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The Puritan-Nonconformist Tradition in England, 1560–1700: Historiographical Reflections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 July 2014

Richard L. Greaves
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Albion , Volume 17 , Issue 4 , Winter 1985 , pp. 449 - 486
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Copyright © North American Conference on British Studies 1985

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References

1 Solt, Leo F., “Puritanism, Capitalism, Democracy, and the New Science,” American Historical Review 73 (1967): 18–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Solt's own study of the chaplains of the New Model Army stresses the extent of authoritarianism in their thought: Saints in Arms: Puritanism and Democracy in Cromwell's Army (Stanford, 1959)Google Scholar. See also Lawrence, E. Anne, “Parliamentary Army Chaplains, 1642-51” (D. Phil, thesis, Oxford Univ., 1982).Google Scholar

2 Limitations of space make it impossible to cite more than a representative selection of modern work. In general, the focus has been on the research of the last fifteen years, with attention to earlier works as appropriate. The following abbreviations are used in the notes: BIHR (Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research); BQ (Baptist Quarterly); CH (Church History); HJ (Historical Journal); JBS (Journal of British Studies); JEH (Journal of Ecclesiastical History); JFHS (Journal of the Friends Historical Society); JRH (Journal of Religious History); PP (Past and Present); QH (Quaker History); SCH (Studies in Church History); SCJ (Sixteenth Century Journal). I am indebted to Paul Seaver, Dewey Wallace, and Robert Zaller for their constructive criticisms of this article.

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22 Paul Seaver to Richard Greaves, 24 April 1985.

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37 McGiffert, Michael, “Grace and Works: The Rise and Division of Covenant Divinity in Elizabethan Puritanism,” Harvard Theological Review 75 (1982): 463–502Google Scholar (pp. 465 and 500 quoted); McGiffert, , “Covenant, Crown, and Commons in Elizabethan Puritanism” JBS 20 (1981): 32–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Trinterud, , “The Origins of Puritanism,” CH 20 (1951) 37–57Google Scholar; Møller, Jens G., “The Beginnings of Puritan Covenant Theology,” JEH 14 (1963): 46–67Google Scholar: Greaves, , “John Bunyan and Covenant Thought in the Seventeenth Century,” CH 36 (1967): 151–69Google Scholar; Greaves, , “The Origins and Early Development of English Covenant Thought,” The Historian 31 (1968): 21–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stoever, William, “The Covenant of Works in Puritan Theology” (Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ., 1972)Google Scholar; Veninga, James F., “Covenant Theology and Ethics in the Thought of John Calvin and John Preston” (Ph.D diss., Rice Univ., 1973)Google Scholar: Selement, George, “The Covenant Theology of English Separatism and the Separation of Church and State,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 41 (1973): 66–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McGiffert, , “The Problem of the Covenant in Puritan Thought: Peter Bulkeley's Gospel-Covenant,” The New England Historical and Genealogical Register 130 (1976): 107–29Google Scholar; Stoever, William K. B., “A Faire and Easie Way to Heaven”: Covenant Theology and Antinomianism in Early Massachusetts (Middletown, CT, 1978)Google Scholar: McGiffert, , “William Tyndale's Conception of Covenant,” JEH 32 (1981): 167–84Google Scholar; Hajzyk, H., “Household divinity and Covenant Theology in Lincolnshire, c. 1595-c. 1640,” Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 17 (1982): 45–49Google Scholar; McGiffert, , “God's Controversy with Jacobean England,” American Historical Review 88 (1983): 1151–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar (and his revision in ibid. 89: 1217-18); Zaret, David, The Heavenly Contract (1985).Google Scholar

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39 The ties between the Church of England and the Reformed tradition are explored in the essays edited by Baker, Derek in Reform and Reformation: England and the Continent c1500-c1750, SCH 2 Subsidia (1979)Google Scholar. An essay by Basil Hall in this volume deals with Lutheranism in England to 1600. The extent of Luther's influence in the seventeenth century has not been fully determined, but a promising start has been made in Wallace, , “The Anglican Appeal to Lutheran Sources: Philip Melanchthon's Reputation in Seventeenth-Century England,” HMPEC 52 (1983): 355–67Google Scholar; and Baker, J. Wayne, “Sola Fide Sola Gratia: The Battle for Luther in Seventeenth-Century England,” SCJ 16 (1985): 115–33Google Scholar. See also Keep, D. J., “Henry Bullinger and the Elizabethan Church” (Ph.D. thesis, Sheffield Univ., 1970)Google Scholar; Schaaf, Mark E. Vander, “Archbishop Parker's Efforts Toward a Bucerian Discipline in the Church of England,” SCJ 8 (1977): 85–103.Google Scholar

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42 On the related matter of Puritan and sectarian views toward the Jews see Toon, , “The Question of Jewish Immigration,” in Puritans, the Millennium and the Future of Israel, pp. 115–25Google Scholar; Healey, Robert M., “The Jew in Seventeenth-Century Protestant Thought,” CH 46 (1977): 63–79Google Scholar; Higgins, Lesley Hall, “Radical Puritans and Jews in England, 1648-1672” (Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ., 1979)Google Scholar; Popkin, Richard H., “Jewish Messianism and Christian Millenarianism,” in Culture and Politics from Puritanism to the Enlightenment, ed. Zagorin, Perez (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980), pp. 67–90Google Scholar; Katz, David S., Philo-semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603-1655 (Oxford, 1982).Google Scholar

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47 Watkins, Owen C., The Puritan Experience: Studies in Spiritual Autobiography (New York, 1972), pp. 32–33, 99, and chap. 13.Google Scholar

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76 Donald F. Durnbaugh steers a middle course, arguing that the development of the Baptists and the Quakers must be seen against the background of “radical Puritanism.” “Baptists and Quakers—Left Wing Puritans?” QH 62 (1973): 67–82Google Scholar. For Quaker relationships with the Ranters see MacGregor, James F., “Ranterism and the Development of Early Quakerism,” JRH 9 (1977): 349–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and with the Muggletonians see Greene, Douglas G., “Muggletonians and Quakers: A Study in the Interaction of Seventeenth Century Dissent,” Albion 15 (1983): 102–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The most important recent articles on the Quakers include Frost, J. William, “The Dry Bones of Quaker Theology,” CH 39 (1970): 503–23Google Scholar; Bitterman, M. G. F., “The Early Quaker Literature of Defense,” CH 42 (1973): 203–28Google Scholar; Anderson, A. B., “A Study in the Sociology of Religious Persecution: The First Quakers,” JRH 9 (1977): 247–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carroll, Kenneth L., “Quaker Attitudes Towards Signs and Wonders,” JFHS 54 (1977): 70–84Google Scholar; Reay, Barry, “The Quakers and 1659: Two Newly Discovered Broadsides by Edward Burrough,” JFHS 54 (1977): 101–11Google Scholar; Reay, , “The Quakers, 1659, and the Restoration of Monarchy,” History 63 (1978): 193–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carroll, , “Quakerism and the Cromwellian Army in Ireland,” JFHS 54 (1978): 135–54Google Scholar; Williams, C. M., “An Unpublished Defence of the Quakers (by Henry Marten), 1655,” JFHS 54 (1978): 126–34Google Scholar; Barbour, , “William Penn, Model of Protestant Liberalism,” CH 48 (1979): 156–73Google Scholar; Howell, Roger, “The Newcastle Clergy and the Quakers,” Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th ser., 7 (1979): 191–206Google Scholar; Reay, , “Popular Hostility Toward Quakers in Mid-Seventeenth-Century England,” Social History 5 (1980): 387–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Reay, , “Quaker Opposition to Tithes 1652-1660,” PP 86 (1980): 98–120Google Scholar; Kent, S. A., “The ‘Papist’ Charges Against the Interregnum Quakers,” JRH 12 (1982): 180–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

77 Vann, Richard T., The Social Development of English Quakerism, 1655-1755 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vann, , “Quakerism and the Social Structure in the Interregnum,” PP 43 (1969): 71–91Google Scholar; Hurwich, Judith Jones, “The Social Origins of the Early Quakers,” PP 48 (1970): 156–61Google Scholar (and Vann's response, ibid., pp. 162-64); Anderson, Alan, “The Social Origins of the Early Quakers,” QH 68 (1979): 33–40Google Scholar; Reay, , “The Social Origins of Early Quakerism,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11 (1980): 55–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

78 Bauman, Richard, Let Your Words Be Few: Symbolism of Speaking and Silence Among Seventeenth-Century Quakers (Cambridge, 1983).Google Scholar

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80 Hill, , The World Turned Upside Down; Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (New York, 1971)Google Scholar. See also Trout, Paul Arno, “Magic and the Millennium: A Study of the Millenary Motifs in the Occult Milieu of Puritan England, 1640-1660” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of British Columbia, 1975)Google Scholar; Cross, Claire, “Popular Piety and the Records of the Unestablished Churches, 1640-1660,” SCH, ed. Baker, Derek (1975): 269–92Google Scholar; Wallace, , “George Gifford, Puritan Propaganda and Popular Religion In Elizabethan England,” SCJ 9 (1978): 27–49Google Scholar; Tyacke, , “Popular Puritan Mentality in Late Elizabethan England,” in The English Commonwealth, ed. Clark, , Smith, , and Tyacke, , pp. 77–92Google Scholar; Reay, Barry and McGregor, J. F., eds., Radical Religion in the English Revolution (New York, 1984).Google Scholar

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83 Morton, A. L., The World of the Ranters: Religious Radicalism in the English Revolution (London, 1970)Google Scholar. The Winstanley literature is extensive, but the following studies will provide a beginning: Vann, R. T., “From Radicalism to Quakerism: Gerrard Winstanley and Friends,” JFHS 49 (1959–1961): 41–46Google Scholar; Vann, , “The Later Life of Gerrard Winstanley,” Journal of the History of Ideas 26 (1965): 133–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Greaves, , “Gerrard Winstanley and Educational Reform in Puritan England,” British Journal of Educational Studies 17 (1969): 166–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Juretic, George, “The Mind of Gerrard Winstanley” (Ph.D. diss., Northern Illinois University, 1973)Google Scholar; Juretic, , “Digger no Millenarian: The Revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley,” Journal of the History of Ideas 36 (1975): 263–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; George, C. H., “Gerrard Winstanley: A Critical Retrospect,” in The Dissenting Tradition, ed. Cole, and Moody, , pp. 191–225Google Scholar; Lutaud, Olivier, Winstanley: Socialisme et Christianisme sous Cromwell (Paris, 1976)Google Scholar; Amoroso, K. S., “Gerrard Winstanley” (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Toronto, 1976)Google Scholar; Davis, J. C., “Gerrard Winstanley and the Restoration of True Magistracy,” PP 70 (1976): 76–93Google Scholar; Mulligan, Lotte, Graham, John K., and Richards, Judith, “Winstanley: A Case for the Man as He Said He Was,” JEH 28 (1977): 57–75Google Scholar; Hill, C., “The Religion of Gerrard Winstanley,” PP, Supplement 5 (1978): 1–57Google Scholar; Alsop, J., “Gerrard Winstanley's Later Life,” PP 82 (1979): 73–81Google Scholar; Hayes, T. Wilson, Winstanley the Digger: A Literary Analysis of Radical Ideas in the English Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Davis, , Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writing, 1516-1700 (Cambridge, 1980)Google Scholar; Solt, Leo F., “Winstanley, Lilburne, and the Case of John Fielder,” Huntington Library Quarterly 45 (1982): 119–36.Google Scholar

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85 Tindall, William York, John Bunyan: Mechanick Preacher (New York, 1934)Google Scholar. Hill is writing a “social biography” of Bunyan which will be published by Clarendon Press. For Bunyan's thought see Greaves, , John Bunyan (Appleford, Abingdon, and Grand Rapids, 1969).Google Scholar

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87 Nuttall, , Richard Baxter (London, 1965)Google Scholar; Lamont, , Richard Baxter and the Millennium: Protestant Imperialism and the English Revolution (Totowa, N.J., 1979)Google Scholar; Keeble, N. H., Richard Baxter: Puritan Man of Letters (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar. See also Schlatter, Richard, ed., Richard Baxter & Puritan Politics (New Brunswick, N.J., 1957)Google Scholar; Whitehorn, R. D., “Richard Baxter—‘Meer Nonconformist’,” in The Beginnings of Nonconformity: The Hibbert Lectures (London, 1964), pp. 61–77Google Scholar; Lamont, , “Richard Baxter, the Apocalypse and the Mad Major,” PP 55 (1972): 68–90Google Scholar; Nuttall, , “Richard Baxter and The Grotian Religion,” SCH 2 Subsidia, ed. Baker, Derek (1979), pp. 245–50Google Scholar; Mansell, Gael, “‘Simple Catholick Christianity’: The Style of Religious Debate in Richard Baxter's Nonconformist Pamphets, 1679-81” (M.A. thesis, Univ. of Warwick, 1981)Google Scholar; Keeble, , “Richard Baxter's Preaching Ministry: Its History and Texts,” JEH 35 (1984): 539–59.Google Scholar

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