Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:51:40.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Machine learning model to predict tensile properties of annealed Ti6Al4V parts prepared by selective laser melting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 September 2022

Zhaotong Yang ,
Mei Yang ,
Richard Sisson ,
Yanhua Li  and
Jianyu Liang Open the ORCID record for Jianyu Liang [Opens in a new window]
Zhaotong Yang
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
Mei Yang
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
Richard Sisson
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
Yanhua Li*
Affiliation:
Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
Jianyu Liang*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Jianyu Liang, E-mail: jianyul@wpi.edu
Author for correspondence: Jianyu Liang, E-mail: jianyul@wpi.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this work, an artificial neural network model is established to understand the relationship among the tensile properties of as-printed Ti6Al4V parts, annealing parameters, and the tensile properties of annealed Ti6Al4V parts. The database was established by collecting published reports on the annealing treatment of selective laser melting (SLM) Ti6Al4V, from 2006 to 2020. Using the established model, it is possible to prescribe annealing parameters and predict properties after annealing for SLM Ti-6Al-4V parts with high confidence. The model shows high accuracy in the prediction of yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). It is found that the YS and UTS are sensitive to the annealing parameters, including temperature and holding time. The YS and UTS are also sensitive to initial YS and UTS of as-printed parts. The model suggests that an annealing process of the holding time of fewer than 4 h and the holding temperature lower than 850°C is desirable for as-printed Ti6Al4V parts to reach the YS required by the ASTM standard. By studying the collected data of microstructure and tensile properties of annealed Ti6Al4V, a new Hall-Petch relationship is proposed to correlate grain size and YS for annealed SLM Ti6Al4V parts in this work. The prediction of strain to failure shows lower accuracy compared with the predictions of YS and UTS due to the large scattering of the experimental data collected from the published reports.

Keywords

annealingartificial neural networkselective laser meltingtensile propertiesTi-6Al-4V
Type
Research Article
Information
AI EDAM , Volume 36 , 2022 , e30
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, T and Rack, H (1998) Phase transformations during cooling in α+β titanium alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A 243, 206–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alam, M (2020) Data Normalization in Machine Learning. Available at: https://towardsdatascience.com/data-normalization-in-machine-learning-395fdec69d02.Google Scholar
Alpaydin, E (2020) Introduction to Machine Learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
ASTM F (2013) Standard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56401). ASTM F136-13.Google Scholar
Banerjee, D and Williams, J (2013) Perspectives on titanium science and technology. Acta Materialia 61, 844–879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barriobero-Vila, P, et al. (2017) Inducing stable α+β microstructures during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V using intensified intrinsic heat treatments. Materials 10, 268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilgin, GM, et al. (2017) Optimization of the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by selective laser melting using thermohydrogen processes. Materials Science and Engineering: A 700, 574–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, S, et al. (2017) Defect, microstructure, and mechanical property of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by high-power selective laser melting. JOM 69, 2684–2692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cao, F, et al. (2018) A review of the fatigue properties of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. JOM 70, 349–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter Technical Datasheet Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-4V, by Carpenter Technology. Available at: https://www.carpentertechnology.com/hubfs/7407324/Material%20Saftey%20Data%20Sheets/Ti%206Al-4V.pdf (accessed 12 September 2021).Google Scholar
Clark, D, Whittaker, MT and Bache, MR (2012) Microstructural characterization of a prototype titanium alloy structure processed via direct laser deposition (DLD). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 43, 388–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donachie, MJ (2000) Titanium: A Technical Guide. Materials Park, OH: ASM International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ducato, A, et al. (2013) An automated visual inspection system for the classification of the phases of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. In International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ettefagh, AH, et al. (2019) Corrosion behavior of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V parts and the effect of post annealing. Additive Manufacturing 28, 252–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fatemi, A, et al. (2019) Fatigue behaviour of additive manufactured materials: an overview of some recent experimental studies on Ti-6Al-4V considering various processing and loading direction effects. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 42, 991–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazier, WE (2014) Metal additive manufacturing: a review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23, 1917–1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galarraga, H, et al. (2017) Effects of heat treatments on microstructure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy fabricated by electron beam melting (EBM). Materials Science and Engineering: A 685, 417–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galindo-Fernández, M, et al. (2018) A microstructure sensitive model for deformation of Ti-6Al-4V describing cast-and-wrought and additive manufacturing morphologies. Materials & Design 160, 350–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, R (2018) A Look at Gradient Descent and RMSprop Optimizers. Available from: https://towardsdatascience.com/a-look-at-gradient-descent-and-rmsprop-optimizers-f77d483ef08b.Google Scholar
Ghamarian, I, et al. (2016) Developing a phenomenological equation to predict yield strength from composition and microstructure in β processed Ti-6Al-4V. Materials Science and Engineering: A 660, 172–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glavicic, M and Venkatesh, V (2014) Integrated computational materials engineering of titanium: current capabilities being developed under the metals affordability initiative. JOM 66, 1310–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gong, H, et al. (2015) Influence of defects on mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V components produced by selective laser melting and electron beam melting. Materials & Design 86, 545–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, BJ, et al. (2017) Predicting tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced via directed energy deposition. Acta Materialia 133, 120–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, D, et al. (2016) Additive manufacturing of metals. Acta Materialia 117, 371–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Q, et al. (2016) Microstructure and inclusion of Ti–6Al–4V fabricated by selective laser melting. Frontiers of Materials Science 10, 428–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kar, S, et al. (2006) Modeling the tensile properties in β-processed α/β Ti alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 37, 559–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzarov, I, Malinov, S and Sha, W (2002) Finite element modeling of the morphology of β to α phase transformation in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 33, 1027–1040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, P, Prakash, O and Ramamurty, U (2018) Micro- and meso-structures and their influence on mechanical properties of selectively laser melted Ti-6Al-4V. Acta Materialia 154, 246–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labusch, R (1970) A statistical theory of solid solution hardening. Physica Status Solidi (b) 41, 659–669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, J, et al. (2017) Microstructural evolution and mechanical property of Ti-6Al-4V wall deposited by continuous plasma arc additive manufacturing without post heat treatment. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 69, 19–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, QC, et al. (2014) The effect of manufacturing defects on the fatigue behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V specimens fabricated using selective laser melting. In Advanced Materials Research. Trans Tech Publ. Vol. 891, pp. 1519-1524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, SD, et al. (2010) Microwave sintering of titanium. In Key Engineering Materials. Trans Tech Publ, Vol. 436, pp. 141–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, SD, Qian, M and Imam, MA (2015) Microwave sintering of titanium and titanium alloys. In Titanium Powder Metallurgy. Elsevier, pp. 237–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinov, S, Sha, W and McKeown, J (2001) Modelling the correlation between processing parameters and properties in titanium alloys using artificial neural network. Computational Materials Science 21, 375–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuo, H, et al. (2018) Influence of defects, surface roughness and HIP on the fatigue strength of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by additive manufacturing. International Journal of Fatigue 117, 163–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parry, L, Ashcroft, I and Wildman, RD (2016) Understanding the effect of laser scan strategy on residual stress in selective laser melting through thermo-mechanical simulation. Additive Manufacturing 12, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, M (2010) Cold compaction and sintering of titanium and its alloys for near-net-shape or preform fabrication. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy 46, 29–44.Google Scholar
Qian, M, et al. (2016) Additive manufacturing and postprocessing of Ti-6Al-4V for superior mechanical properties. MRS Bulletin 41, 775–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafi, H, et al. (2013) Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V parts fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 22, 3872–3883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero, C, Yang, F and Bolzoni, L (2018) Fatigue and fracture properties of Ti alloys from powder-based processes–a review. International Journal of Fatigue 117, 407–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmi, M, et al. (2012) Patient-specific reconstruction with 3D modeling and DMLS additive manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping Journal 18, 209–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semiatin, S, et al. (2003) Microstructure evolution during alpha-beta heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34, 2377–2386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semiatin, S, Stefansson, N and Doherty, R (2005) Prediction of the kinetics of static globularization of Ti-6Al-4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36, 1372–1376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, X, et al. (2015) Microstructure-tensile properties correlation for the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 24, 1754–1762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonelli, M, Tse, YY and Tuck, C (2012) Microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V produced by selective laser melting. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 371, No. 1, p. 012084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonelli, M, Tse, YY and Tuck, C (2014) Effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of SLM Ti–6Al–4V. Materials Science and Engineering: A 616, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stefansson, N, Semiatin, S and Eylon, D (2002) The kinetics of static globularization of Ti-6Al-4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 33, 3527–3534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamilselvi, S, Raman, V and Rajendran, N (2006) Corrosion behaviour of Ti–6Al–7Nb and Ti–6Al–4 V ELI alloys in the simulated body fluid solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochimica Acta 52, 839–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ter Haar, GM and Becker, TH (2018) Selective laser melting produced Ti-6Al-4V: post-process heat treatments to achieve superior tensile properties. Materials 11, 146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theodoridis, S (2015) Machine Learning: A Bayesian and Optimization Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tirelli, S, et al. (2015) Economical comparison of cryogenic vs. traditional turning of Ti-6Al-4V: a case study. In Key Engineering Materials. Trans Tech Publ Vol. 651, pp. 1204–1210.Google Scholar
Vilaro, T, Colin, C and Bartout, J-D (2011) As-fabricated and heat-treated microstructures of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by selective laser melting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 42, 3190–3199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voisin, T, et al. (2018) Defects-dictated tensile properties of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V. Materials & Design 158, 113–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrancken, B, et al. (2012) Heat treatment of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting: microstructure and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 541, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M, et al. (2016) Fabrication and characterization of selective laser melting printed Ti–6Al–4 V alloys subjected to heat treatment for customized implants design. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26, 671–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Y, et al. (2017) Effect of annealing treatments on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of direct metal laser sintered Ti-6Al-4V. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 26, 2572–2582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadroitsava, I, et al. (2015) Residual stress in SLM Ti6Al4V alloy specimens. In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publ. Vol. 828, pp. 305-310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadroitsev, I and Yadroitsava, I (2015) Evaluation of residual stress in stainless steel 316L and Ti6Al4V samples produced by selective laser melting. Virtual and Physical Prototyping 10, 67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yadroitsev, I, Krakhmalev, P and Yadroitsava, I (2014) Selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V alloy for biomedical applications: temperature monitoring and microstructural evolution. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 583, 404–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, X, et al. (2018) Effect of heat treatment on the phase transformation and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V fabricated by selective laser melting. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 764, 1056–1071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Q, et al. (2020) Comparison study on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys fabricated by powder-based selective-laser-melting and sintering methods. Materials Characterization 164, 110358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, X, et al. (2016) Comparison of the microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4 V fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting. Materials & Design 95, 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar