Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:26:30.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Religious Movements and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2014

Terence O. Ranger
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

It is important to make clear from the beginning what this review will cover and what it will not. Its focus will be on “traditional” and Christian religious movements in the last hundred years. By movements are meant widespread and grassroots adherence to religious ideas, symbols and rituals, sometimes brief in duration, sometimes long-lasting; sometimes lacking and sometimes acquiring formal organizational structures. The review will deal, therefore, with questions of “popular conciousness” rather than with the development of formal theologies. It will not review the literature on African Islam nor have much to say about religious movements and politics in pre-colonial Africa. Both these, of course, are major omissions, not only leaving out topics which are of great importance in themselves but also depriving analysis of modern traditional and Christian movements of an invaluable comparative and historical context. To seek to cover them also in one review, however, would be to risk a mere listing. It seems more useful to develop an argument on the past, present, and future direction of work on the interaction of religious movements and politics by focusing on a limited, but nevertheless still huge, topic and period.

Type
Articles
Information
African Studies Review , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , June 1986 , pp. 1 - 70
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amadi, G. 1982. “Healing in the Brotherhood of the Cross and the Star,” in Shiels, W.J. (ed.) The Church and Healing. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Amos-Djoro, E. 1956 “Prophétisme et Nationalisme Africaine: Les Harristes en Côte d'Ivoire.” Ph.D thesis, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris.Google Scholar
Amos-Djoro, E. 1966. “Les Eglises Harristes et le Nationalisme Ivorien.” Les Mois en Afrique 5.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Appiah-Kubi, K. 1979. “Indigenous African Churches: Signs of Authenticity.” Bulletin of African Theology 1/2: July/December.Google Scholar
Augé, M. 1975. Prophétisme et Thérapeutique. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Augé, M. 1979. Symbole, Fonction, Histoire. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Augé, M. 1982a. The Anthropological Circle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Augé, M. 1982b. Génie du Paganisme. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Ajayi, J.F.A. 1965. Christian Missions in Nigeria: 1841-1891. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Ayandele, E.A. 1966. The Impact of Christian Missions on Modern Nigeria. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Baeta, CG. 1962. Prophetism in Ghana: A Study of Some Spiritual Churches. London: Student Christian Movement Press.Google Scholar
Baeta, CG. 1983. Theology as Liberation. Accra: Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.Google Scholar
Balandier, G. 1955. Sociologie Actuelle de l'Afrique Noire. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Balandier, G. 1965. “Messianism and Nationalism in Black Africa,” in den Berghe, P. Van (ed.) Africa: Social Problems of Change and Conflict. New York: Chandler.Google Scholar
Balandier, G. 1971. Sens et Puissance: Les Dynamismes Sociales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Balandier, G. 1976. “Les Mouvements d'innovation en Afrique Noire,” in Peuch, H.C. (ed.) Histoires des Religions. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Beinart, W. and Bundy, C. 1986. Hidden Struggles. Rural Politics and Popular Consciousness in South Africa. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Berger, I. 1976. “Rebels or Status-Seekers? Women as Spirit-Mediums in East Africa,” in Bay, E. and Hafkin, N.J. (eds.) Women in Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press Google Scholar
Berger, I. 1981. Religion and Resistance. Tervuren: Musée Royale de l'Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Bhebe, N. 1979. Christianity and Traditional Religion in Western Zimbabwe, 1859-1923. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Bond, G. 1975. “Minor Prophets and Yombe Cultural Dynamics,” in Owusu, M. (ed.) Colonialism and Change. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Bond, G. 1976. The Politics of Change in a Zambian Community. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, G. 1978. “Religious Co-existence in Northern Zambia: Intellectualism and Materialism in Yombe Belief.” New York Academy of Sciences. 318.Google Scholar
Bond, G. 1979. “A Prophecy that Failed. The Lumpa Church of Uyombe,” in Bond, G., Johnson, W., Walker, S. (eds.) African Christianity. Patterns of Religious Continuity. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bond, G. 1986a. “Religious Activity in a Rural Community: The Case of Muyombe.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Bond, G. 1986b. “Religion, Ideology and Property in Northern Zambia,” in Markovitz, I.L. (ed.) Studies in Class and Power in Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Boulaga, F.E. 1981. Christianisme sans fetiche. Paris: Présence Africaine.Google Scholar
Boulaga, F.E. 1984. Christianity Without Fetishes. New York: Orbis.Google Scholar
Brandel-Syrier, M. 1962. Black Women in Search of God. London: Lutterworth.Google Scholar
Bucher, H. 1980. Spirits and Power: An Analysis of Shona Cosmology. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buettner, T. 1980. “On the History of the National Liberation Movement in Africa: Problems of Leadership,” in Buettner, T. (ed.) Leadership and the National Liberation Movement in Africa. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Google Scholar
Buijtenhuijs, R. 1976. “Messianisme et Nationalisme en Afrique Noire: Une Remise en question.” African Perspectives. 2.Google Scholar
Buijtenhuijs, R. 1985. “Dini ya Msambwa: Rural Rebellion or Counter-society?” in van Binsbergen, W.M.J. and Schoffeleers, M. (eds.) Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Chirwa, W.N.C. 1984. “Masokwa Elliot Kenan Chirwa: His Religious and Political Activities.” History Department Paper No. 9, University of Malawi.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1980. “Healing and the Cultural Order: The Case of the Baralong boo Ratshidi.” American Ethnologist 7/4.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1981. “Healing and Cultural Transformation: The Case of the Tswana of Southern Africa.” Social Science and Medicine 15B.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John L. 1982. “Dialectical Systems, History and Anthropology.” Journal of Southern African Studies 8/2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comaroff, John L. “Culture, Class and the Rise of Capitalism in an African Chiefdom.” Ms. in preparation.Google Scholar
Comaroff, Jean and Comaroff, John L. 1985. “The Missionary Position: Christianity and Colonial Domination in South Africa.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Comhaire, J. 1955. “Societies Secretes et Mouvements Prophetiques au Congo Belge.” Africa 25.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. 1982. “Peasant Unrest in Black Africa,” in Aston, T. (ed.) Agrarian Unrest in British and French Africa, British India and French Indo-China. Oxford: Past and Present Society.Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. 1985. Afrique Noire. Permanences et Ruptures. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Cross, S. 1970a. “A Prophet not Without Honour,” in Allen, C.H. and Johnson, R. W. (eds.) African Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cross, S. 1970b. “A Religious Response in South-Central Africa: The Watchtower Movement in Barotseland,” Seminar paper, Institute of Commonwealth Studies.Google Scholar
Cross, S. 1972. “The Watchtower, Witch-cleansing and Secret Societies in Central Africa.” Conference on the Religious History of Central Africa, Lusaka.Google Scholar
Cross, S. 1973. “The Watchtower Movement in South Central Africa, 1908-1945.” D.Phil, thesis, University Oxford.Google Scholar
Cross, S. 1977a. “Social History and Millenial Movements: The Watchtower in South Central Africa.” Social Compass 24/1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, S. 1977b. “Kitawala, Conspiracies and the Sûreté: An Historical Enquiry.” Enquûtes et Documents d'Histoire Africaine 2.Google Scholar
Cross, S. 1978. “Independent Churches and Independent Slates: Jehovah's Witnesses in East and Central Africa,” in Fashole-Luke, E. (ed.) Christianity in Independent Africa. London: Rex Collings.Google Scholar
Daneel, M.L. 1971. Old and New in Southern Shona Independent Churches Volume One. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Daneel, M.L. 1974. Old and New in Southern Shona Independent Churches Volume Two. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
De Craemer, W. 1974. “Jamaa and Ecclesia: A Charismatic Movement in the Congolese Catholic Church.” Ph.D thesis, Harvard.Google Scholar
De Craemer, W., Fox, R. and Vansina, J. 1976. “Religious Movements in Central Africa: A Theoretical Study.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 18/4.Google Scholar
De Heusch, L. 1966. Le Rwanda et la Civilisation Inierlacustrine. Brussels: Institute of Sociology.Google Scholar
De Wolf, J.T. 1983. “Dini ya Msambwa: Militant Protest or Millenarian Promise?” Canadian Journal of African Studies 17/2.Google Scholar
Des Forges, A. 1986. ‘The Drum is Greater than the Shout: The 1912 Rebellion in Northern Rwanda,” in Crummey, D. (ed.) Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Dike, K.O. 1957. The Origins of the Niger Mission: 1841-1891.Google Scholar
Dillon-Malone, C.M. 1978. The Korsten Basketmakers. A Study of the Masowe Apostles. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. 1963. The Lele of Kasai. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Edgar, R. 1976. “Garveyism in Africa: Dr. Wellington and the ‘American Movement’ in the Transkei: 1925-1940.” Ufahamu.Google Scholar
Edgar, R. 1982. “The Prophet Motive: Enoch Mgijima, the Israelites and the Background to the Bullhoek Massacre.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 15/3.Google Scholar
Ellis, S. 1985. The Rising of the Red Shawls. A Revolt in Madagascar: 1895-1899. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Etherington, N. 1978. Preachers, Peasants and Politics in South East Africa: 1835-1880. London: Royal Historical Society.Google Scholar
Etherington, N. 1983. “Missionaries and the Intellectual History of Africa.” Itinerario 2.Google Scholar
Fabian, J. 1971. Jamaa: A Charismatic Movement in Katanga. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Fabian, J. 1979a. Beyond Charisma: Religious Movements as Discourse. Special Issue, Social Research.Google Scholar
Fabian, J. 1979b. “Popular Culture in Africa: Findings and Conjectures.” Africa 48.Google Scholar
Fabian, J. 1981. “Six Theses Regarding the Anthropology of African Religious Movements.” Religion 11.Google Scholar
Fabian, J. 1985. “Religious Pluralism: An Ethnographic Approach” in Binsbergen, W.M.J. van and Schoffeleers, M. (eds.) Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Fernandez, J. 1964. “African Religious Movements: Types and Dynamics.” Journal of Modern African Studies 2/4.Google Scholar
Fernandez, J. 1969. “Independent African Christianity: Its Study and Future.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 4/2.Google Scholar
Fernandez, J. 1972. “The Precincts of the Prophet: A Day with Johannes Galilee Shembe.” Journal of Religion in Africa 5/1.Google Scholar
Fernandez, J. 1978. “African Religious Movements.” Annual Review of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Fernandez, J. 1982. Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fields, K. 1977. “Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa.” Ph.D Thesis, Brandeis.Google Scholar
Fields, K. 1982a. “Charismatic Religion as Popular Protest: The Ordinary and the Extraordinary in Social Movements.” Theory and Society 11/2.Google Scholar
Fields, K. 1982b. “Missionaries as Anti-colonial Militants.” Theory and Society 11/3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fields, K. 1982c. “Political Contingencies of Witchcraft in Colonial Central Africa: Culture and State in Marxist Theory.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 16/3.Google Scholar
Fields, K. 1985. Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, H. 1973. “Conversion Reconsidered.” Africa 43/1.Google Scholar
Freedman, J. 1974. “Ritual and History: The Case of Nyabingi.” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 14/53.Google Scholar
Freedman, J. 1984. Nyabingi: The Social History of an African Divinity. Tervuren: Musee Royale de l'Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Fry, P. 1976. Spirits of Protest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaitskell, D. 1981. “Female Mission Initiatives: Black and White Women in the Witwatersrand Churches.” Ph.D thesis. University of London.Google Scholar
Gaitskell, D. 1982. “Wailing for Purity: Prayer Unions, African Mothers and Adolescent Daughters: 1912-1940” in Marks, S. and Rathbone, R. (eds.) Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness, 1870-1930. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Gray, R. 1986. “Popular Theologies in Africa.” African Affairs 85/338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gwassa, C.G.K. 1972. “Kinjikitile and the Ideology of Maji-Maji” in Kimambo, I.N. and Ranger, T.O. (eds.) The Historical Study of African Religion. London Heinemen Educational Books.Google Scholar
Haliburton, G.M. 1971. The Prophet Harris. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Hansen, H.B. 1984. Mission, Church and State in a Colonial Setting: Uganda: 1890-1925. London: Heineman Educational Books.Google Scholar
Hastings, A. 1979. History of African Christianity: 1950-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hastings, A. 1983. “Mediums, Martyrs and Morals.” Zambezia 11/1.Google Scholar
Higginson, J. 1983. “The Formation of an Industrial Proletariat in Southern Africa: The Second Phase, 1921-1949” in Wallerstein, I. (ed.) Labor in the World Social Structure. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Higginson, J. Forthcoming. “Labourers into His Harvest, Lambs Among Wolves: African Watchtower and the Specter of Colonial Revolt in Katanga.”Google Scholar
Hilton, A. 1985. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hodges, T. 1976. Jehovah's Witnesses in Central Africa. Minority Rights Group.Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. 1980. Ntsikana's Great Hymn. A Xhosa Expression of Christianity. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Communications, 4.Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. 1984. “The Genius of Ntsikana: Traditional Images and the Processes of Change in Early Xhosa Literature” in White, L. and Couzens, T. (eds.) Literature and Society in Southern Africa. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Home, D. 1984. The Great Museum: The Re-presentation of History. London: Pluto.Google Scholar
Horton, R. 1971. “African Conversion.” Africa 41/2.Google Scholar
Horton, R. 1970. “A Hundred Years of Change in Kalibari Religion” in Middleton, J. (ed.) Black Africa. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Horton, R. 1975. “On the Rationality of Conversion.” Africa 45/3 and 4.Google Scholar
Horton, R. and Peel, J.D.Y. 1976. “Conversion and Confusion.” Canadian Journal of African Studies.Google Scholar
Iliffe, J. 1979. A Modern History of Tanganyika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janzen, J.M. 1974. An Anthology of Kongo Religion. Lawrence: University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Janzen, J.M. 1977. “The Tradition of Renewal in Kongo Religion,” in Booth, N.S. (ed.) African Religions: A Symposium. New York: Nok.Google Scholar
Janzen, J.M. 1979a. “Deep Thought: Structure and Intention in Kongo Prophetism, 1910-1921.” Social Research 46/1.Google Scholar
Janzen, J.M. 1979b. “Ideologies and Institutions in the Precolonial History of Equatorial African Therapeutic Systems.” Social Science and Medicine 13b/4.Google Scholar
Janzen, J.M. 1982. Lemba, 1650-1930: A Drum of Affliction in Africa and the New World. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Janzen, J.M. 1985. “The Consequences of Literacy in African Religion,” in Binsbergen, W.M.J. van and Schoffeleers, M. (eds.) Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Jewsiewicki, B. 1976. “La Contestation Sociale et la Naissance du Proletariat au Zaire.” Canadian Journal of African Studies. 10/1.Google Scholar
Jules-Rosette, B. 1975. African Apostles: Ritual and Conversion in the Church of John Maranke. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Jules-Rosette, B. 1979. (ed.) The New Religions of Africa. Norwood: Ablex.Google Scholar
Jules-Rosette, B. 1981. Symbols of Change. Norwood: Ablex.Google Scholar
Jules-Rosette, B. 1985. “The New Religions of Africa: Re-envisioning the Sacred and the Secular.” Colloquim “Des Dieu et des Hommes: Le Ressurgissement du Religieux dans le Monde Contemporain”, Paris.Google Scholar
Kaliombe, P.A. 1984. “Doing Theology at the Grassroots: A Challenge for Professional Theologians.” Second General Assembly of the Eucumenical Association of African Theologians, Nairobi.Google Scholar
Theologians, Kairos. 1985. Challenge to the Church: A Theological Comment on the Political Crisis in South Africa: The Kairos Document. Braamfontein and London: Catholic Institute of International Relations.Google Scholar
Kalu, O.U. 1980. The History of Christianity in West Africa. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Lan, D. 1982. “Spirit Mediums and the Authority to Resist in the Struggle for Zimbabwe.” Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London, seminar paper.Google Scholar
Lan, D. 1983. “Making History: Spirit Mediums and the Guerrilla War in the Dande Area of Zimbabwe.” Ph.D thesis, London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Lan, D. 1985. Guns and Rain. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Lantemari, V. 1960. Movimenti Religiosi di Liberta e di Salvezza Populi Oppressi.Google Scholar
Lantemari, V. 1963. The Religions of the Oppressed. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Lantemari, V. 1985. “Revolution and/or Integration in African Socio-religious Movements,” in Lincoln, B. (ed.) Religion, Rebellion, Revolution. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Leferink, J.R. 1985. Independent Churches in Ghana. Brussels: Pro Mundi Vita.Google Scholar
Lekganyane, B.E. 1985. The ZCC Messenger. April.Google Scholar
Linden, I. 1974. Catholics, Peasants and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland: 1889-1939. London: Heineman Educational Books.Google Scholar
Linden, I. 1977. Church and Revolution in Rwanda. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Linden, I. 1980. The Catholic Church and the Struggle for Zimbabwe. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
McCaskie, T.C. 1981. “Anti-witchcraft Cults in Asante: An Essay in the Social History of an African People.” History in Africa 8.Google Scholar
McCaskie, T.C. 1983a. “R.S. Rattray and the Construction of Asante History: An Appraisal.” History in Africa 10.Google Scholar
McCaskie, T.C. 1983b. “Accumulation, Wealth and Belief in Asante History.” Africa 53/1.Google Scholar
McCaskie, T.C. 1983c. “Dominant Values and Dissident Prophets: The Asante Case.” History Workshop Conference, “Religion and Society,” London.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1968. “Kongo and the King of the Americans.” Journal of Modern African Studies 6.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1970. “The Religious Commissions of the Bakongo.” Man 5.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1972. “Comparative Analysis of Central African Religions.” Africa 42.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1977. “Cultural Roots of Kongo Prophetism.” History of Religions 11/2.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1979. “African Religions: Types and Generalizations” in Karp, I. and Bird, C.S. (eds.) Explorations in African Systems of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1981. “African Ideology and Belief.” African Studies Review 24.Google Scholar
MacGaffey, W. 1983. Modern Congo Prophets. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
McKenzie, J. 1984. Propaganda and Empire. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Marks, S. and Rathbone, R. 1982. (eds.) Industrial and Social Change in South Africa: Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Mashingaidze, E. 1976. “Christianity and the Mhondoro Cult. A Study of African Religious Initiative and Resilience.” Mohlomi 1.Google Scholar
Meebelo, H. 1971. Reaction to Colonialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Monthly Review. 1984. “Religion and the Left.” 36/3.Google Scholar
Mullings, L. 1975. “Religious Change and Social Stratification in Labadi, Ghana” in G. Bond, W. Johnson and Walker, S. (eds.) African Christianity. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Murphree, M.W. 1969. Christianity and the Shona. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Mwene-Batende, , 1982. Mouvements Messianiques et Protestation Sociale: Le cas du Kitawala chez les Kumu du Zaire. Kinshasa: CERA.Google Scholar
Ngada, N.H. 1985. Speaking for Ourselves. Braamfontein: Institute of Contextual Theology.Google Scholar
Okite, O. 1981. “Less Joy, More Power.” One World. 65.Google Scholar
Opuku, K.A. 1978. “Changes within Christianity: The Case of the Musama Disco Christo Church” in Fashole-Luke, E. (ed.) Christianity in Independent Africa. London: Rex Collings.Google Scholar
Pachai, B. 1969. The Malawi Diaspora and Elements of Clements Kadalie. Salisbury: Central African Historical Association.Google Scholar
Pachai, B. 1973. Malawi: The History of the Nation. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Pachai, B. 1980. “A History of Education for Africans in Malawi” in Mugomba, A.T. and Nyaggah, M. (eds.) Independence Without Freedom. The Political Economy of Colonial Education in Southern Africa. Oxford: Clio Press.Google Scholar
Peel, J.D.Y. 1968. Aladura: A Religious Movement Among the Yoruba. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Peel, J.D.Y. 1977. “Conversion and Tradition in Two African Societies: Ijebu and Buganda.” Past and Present. 77.Google Scholar
Peel, J.D.Y. 1983. Ijeshas and Nigerians: The Incorporation of a Yoruba Kingdom: 1890s-1970s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peires, J.B. 1979. “Nxele, Ntsikana and the Origins of the Xhosa Religious Reaction.” Journal of African History 20.Google Scholar
Peires, J.B. 1985a. “The Central Belief of the Xhosa Cattle Killing.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Peires, J.B. 1985b. “Soft Believers and Hard Unbelievers in Xhosa Cattle-killing.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Vita., Pro Mundi 1980. Basic Communities in the Church. 81 (April).Google Scholar
Vita., Pro Mundi 1984. People's Movements and Christian Discernment 98/3.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1967. Revolt in Southern Rhodesia: 1896-7. London: Heinemann Educational.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1968. “Connexions Between Primary Resistance Movements and Modem Mass Nationalism.” Journal of African History 9, 3/4.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1970. The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia: 1898-1930. London: Heinemann Educational.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. and Kimambo, I.N. (eds.). 1972. The Historical Study of African Religion. London: Heinemann Educational.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1975. “The Mwana Lesa Movement of 1925” in Ranger, T.O. and Weller, J. (eds.) Themes in the Christian History of Central Africa. London: Heinemann Educational.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1981. “Poverty and Prophetism: Religious Movements in Makoni District 1929 to 1940.” School of Oriental and African Studies, seminar paper.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1982. “The Death of Chamenuka: Spirit Mediums, Nationalism and the Guerrillas in Zimbabwe.” African Affairs 81/324.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1983a. and Hobsbawm, E. (eds.) The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1983b. “Holy Men and Rural Comunities: Makoni District, Zimbabwe, 1900 to 1980,” In Sheils, W.J. (ed.) The Church and War. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1984. “Religions and Rural Protest: Makoni District, Zimbabwe, 1900 to 1980” in Bak, J. and Benecke, G. (eds.) Religion and Rural Revolt. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1985a. Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1985b. “Religious Studies and Political Economy: The Mwari Cult and the Peasant Experience in Southern Rhodesia” in Binsbergen, W.M.J. van and Schoffeleers, M. (eds.) Theoretical Explorations in African Religion, Politics and Patriarchy. London: Routeledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1986a. “Religion in the Zimbabwe Guerilla War” in L. Roper, J. Obelkevich and Samuel, R. (eds.) Discipline of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1986b. “Resistance in Africa: From Nationalist Revolt to Agrarian Protest,” in Okihiro, G. (ed.) In Resistance: Studies in African, Afro-American and Caribbean History. New York: University of Massachussets Press.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1986c. “Religion, Development and African Christian Identity: The Case of Zimbabwe.” Neue Zeitschrift fur Missionswissenschaft 42/1.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1987a. “Pilgrimages and Holy Places in Twentieth Century Zimbabwe.” Past and Present.Google Scholar
Ranger, T.O. 1987b. “Missionaries, Migrants and Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe” in Vail, Leroy (ed.) The Political Economy of Ethnicity in Southern Africa. London: James Currey.Google Scholar
Robins, C. n.d. “Conversion and Conflict: Christian Fundamentalism and the Problem of Evil in Kigezi, Uganda.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Robins, C. 1979. “Conversion, Life Crises and Stability Among Women in the East African Revival” in Jules-Rosette, B. (ed.) The New Religions of Africa. Norwood: Ablex.Google Scholar
Rotbert, R.I. 1965. The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sanneh, L. 1983. West African Christianity: The Religious Impact. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Schlosser, K. 1949. Propheten in Afrika. Braunschweig: Verlag.Google Scholar
Schlosser, K. 1958. Eingeborenenkirchen in Süd und Südwestafrika: Ihre Geschichte und Sozialstrucktur. Kiel: Mühlau.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1972. “The History and Political Role of the Mbona Cult Among the Mang'anja” in Ranger, T.O. and Kimambo, I.M. (eds.) The Historical Study of African Religion. London: Heineman Educational.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1974a. “The Prophets of Nsanje: A History of Spirit Mediumship in a Southern Malawi District.” Conference on East African Religious Systems. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1974b. “Crisis, Criticism and Critique: An Interpretative Model of Territorial Mediumship Among the Chewa.” Journal of Social Science 3.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1977. “Cult Idioms and the Dialectic of a Region” in Werbner, R. (ed.) Regional Cults. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1978a. Guardians of the Land. Gwelo: Mambo Press.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1978b. “A Martyr Cult as a Reflection on Changes in Production.” African Perspectives 2.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1980. “The Story of Mbona die Martyr,” in Schcfold, R. (ed.) Man, Meaning and History. The Hague.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1984. “Economic Change and Religious Polarisation in an African Rural District.” Conference on Malawi—An Alternative Pattern of Development, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. 1985. “Oral History and the Retrieval of the Distant Past” in Binsbergen, W.M.J. van and Schoffeleers, M. (eds.) Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Schoffeleers, M. n.d. “Dual Authority in a Regional Cult.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Sinda, M. 1972. Les Messianisme Congolais et ses Incidences Politiques. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Singleton, M. 1974. Let My People Go…. A Survey of the Catholic Church in Western Nigeria. Brussels: Pro Mundi Vita.Google Scholar
Smith, R. 1981. “The Mpeve Movement of Sala Wane (Kwilu, Zaire): 1944-1960.” Cahiers des Religions Africaines. 15/30.Google Scholar
Strayer, R.W. 1976. “Mission History in Africa: New Perspectives on an Encounter.” African Studies Review 19/1.Google Scholar
Strayer, R.W. 1978. The Making of Mission Communities in East Africa. London: Heinemann Educational.Google Scholar
Stuart, R. 1972. “Mchape and the UMCA, 1933.” Conference on the Religious History of Central Africa, Lusaka.Google Scholar
Stuart, R. 1974. “Christianity and the Chewa: The Anglican Case: 1885-1950.” Ph.D thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Stuart, R. 1979. “Anglican Missionaries and a Chewa Dini: Conversion and Rejection in Central Malawi.” Journal of Religion in Africa 10/1.Google Scholar
Stuart, R. 1985. ‘The Nyanja, the UMCA and the Compahia do Nyassa: 1880-1930.” Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos 3.Google Scholar
Stuart, R. n.d.a. “Mapingo Wa Amai—The Mother's Union in Nyasaland.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Stuart, R. n.d.b. “Anglican Missionaries and the Problem of Evil in Malawi: 1885-1934.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Sundkler, B. 1948. Bantu Prophets in South Africa. London: Lutterworth Press.Google Scholar
Sundkler, B. 1961. Bantu Prophets in South Africa. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sundkler, B. 1976. Zulu Zion and Some Swazi Zionists. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sundkler, B. In preparation. The Christian Movement in Africa.Google Scholar
Tasie, G.O.M. 1975. “Christian Awakening in West Africa.” West African Religion 16/2.Google Scholar
Taylor, J.V. 1958. Processes of Growth in an African Church. London: Student Christian Movement.Google Scholar
Temu., A. 1972. British Protestant Missions in Kenya: 1873-1929. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Tsomondo, M.S. 1976. “The Zionist and the Apostolic Churches in Zimbabwe: A Critical Conceptualization of Cultural Nationalism.” Ufahamu 6/3.Google Scholar
Tsomondo, M.S. 1979. “Against Alienism: The Response of the Zionist and the Apostolic Independent Christian Church Movements to European Colonialism in Zimbabwe.” Journal of Southern African Affairs 4/1.Google Scholar
Tuma, T. 1978. “Major Changes and Developments in Christian Leadership in Busoga Province, Uganda: 1960-1974” in Fashole-Luke, E. (ed.) Christianity in Independent Africa. London: Rex Collings.Google Scholar
Turner, H.W. 1966. “The Approach to Africa's Religious Movements.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Turner, H.W. 1969. “A Model for the Structure of Religion in Relation to the Secular.” Cahiers des Religion Africaines 3.Google Scholar
Turner, H.W. 1977. “The Primal Religions of the World and Their Study” in Hayes, V.C. (ed.) Australian Essays in World Religions. Adelaide: Australian Association for the Study of Religions.Google Scholar
Turner, H.W. 1979. “The Way Forward in the Religious Study of African Primal Religions.” Conference on Recent African Religious Studies, Leiden.Google Scholar
Turner, H.W. n.d. New Movements in the Third World.Google Scholar
Van Binsbergen, W.M.J. 1976. “The Dynamics of Religious Change in Western Zambia.” Ufahamu.Google Scholar
Van Binsbergen, W.M.J. 1981. Religious Change in Zambia: Exploratory Studies. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Van Binsbergen, W.M.J. 1985. “Socio-ritual Structures and Modern Migration Among the Manjak of Guinea-Bissau.” Unpublished ms.Google Scholar
Van Binsbergen, W.M.J. and Schoffeleers, M. 1985. “Introduction,” in Binsbergen, Van and Schoffeleers, (eds.) Theoretical Explorations in African Religion. London: Routlege and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Binsbergen, Van and de Jong, J. Forthcoming. Divination and Mental Health in Northwest Guinea-Bissau. Leiden: African Studies Center.Google Scholar
Vansina, J. 1971. “Les Mouvements Religieux Kuba (Kasai) a l'Epoque Coloniale.” Etudes d'Histoire Africaine 2.Google Scholar
Vansina, J. 1973. “LukosM/Lupambula: Histoire d'un Culte Religieux dans les Regions du Kasai ed du Kwango (1920-1970).” Etudes d'Histoire Africaine 5.Google Scholar
Verbeek, L. and Vellut, J.L. 1983. “Mouvements Religieux dans la Region de Sakania: 1925-1931.” Enquetes et Documents d'Histoire Africaines 5.Google Scholar
Waliggo, J. 1984. “The African Experience.” People's Movements and Christian Discernment. Brussels: Pro Mundi Vita.Google Scholar
Walker, S.S. 1976. “Christianity African Style: The Harrist Church of the Ivory Coast.” Ph.D. thesis. University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Walker, S.S. 1979. “The Message as the Medium: The Harrist Churches of the Ivory Coast and Ghana” in Bond, G., Johnson, W. and Walker, S. (eds.) African Christianity: Patterns of Religious Continuity. New York: Academic Press Google Scholar
Walker, S.S. 1980. “Young Men, Old Men and Devils in Aeroplanes: The Harrist Church, the Witchcraft Complex, and Social Change in Ivory Coast.” Journal of Religion in Africa. 11/2.Google Scholar
Walker, S.S. 1984. Religious Revolution in the Ivory Coast. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Werbner, R.F. 1977. “Introduction” and “Continuity and Policy in Southern Africa's High God Cult” in Werbner, R. (ed.) Regional Cults. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Werbner, R.F. 1979. “Totemism in History: The Ritual Passage of West African Strangers.” Man 14/4.Google Scholar
Werbner, R.F. In preparation. “Cult Regions and Cosmic Order: On Transcendence in Southern Africa's High God Cult” and “The Argument of Images: From Zion to the Wilderness in African Churches” in Werbner, R., Passages in Ritual Space: On Centers, Boundaries and the location of the Person.Google Scholar
West, C. 1982. Prophetic Deliverance: An Afro-American Christianity. New York: Westminister Press.Google Scholar
West, C. 1984. “Religion and the Left: An Introduction.” Monthly Review 36/3.Google Scholar
Wilks, I. 1975. Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wipper, A. 1977. Rural Rebels: A Study of Two Protest Movements in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wipper, A. 1983. “Lofty Visions and Militant Actions: A Reply to Jan de Wolf.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 17/2.Google Scholar
Wyllie, R.W. 1980. Spiritism in Ghana. Missoula: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Yando, E. 1970. “L'Evolution du Harrisme en Côte d'Ivoire.” Thesis, Protestant Faculty of Theology, Paris.Google Scholar