006). Victorian Fiction and the Cult of the Horse. Abingdon: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Douglas, A. (1977). The Feminization of American Culture. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Duane, A. M. & Capshaw, K., eds. (2017). Who Writes for Black Children? African American Children’s Literature before 1900. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Fielder, B. (2017). Black girls, white girls, American girls: Slavery and racialized perspectives in abolitionist and neoabolitionist children’s literature. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 36(2), 323–52.Google Scholar
Foster, S. & Simons, J. (1995). What Katy Read: Feminist Re-Readings of “Classic” Stories for Girls. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.Google Scholar
Fraustino, L. R. & Coats, K. (2016). Mothers wanted. In Fraustino, L. R. & Coats, K., eds., Mothers in Children’s and Young Adult Literature: From Eighteenth Century to Postfeminism. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press, pp. 324.Google Scholar
Friedan, B. (1963). The Feminine Mystique. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Gilbert, S. & Gubar, S. (2000). The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination, 2nd edn. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
A girl’s bookshelf. (13 Nov. 1921). New York Times, BRM9.Google Scholar
Gulliver, L. (1960). Louisa May Alcott: A Bibliography. New York: Burt Franklin.Google Scholar
Hale, E. (2010). Disability and the individual talent: Adolescent girlhood in The Pillars of the House and What Katy Did. Women’s Writing, 17(2), 343–60.Google Scholar
Harris, J. (2016). Black Canadian contexts: The case of Amelia E. Johnson. African American Review, 49(3), 241–59.Google Scholar
Hochman, B. (2011). Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Reading Revolution: Race Literacy, Childhood, and Fiction, 1851–1911. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Inness, S. A. (1995). Intimate Communities: Representation and Social Transformation in Women’s College Fiction, 1895–1910. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. (1990). Telling Tales: The Pedagogy and Promise of African American Literature for Youth. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Keith, L. (2001). Take Up Thy Bed and Walk: Death, Disability and Cure in Classic Fiction for Girls. London: Women’s Press.Google Scholar
Lubovich, M. (2008). “Married or single?”: Catharine Maria Sedgwick on old maids, wives, and marriage. Legacy, 25(1), 2340.Google Scholar
MacLeod, A. S. (1994). American Childhood: Essays on Children’s Literature of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Marchalonis, S. (1995). College Girls: A Century in Fiction. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, G. (1987). “Just a Housewife”: The Rise and Fall of Domesticity in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCandless, A. T. (1987). Concepts of patriarchy in the popular novels of antebellum southern women. Studies in Popular Culture, 10(2), 116.Google Scholar
Mills, C. (1987). Children in search of a family: Orphan novels through the century. Children’s Literature in Education, 18(4), 227–39.Google Scholar
Monthly literary bulletin. (1844). The United States Magazine, and Democratic Review, 14(71), 552.Google Scholar
Nelson, C. (1991). What Katy read: Susan Coolidge and the image of the Victorian child. In Children’s Literature Quarterly, 1991 Proceedings, pp. 217–22.Google Scholar
Nikolajeva, M. (2000). From Mythic to Linear: Time in Children’s Literature. Latham, MD: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Nikolajeva, M. (2005). Aesthetic Approaches to Children’s Literature: An Introduction. Latham, MD: Scarecrow Press.Google Scholar
Noble, M. (2000). Masochistic Pleasures of Sentimental Literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary Online. (2020). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, J. (2016). The romance of othermothering in Backfisch books. In Fraustino, L. R. & Coats, K., eds., Mothers in Children’s and Young Adult Literature: From Eighteenth Century to Postfeminism. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press, pp. 5974.Google Scholar
Pratt, A. (1981). Archetypal Patterns in Women’s Fiction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Radway, J. A. (1997). A Feeling for Books: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Literary Taste, and Middle-Class Desire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ravenel, H. E. (1898). Ravenel Records. Atlanta, GA: Franklin Printing and Publishing.Google Scholar
Real books for real girls. (Dec. 5, 1909). New York Times, LS20.Google Scholar
Review 7. (1898). The Bookman; a Review of Books and Life, 7(3), 255.Google Scholar
Rosoff, N. G. & Spencer, S. (2019). British and American School Stories, 1910–1960: Fiction, Femininity, and Friendship. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rowbotham, J. (1989). Good Girls Make Good Wives: Guidance for Girls in Victorian Fiction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Sanders, J. S. (2011). Disciplining Girls: Understanding the Origins of the Classic Orphan Girl Story. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Sardella-Ayres, D. (2018). Food and community in American college girl fiction. FEAST Journal: Consuming Children, 1, n.p.Google Scholar
Sardella-Ayres, D. (2019). Rewriting and re-whiting The Little Colonel: Racial anxieties, tomboyism, and Lloyd Sherman. Children’s Literature, 47, 79103.Google Scholar
Sardella-Ayres, D. & Reese, A. N. (2020). Constructing girls’ literature through the bildungsroman in Canada and the United States. Girlhood Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(3), 3349.Google Scholar
Schafer, E. (1998). “I’m gonna glory in learnin’”: Academic aspirations of African American characters in children’s literature. African American Review, 32(1), 5766.Google Scholar
Seelye, J. (2005).Jane Eyre’s American Daughters: From The Wide, Wide World to Anne of Green Gables a Study of Marginalized Maidens and What They Mean. Newark: University of Delaware Press.Google Scholar
Showalter, E. (1991). Sister’s Choice: Tradition and Change in American Women’s Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Showalter, E. (2009). A Jury of Her Peers: American Woman Writers from Anne Bradstreet to Annie Proulx. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Smedman, M.S. (1985). Martha Finley (26 April 1828–30 January 1909). In Estes, G. E., ed., American Writers for Children Before 1900. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, pp. 177–85.Google Scholar
Smith-Rosenberg, C. (1985). Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America. New York: A.A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Society of Phantom Friends. (1997). The Girls’ Series Companion: 1997. Henderson, NV: SynSine Press.Google Scholar
Spillers, H. (1988). Introduction. In Clarence and Corinne; or, God’s Way. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. xxviixxxviii.Google Scholar
Stoneley, P. (2003). Consumerism and American Girls’ Literature, 1860–1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tebbel, J. (1972). The Creation of an Industry, 1630–1865. Vol. I of A History of Book Publishing in the United States. New York: R.R. Bowker.Google Scholar
Tebbel, J. (1975). The Expansion of an Industry, 1865–1919. Vol. II of A History of Book Publishing in the United States. New York: R.R. Bowker.Google Scholar
Troester, R. R. (1984). Turbulence and tenderness: Mothers, daughters, and “othermothers” in Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones. SAGE: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women, 1(2), 1316.Google Scholar
Weedon, A. (2019). The uses of quantification. In Eliot, S. & Rose, J., eds., A Companion to the History of the Book, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 3150.Google Scholar
Welter, B. (1976). Dimity Convictions: The American Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, N. S. (2016). Black Girlhood in the Nineteenth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Rise of American Girls' Literature
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Rise of American Girls' Literature
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Rise of American Girls' Literature
Available formats
×