Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:15:51.195Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Whole-Child Development, Learning, and Thriving

A Dynamic Systems Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2021

Pamela Cantor
Affiliation:
Turnaround for Children
Richard M. Lerner
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Karen J. Pittman
Affiliation:
The Forum for Youth Investment
Paul A. Chase
Affiliation:
Tufts University, Massachusetts
Nora Gomperts
Affiliation:
Turnaround for Children

Summary

We discuss whole-child development, learning, and thriving through a dynamic systems theory lens that focuses on the United States and includes an analysis of historical challenges in the American public education system, including inequitable resources, opportunities, and outcomes. To transform US education systems, developmental and learning scientists, educators, policymakers, parents, and communities must apply the knowledge they have today to 1. challenge the assumptions and goals that drove the design of the current US education system, 2. articulate a revised, comprehensive definition of whole-child development, learning, and thriving that accepts rather than simplifies how human beings develop, 3. create a profound paradigm shift in how the purpose of education is described in the context of social, cultural, and political forces, including the impacts of race, privilege, and bias and 4. describe a new dynamic 'language' for measurement of both the academic competencies and the full set of 21st century skills.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108954600
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 20 May 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1968). The person in psychology: Selected essays. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Ambrose, A. J. H. (2020). Inequities during COVID-19. Pediatrics, 146(2), e20201501. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1501Google Scholar
Anderson, R. E., McKenny, M., & Mitchell, A. (2018). EMBRacing racial stress and trauma: Preliminary feasibility and coping responses of a racial socialization intervention. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(1), 2546.Google Scholar
Bailey, R., Meland, E. A., Brion-Meisels, G., & Jones, S. M. (2019). Getting developmental science back into schools: Can what we know about self-regulation help change how we think about “No Excuses”? Frontiers in Psychology, 10(01885), 115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01885CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, J. (1962). As much truth as one can bear, New York Times Book Review, January 14, 120, 148.Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., Lindenberger, U., & Staudinger, U. M. (2006). Life span theory in developmental psychology. In Lerner, R.M. (ed.), Theoretical models of human development. Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 1, 6th ed., pp.569664). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Bateson, P. & Gluckman, P. (2011). Plasticity, development and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr240Google Scholar
Benson, P. L. & Pittman, K. J. (eds.). (2001). Trends in youth development: Visions, realities and challenges. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1459-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, B. E., Meissner, A., & Lander, E. S. (2007). The mammalian epigenome. Cell, 128(4), 669–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.033Google Scholar
Blair, C. & Ursache, A. (2011). A bidirectional model of executive functions and self-regulation. In Baumeister, R.F. & Vohs, K. D. (eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (2nd ed., pp. 300–20). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bloom, B. S. (1984). The 2 Sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Researcher, 13(6), 416. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X013006004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, B. S. (ed.). (1985). Developing talent in young people. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). COVID‐19 and inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12232CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogard, K., Murry, V. M., & Alexander, C. (eds.) (2017). Perspectives on health equity & social determinants of health. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boldrini, M., Placidi, G., & Marazziti, D. (1998). Applications of chaos theories to psychiatry: A review and future perspectives. CNS Spectrums, 3(1), 22–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900005356Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (2017). The specificity principle in acculturation science. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 12(1), 345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616655997Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (ed.). (2019a). Handbook of parenting. Abington, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. (2019b). Fostering optimal development and averting detrimental development: Prescriptions, proscriptions, and specificity. Applied Developmental Science, 23(4), 340–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1421424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. & Leventhal, T. (2015). (eds.). Ecological settings and processes. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol. 4, 7th ed.). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. & Putnick, D. L. (2019). The architecture of the child mind: g, Fs, and the hierarchical model of intelligence. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027307Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Esposito, G. (2017). Continuity and stability in development. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 113–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12221CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouie, J. (2020). “Beyond ‘white fragility’.” The New York Times, June 26. www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/opinion/blackBlack-lives-matter-injustice.htmlGoogle Scholar
Brackett, M. A., Elbertson, N. A., & Rivers, S. E. (2015). Applying theory to the development of approaches to SEL. In Durlak, J. A., Domitrovich, C. E., Weissberg, R. P., & Gullotta, T. P. (eds.), Handbook of social and emotional learning: Research and practice (pp. 2032). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In Damon, W. & Lerner, R.M. (eds.) & Lerner, R. M. (Vol. ed.), Theoretical models of human development. Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 1, 6th ed., pp. 793828). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Burt, C. (1966). The genetic determination of differences in intelligence: A study of monozygotic twins reared together and apart. British Journal of Psychology, 57, 137–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1966.tb01014.xGoogle Scholar
Cantor, P. (2020). Keynote address: Whole child development: Dynamics of trauma, stress, and learning. Learning and the Brain Conference. San Francisco, CA, February 14–16.Google Scholar
Cantor, P. & Osher, D. (in press). The science of learning and development. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cantor, P., Osher, D., Berg, J., Steyer, L. & Rose, T. (2019). Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context. Applied Developmental Science, 23(4), 307–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1398649Google Scholar
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Jones, M. R., & Porter, S. R. (2020). Race and economic opportunity in the United States: An intergenerational perspective. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 711–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz042Google Scholar
Cremin, L. A. (1961). The transformation of the school: Progressivism in American education, 1876–1957. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Csikszenthihalyi, M. & Rathunde, K. (1998). The development of the person: An experiential perspective on the ontogenesis of psychological complexity. In Lerner, R. M. (ed.), Theoretical models of human development. Handbook of child psychology. (Vol. 1, 6th ed., pp. 635–84). Editors-in-chief: Lerner, R. M. and Damon, W.. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K., & Whalen, S. (1993). Talented teenagers: The roots of success and failure. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darling-Hammond, L. (2014). What can PISA tell us about U.S. education policy? New England Journal of Public Policy, 26(1), Article 4, 114.Google Scholar
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859). The origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: J. Murray. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68064Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of emotions in man and animals. London: J. Murray. https://doi.org/10.1037/10001-000Google Scholar
Dawson, T. L. (2020). Rethinking educational assessment in light of a strong theory of development. In Mascolo, M. F. & Bidell, T. R. (eds.), Handbook of integrative developmental science: Essays in honor of Kurt W. Fischer (pp. 423–50). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018599-17Google Scholar
Dweck, C. (2016). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. Jr. (1998). The life course and human development. In Damon, W. (Series ed.) & Lerner, R. M. (Vol. ed.), Theoretical models of human development. Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 1, 5th ed., pp. 939–91). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Elder, G. H. Jr., Shanahan, M. J., & Jennings, J. A. (2015). Human development in time and place. Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, 4, 149. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy402Google Scholar
Emmerich, W. (1968). Personality development and concepts of structure. Child Development 39, 671–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126978Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. Psychological Issues, 1, 50100.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1979). Genetic models, theory of personality and the unification of psychology. In Royce, J. R. & Mos, L. P. (eds.), Theoretical advances in behavior genetics (pp. 517–40). Rockville, MD: Sijthoff and Noordhoff. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8576-6_15Google Scholar
Farrington, C. A. (2020). Equitable learning and development: Applying science to foster liberatory education. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 159–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2019.1609730Google Scholar
Fass, P. S. (1991). Outside in: Minorities and the transformation of American education. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–58.Google Scholar
Fischer, K. W. & Bidell, T. R. (2006). Dynamic development of action and thought. In Lerner, R. M. (ed.). Theoretical models of human development. Handbook of child psychology (Vol 1, 6th ed., pp. 313–99). Editors-in-chief: Damon, W. & Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20917Google Scholar
Fischer, K. W., Rose, L.T., & Rose, S. (2007). Growth cycles of mind and brain: Analyzing developmental pathways of learning disorders. In Fischer, K. W., Bernstein, J. H., & Immordino-Yang, M. H. (eds.), Mind, brain, & education in reading disorders. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fortuna, L. R., Tolou-Shams, M., Robles-Ramamurthy, B., & Porche, M. V. (2020). Inequity and the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on communities of color in the United States: The need for a trauma-informed social justice response. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 443–5. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000889Google Scholar
Freedle, R. (1977). Psychology, Thomian topologies, deviant logics, and human development. In Datan, N. & Reese, H. W. (eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Dialectical perspectives on experimental research (pp. 317–41). New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-203560-9.50024-4Google Scholar
Furman, J. & Seamans, R. (2019). AI and the Economy. Innovation Policy and the Economy, 19, 161–91. https://doi.org/10.1086/699936CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817–18. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review, 105, 792802. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.792-802Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man (revised/expanded ed.). New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation – a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology, 8(1), 415. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300004310Google Scholar
Granott, N. (2020). The puzzle of microdevelopment: Variability, fractals, and why developmental change is so different and still the same. In Mascolo, M. F. & Bidell, T. R. (eds.), Handbook of integrative developmental science: Essays in honor of Kurt W. Fischer (pp. 279307). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018599-11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halfon, N. & Forrest, C. B. (2018). The emerging theoretical framework of life course health development. In Halfon, N., Forrest, C. B., Lerner, R. M., & Faustman, E. (eds.), Handbook of life course health development (pp 1943). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_2Google Scholar
Halfon, N., Forrest, C. B., Lerner, R. M., & Faustman, E. (eds.) (2018). Handbook of life course health development. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3Google Scholar
Hardway, C. (2020). Of interest and engagement: The emotional force of learning and development. In Mascolo, M. F. & Bidell, T. R. (eds.), Handbook of integrative developmental science (pp. 232–61). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harper, L. V. (2005). Epigenetic inheritance and the intergenerational transfer of experience. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 340–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.3.340Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1955). Drives and the C. N. S. (conceptual nervous system). Psychological Review, 62(4), 243–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041823Google Scholar
Hernández, L. E., Darling-Hammond, L., Adams, J., & Bradley, K. (with Duncan Grand, D., Roc, M., & Ross, P.). (2019). Deeper learning networks: Taking student-centered learning and equity to scale. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/deeper-learning-networks-reportGoogle Scholar
Hinton, A. L., Woolford, A., & Benvenuto, J. (eds.). (2014). Colonial genocide in indigenous North America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822376149Google Scholar
Ho, M. W. & Saunders, P. T. (eds.). (1984).Beyond neo-Darwinism: An epigenetic approach to evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 78, 573–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(79)90191-7Google Scholar
Huang, M-H. & Rust, R. T. (2018). Artificial Intelligence in service. Journal of Service Research, 21(2), 155–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670517752459Google Scholar
Hubbard, R. & Wald, E. (1999). Exploding the gene myth: How genetic information is produced and manipulated by scientists, physicians, employers, insurance companies, educators, and law enforcers. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Immordino-Yang, M. H. (2016). Emotion, sociality, and the brain’s default mode network: Insights for educational practice and policy. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(2), 211–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732216656869Google Scholar
Immordino-Yang, M. H. & Damasio, A. (2007). We feel, therefore we learn: The relevance of affective neuroscience to education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-228X.2007.00004.xGoogle Scholar
Immordino-Yang, M. H. & Knecht, D. R. (2020). Building meaning builds teens’ brains. Educational Leadership, 77(8), 3643.Google Scholar
Immordino-Yang, M. H. & Yang, X.-F. (2017). Cultural differences in the neural correlates of social–emotional feelings: An interdisciplinary, developmental perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 3440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.008Google Scholar
Immordino-Yang, M. H., Darling-Hammond, L., & Krone, C. (2018). The brain basis for integrated social, emotional, and academic development: How emotions and social relationships drive learning. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.Google Scholar
Immordino-Yang, M. H., Darling-Hammond, L., & Krone, C. R. (2019). Nurturing nature: How brain development is inherently social and emotional, and what this means for education. Educational Psychologist, 54(3), 185204. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2019.1633924Google Scholar
Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. (2005). Evolution in four dimensions: Genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic variation in the history of life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jones, S. M. & Kahn, J. (2017). The evidence base for how we learn: Supporting students’ social, emotional, and academic development. National Commission on Social, Emotional, and Academic Development Aspen Institute. Retrieved from: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/2017/09/SEAD-Research-Brief-11.1.17.pdfGoogle Scholar
Joseph, J. (2015). The trouble with twin studies: A reassessment of twin research in the social and behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315748382Google Scholar
Keating, D. P. (2016). Transformative role of epigenetics in child development research: Commentary on the Special Section. Child Development, 87(1), 135–42.Google Scholar
Keller, E. F. (2010). The mirage of a space between nature and nurture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392811Google Scholar
Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an Anti-Racist. New York: One World/Random House.Google Scholar
Kluckhohn, C. & Murray, H. (1948). (eds.), Personality in nature, society, and culture. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Koball, H. & Jiang, Y. (2018). Basic facts about low-income children: Children under 18 years, 2016. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.Google Scholar
Knight, C. C. & Fischer, K. W. (1992). Learning to read words: Individual differences in developmental sequences. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13, 377404. https://doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(92)90037-IGoogle Scholar
Kridel, C. (ed.) (2018). Becoming an African American progressive educator. Narratives from 1940s Black progressive high schools. Columbia, SC: Museum of Education, University of South Carolina, Craig Kridel. www.museumofeducation.info/narratives.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Laceulle, O. M., Rentfrow, J., Lamb, M. E., & Alisic, E. (2019). General risk or individual vulnerability? Individual differences in young adult’s health risk behavior after childhood trauma. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 288–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.017Google Scholar
Lee, C. D. (2010). Soaring above the clouds, delving the ocean’s depths: Understanding the ecologies of human learning and the challenge for education science. Educational Researcher, 39(9), 643–55. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X10392139Google Scholar
Lee, C. D. (2017). Integrating research on how people learn and learning across settings as a window of opportunity to address inequality in educational processes and outcomes. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 88111. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X16689046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. D., Nasir, N. S., Pea, R., & deRoyston, M. (2020). Introduction. Reconceptualizing learning: A critical task for knowledge-building and teaching. In Nasir, N., Lee, C., Pea, R., & McKinney, deRoyston (eds.), Handbook of the cultural foundations of learning (pp. xviixxxv). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774977Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (1984). On the nature of human plasticity. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511666988Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (1992). Final solutions: Biology, prejudice, and genocide. University Park: Penn State Press.Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (2004). Liberty: Thriving and civic engagement among America’s youth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (2012). Essay review. Developmental science: Past, present, and future. International Journal of Developmental Science, 6(1–2), 2936. https://doi.org/10.3233/DEV-2012-12102Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. (2018). Concepts and theories of human development (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203581629Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M. & Overton, W. F. (2017). Reduction to absurdity: Why epigenetics invalidates all models involving genetic reduction. Human Development, 60(2–3), 107–23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000477995Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Bowers, E., & Geldhof, G. J. (2015). Positive youth development and relational developmental systems. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol 1, 7th ed., pp. 607–51). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy116Google Scholar
Lewallen, T. C., Hunt, H., Potts-Datema, W., Zaza, S., & Giles, W. (2015). The whole school, whole community, whole child model: A new approach for improving educational attainment and healthy development for students. Journal of School Health, 85(11), 729–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12310Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C., Rose, S., & Kamin, L. J. (1984). Not in our genes: Biology, ideology, and human nature. New York: Pantheon Press.Google Scholar
Li, J. (2020). The cultural framing of development. In Mascolo, M. F. & Bidell, T. R. (eds.), Handbook of integrative developmental science: Essays in honor of Kurt W. Fischer (pp. 308–22). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018599-12Google Scholar
Li, J. & Julian, M. M. (2012). Developmental relationships as the active ingredient: A unifying working hypothesis of “what works” across intervention settings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2), 157–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01151.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenz, K. (1940). Durch Domestikation verursachte Störungen arteigenen Verhaltens. Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie und Charakterkunde, 59, 281.Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Mascolo, M. F. & Bidell, T. R. (eds.). (2020). Handbook of integrative developmental science: Essays in honor of Kurt W. Fischer. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018599Google Scholar
Mascolo, M. F. & Fischer, K. W. (2015) Dynamic development of thinking, feeling, and acting. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol 1, 7th ed., pp. 113–61). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy104Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 921–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407000442Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2014a). Invited commentary: Positive youth development and human complexity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1012–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0124-9Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2014b). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. , Narayan, A. J., Silverman, W. K., & Osofsky, J. D. (2015). Children in war and disaster. In Bornstein, M. H. and Leventhal, T. (eds.), Ecological settings and processes. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol. 4, 7th ed., pp. 704–45). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
McAdoo, H. P. (1999). Diverse children of color. In Fitzgerald, H. E., Lester, B. M., & Zuckerman, B. S. (eds.), Children of color: Research, health, and policy issues (pp. 205–18). New York: Garland Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315861302-10Google Scholar
McClelland, M. M., Geldhof, J. G., Cameron, C. E., & Wanless, S. B. (2015). Development and self‐regulation. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol 1, 143). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy114Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr, Ostendorf, F., et al. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173Google Scholar
McEwen, B. S. (2013). The brain on stress: Toward an integrative approach to brain, body, and behavior. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 673–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613506907Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. C., Purtell, K. M., & Hardaway, C. R. (2015). Race, class, and ethnicity in young adulthood. In Lamb, M. E. (eds.), Socioemotional processes. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol 3, 7th ed., pp. 366418). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy310Google Scholar
Meaney, M. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene x environment interactions. Child Development, 81, 4179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.xGoogle Scholar
Misteli, T. (2013). The cell biology of genomes: Bringing the double helix to life. Cell, 152, 1209–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.048Google Scholar
Mistry, J. & Dutta, R. (2015). Human development and culture: Conceptual and methodological Issues. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science. (Vol 1, 7th ed., pp. 369406). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy110Google Scholar
Molenaar, P. C. M. (2007). Psychological methodology will change profoundly due to the necessity to focus on intra-individual variation. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 41(1), 3540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-007-9011-1Google Scholar
Molenaar, P. C. M. (2013). On the necessity to use person-specific data analysis approaches in psychology. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(1), 2939. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.747435Google Scholar
Molenaar, P. C. M. (2014). Dynamic models of biological pattern formation have surprising implications for understanding the epigenetics of development. Research in Human Development, 11, 5062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molenaar, P. C. M. & Nesselroade, J. R. (2014). New trends in the inductive use of relational developmental systems theory: Ergodicity, nonstationarity, and heterogeneity. In Molenaar, P. C., Lerner, R. M., and Newell, K. M. (eds.), Handbook of developmental systems and methodology. (pp. 442–62). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Molenaar, P. C. M. & Nesselroade, J. R. (2015). Systems methods for developmental research. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol. 1, 7th ed., pp. 652–82). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy117Google Scholar
Molenaar, P. C. M., Lerner, R. M., & Newell, K. (eds.) (2014). Handbook of developmental systems theory and methodology. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Moore, D. S. (2015). The developing genome: An introduction to behavioral epigenetics. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00954-15Google Scholar
Murry, V. M., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Mayo‐Gamble, T. L., & Inniss‐Thompson, M. N. (2018). Excavating new constructs for family stress theories in the context of everyday life experiences of Black American families. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 384405.Google Scholar
Murry, V. M., Hill, N. E., Witherspoon, D., Berkel, C., & Bartz, D. (2015). Children in diverse social contexts. In Bornstein, M. H. and Leventhal, T. (eds.), Ecological settings and processes.Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol. 4, 7th ed., pp. 416–54). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Nasir, N. (2012). Racialized identities: Race and achievement for African-American youth. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804779142Google Scholar
Nasir, N. S., Lee, C. D., Pea, R. & de Royston, M. M. (2020). Handbook of the cultural foundations of learning. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774977Google Scholar
Nasir, N. S., Warren, B., Rosebery, A., & Lee, C. (2014). Learning as a cultural process: Achieving equity through diversity. In Sawyer, K. (ed.), Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences (2nd ed., pp. 489504). New York: Cambridge University. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816833.030Google Scholar
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2004). Children’s emotional development is built into the architecture of their brains. Working Paper No. 2. www.developingchild.harvard.eduGoogle Scholar
OCED. (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Vol. 1): What students know and can do. Paris: PISA, OCED Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5f07c754-enGoogle Scholar
Okonofua, J. A., Walton, G. M., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2016). A vicious cycle: A social–psychological account of extreme racial disparities in school discipline. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 381–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616635592Google Scholar
Osher, D., Cantor, P., Berg, J., Steyer, L. & Rose, T. (2020). Drivers of human development: How relationships and context shape learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(1), 636. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1398650Google Scholar
Osher, D., Pittman, K., Young, J., et al. (2020). Thriving, robust equity, and transformative learning & development: A more powerful conceptualization of the contributors to youth success. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research and Forum for Youth Investment.Google Scholar
Overton, W. F. (2015). Process and relational developmental systems. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol 1, 7th ed., pp. 962). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy102Google Scholar
Patel, J. A., Nielsen, F. B. H., Badiani, A. A., et al. (2020). Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: The forgotten vulnerable. Public Health, 183, 110–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.006Google Scholar
Panofsky, A. (2014). Misbehaving science: Controversy and the development of behavior genetics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226058597.001.0001Google Scholar
Payne, C. (1984) Multicultural education and racism in American schools. Theory into Practice, 23(2), 124–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405848409543102Google Scholar
Perry, B. & Szalavitz, M. (2006). The boy who was raised as a dog and other stories from a child psychiatrist’s notebook: What traumatized children can teach us about loss, love, and healing. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1970). Piaget’s theory. In Mussen, P. H. (ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (Vol. 1, 3rd ed., pp. 703–23). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Pigliucci, M. & Mueller, G. B. (2010). Elements of an extended evolutionary synthesis. In Pigliucci, M. & Mueller, G. B. (eds.), Evolution – The extended synthesis (pp. 317). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262513678.001.0001Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (2018). Blueprint: How DNA makes us who we are. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press and Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Post, R. M. & Weiss, S. R. B. (1997). Emergent properties of neural systems: How focal molecular neurobiological alterations can affect behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 907–29.Google Scholar
Raeff, C. (2016). Exploring the dynamics of human development: An integrative approach. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199328413.001.0001Google Scholar
Ram, N. & Grimm, K. J. (2015). Growth curve modeling and longitudinal factor analysis. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol 1, 7th ed., pp. 758–88). Editor-in-chief: Lerner, R. M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy120Google Scholar
Ram, N., Chow, S. M., Bowles, R. P., et al. (2005). Examining interindividual differences in cyclicity of pleasant and unpleasant affect using spectral analysis and item response modeling. Psychometrika, 70, 773–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-001-1270-5Google Scholar
Rhodes, J. E. (2020). Older and wiser: New ideas for youth mentoring in the 21st century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, K. (2017). Genes, brains, and human potential: The science and ideology of human intelligence. New York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/rich17842Google Scholar
Rivas‐Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., et al. (2014). Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group. Ethnic and racial identity in adolescence: Implications for psychosocial, academic, and health outcomes. Child Development, 85(1), 4057.Google Scholar
Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rose, H. & Rose, S. (eds.). (2000). Alas poor Darwin: Arguments against evolutionary psychology. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Rose, T. (2016). The end of average: How we succeed in a world that values sameness. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-0866-0Google Scholar
Rose, L. T., Rouhani, P., & Fischer, K. W. (2013). The science of the individual. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7(3), 152–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12021Google Scholar
Rowan-Kenyon, H. T. , Martínez Alemán, A. M, & Savitz-Romer, M. (2018). Technology and engagement: Making technology work for first generation college students. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (2000). Race, evolution, and behavior (2nd special abridged ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (2016). The characterological imperative: On Heckman, Humphries, and Kautz’s The myth of achievement tests: The GED and the role of character in American Life. Journal of Economic Literature, 54(2), 493513. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.54.2.493Google Scholar
Schore, A. M. (2016). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315680019Google Scholar
Shonkoff, J. P. (2017). Building a system for science-based R&D that achieves breakthrough outcomes at scale for young children facing adversity. Cambridge, MA: Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Siegel, D. J. (2020). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz082Google Scholar
Slavich, G. M. (2020). Social safety theory: A biologically based evolutionary perspective on life stress, health, and behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 256–95. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159Google Scholar
Slavich, G. M. & Cole, S. W. (2013). The emerging field of human social genomics. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 331–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613478594Google Scholar
Spencer, M. B. (2006). Phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST): A human development synthesis applicable to diverse individuals and groups. In Damon, W. & Lerner, R.M. (eds.) & Lerner, R. M. (Vol. ed.), Theoretical models of human development. Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 6, 6th ed., pp. 829–94). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Spencer, M. B. (2008). Phenomenology and ecological systems theory: Development of diverse groups. In Damon, W. and Lerner, R. M. (eds.), Child and adolescent development: An advanced course (pp. 696735). New York: Wiley Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0115Google Scholar
Spencer, M. B. & Spencer, T. R. (2014). Exploring the promises, intricacies, and challenges to Positive Youth Development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1027–35.Google Scholar
Spencer, M. B., Swanson, D. P., & Harpalani, V. (2015). Development of the self. In Lamb, M. E. (Vol. ed.), Socioemotional processes. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol. 3, 7th ed., pp. 750–93). Editor-in-chief: Lerner., R. M.Google Scholar
Stafford-Brizard, B. (2016). Building blocks for learning: A framework for comprehensive student development. New York: Turnaround for Children.Google Scholar
Steenbeek, H. & van Geert, P. (2020). Education and development as complex dynamic agent systems. In Mascolo, M. F. & Bidell, T. R. (eds.), Handbook of integrative developmental science: Essays in honor of Kurt W. Fischer (pp. 162–88). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018599-6Google Scholar
Takaki, R. (2012). A different mirror: A history of multicultural America (Revised ed.). New York: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Thelen, E. & Smith, L. B. (2006). Dynamic systems theories. In Lerner, R. M. & Damon, W. (eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Theoretical models of human development (Vol. 1, 6th ed., pp. 258312). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Theokas, C. & Lerner, R. M. (2006). Observed ecological assets in families, schools, and neighborhoods: Conceptualization, measurement, and relations with positive and negative developmental outcomes. Applied Developmental Science, 10(2), 6174. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads1002_2Google Scholar
Tobach, E. & Schneirla, T. C. (1968). The biopsychology of social behavior of animals. In Cooke, R. E. & Levin, S. (eds.), Biologic basis of pediatric practice (pp. 6882). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tucker, M. S. (2020a). Race in America 2020. NCCE, June 18. https://ncee.org/2020/06/race-in-america-2020/Google Scholar
Tucker, M. S. (2020b). COVID-19 and our schools: The real challenge. NCCE, June 26. https://ncee.org/2020/06/covid-19-and-our-schools-the-real-challenge/Google Scholar
Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Douglass, S., Updegraff, K. A., & Marsiglia, F. F. (2018). A small‐scale randomized efficacy trial of the Identity Project: Promoting adolescents’ ethnic–racial identity exploration and resolution. Child Development, 89(3), 862–70.Google Scholar
von Bertalanffy, L. (1933). Modern theories of development. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
von Eye, A., Bergman, L. R., & Hsieh, C. A. (2015). Person‐oriented methodological approaches. In Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P. C. M. (eds.), Theory and method. Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (Vol 1, 7th ed., pp. 789841). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy121Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Werner, H. (1948). Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Werner, H. & Kaplan, B. (1963). Symbol formation: An organismic-developmental approach to language and the expression of thought. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste: The origins of our discontents. New York: Random House Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Winthrop, R. (2018). Leapfrogging inequality: Remaking education to help young people thrive. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122343.001.0001Google Scholar
Yu, D., Yang, P-J. , Geldhof, J., et al. (2020). Exploring idiographic approaches to children’s executive function performance: An intensive longitudinal study. Journal for Person Oriented Research, 6(2), 7387. https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2020.22401Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., et al. (2013). II. NIH toolbox cognition battery (CB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 1633. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12032Google Scholar
Zukav, G. (1979). The dancing Wu Li masters. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Whole-Child Development, Learning, and Thriving
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Whole-Child Development, Learning, and Thriving
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Whole-Child Development, Learning, and Thriving
Available formats
×