Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T04:20:09.021Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Historical Analysis and Synthesis of Grand Canyon Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Douglas W. Schwartz
Douglas W. Schwartz*
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This historically oriented description of the development of archaeological research and conceptualization in the area of Grand Canyon National Park begins with the contributions of the earliest Spanish explorers of the area and proceeds to research completed in 1964. Three periods of research are identified: discovery and exploration, 1540 to 1900; general investigation, 1900 to 1950; and concentrated analysis, 1951 to 1964. By the end of the first period the historic tribes and the presence of Pueblo ruins in the Grand Canyon area had been recognized. During the next 50 years many details were added to the understanding of the Pueblo material, including a sound temporal framework, the postulation of a second prehistoric group in the area, the Cohonina, and additional information on the ethnographic groups of the area accumulated. In the years between 1951 and 1964 there developed an increasingly complete description of the Cohonina branch, an analysis of Havasupai culture history, an examination of the Anasazi occupation within the depths of the Canyon, and the discovery of a Canyon occupancy some 2000 years earlier than had been known previously. Finally, a summary of the current conception of the area's culture history is presented, along with an indication of possible directions for future research.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , April 1966 , pp. 469 - 484
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1966

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, William Y. 1963 Ninety Years of Glen Canyon Archeology, 1869–1959. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 33. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Auerbach, Herbert S. 1943 Father Escalante’s Journal, with Related Documents and Maps. Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 11, Nos. 1–4. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Gordon C. 1944 An Occurrence of Jeddito B/Y Pottery in Northwest Arizona North of the Grand Canyon. Plateau, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 14–16. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Bartlett, Katherine 1945 The Distribution of the Indians of Arizona in 1848. Plateau, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 41–5. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Bell, Robert 1948 Review of Tree Ring Analysis, Problems of Dating: II, the Tusayan Ruin, by Harold S. Gladwin. American. Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 259–61. Menasha.Google Scholar
Bolton, Herbert E. 1950 Pageant in the Wilderness: The Story of the Escalante Expedition to the Interior Basin 1776. Utah Historical Quarterly, Vol. 17. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Brown, A. L. 1929 Additional Indian Ruins of Clear Creek Region. Grand Canyon Nature Notes, Vol. 3, No. 7, p. 1. Grand Canyon.Google Scholar
Colton, Harold S. 1939 Prehistoric Culture Units and Their Relationships in Northern Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 17. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Colton, Harold S. 1946 Sinagua. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 22. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Colton, Harold S. 1948 Indian Life — Past and Present. In The Inverted Mountains: Canyons of the West, edited by Roderick Peattic, Chap. 5. Vanguard Press, New York.Google Scholar
Colton, Harold S. 1952 Pottery Types of the Arizona Strip and Adjacent Areas in Utah and Nevada. Museum of Northern Arizona, Ceramic Series, No. 1. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Colton, Mary R. and Colton, Harold S. 1931 Petroglyphs, the Record of a Great Adventure. American Anthropologist, Vol. 33, pp. 32–37. Menasha.Google Scholar
Colton, Harold S. and Hargrave, Lyndon L. 1937 Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Wares. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 11. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Coues, Elliott 1900 On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: The Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garces, Vols. 1 and 2. Francis P. Harper, New York.Google Scholar
Count, E. W. 1930 A Grand Canyon Cliff-ruin. Grand Canyon Nature Notes, Vol. 4, No. 5, p. 31. Grand Canyon.Google Scholar
Cushing, F. H. 1882 The Nation of the Willows, Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 50, pp. 362–72, 541–59. New York.Google Scholar
DeRoss, Rose M. 1958 Woman of the Rivers. Desert Magazine Press, Palm Desert, California.Google Scholar
Euler, Robert C. 1964 Southern Paiute Archaeology. American Antiquity, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 379–81. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Farmer, Malcolm F. and de Saussure, Raymond 1955 Split-twig Animal Figurines. Plateau, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 13–23. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Gladwin, Harold S. 1943 A Review and Analysis of the Flagstaff Culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 31. Globe.Google Scholar
Gladwin, Harold S. 1944 Problems of Dating, I: The Medicine Valley Sites. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 32. Globe.Google Scholar
Gladwin, Harold S. 1946 Tree Ring Analysis, Problems of Dating, II: The Tusayan Ruin. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 36. Globe.Google Scholar
Goddard, Pliny E. 1913 Indians of the Southwest. American Museum of Natural History, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granger, Byrd H. 1960 Grand Canyon Place Names. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Gunnerson, James H. 1962 Plateau Shoshonean Prehistory: A Suggested Reconstruction. American Antiquity, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 41–5. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Hall, Edward Jr. 1942 Archeological Survey of the Walhalla Glades. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 20. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito 1940 Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hargrave, L. T. 1932 Guide to Forty Pottery Types from the Hopi Country and the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 1, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Hargrave, L. T. 1933 Pueblo II Houses in the San Francisco Mountain Region. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 4. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Hargrave, L. T. 1937 A New Sub-Culture in Arizona. Southwestern Lore, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 21. Boulder.Google Scholar
Hargrave, L. T. 1938 Results of a Study of the Cohonina Branch of the Patayan. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 2, No. 6, pp. 43–50. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Hastings, Russell 1930 The Clear Creek Expedition. Grand Canyon Nature Notes, Vol. 4, No. 10, p. 64. Grand Canyon.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1932 Kivas of the Tusayan Ruin, Grand Canyon, Arizona. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 9. Globe.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1938 Southwestern Dated Ruins: 11. Tree-Ring Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 3. Tucson.Google Scholar
Henderson, Earl Y. 1928 The Havasupai Indian Agency, Arizona. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Lawrence, Kansas.Google Scholar
Hoyt, William 1964 4,000 Year Old Objects Found in Arizona. The Arizona Daily Star, Section B, p. 1, August 13. Tucson.Google Scholar
James, George Wharton 1900 In and Around the Grand Canyon. Little, Brown &. Co., Boston.Google Scholar
Judd, Neil 1926 Archeological Observations North of the Rio Colorado. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 82. Government Printing Office, Washington.Google Scholar
Kelly, Isabel T. 1934 Southern Paiute Bands. American Anthropologist, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 547–60. Menasha.Google Scholar
Kelly, Isabel T. 1964 Southern Paiute Ethnography. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 69. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Marston, Otis n.d. Some Colorado River Journals and Diaries. Mimeographed copy in Grand Canyon National Park Library.Google Scholar
Mcgregor, John C. 1950 Excavation of Cohonina Sites, 1949. Plateau, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 68–74. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Mcgregor, John C. 1951 The Cohonina Culture of Northwestern ArU Zona. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
McKee, Barbara H. 1933 A Large Cliff Dwelling. Grand Canyon Nature Notes, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 198–201. Grand Canyon.Google Scholar
Powell, John W. 1875a An Overland Trip to the Grand Canyon. Scribner’s Monthly, Vol. 10, pp. 659–78. New York.Google Scholar
Powell, John W. 1875b Explorations of the Colorado River of the West, 1869–1872. Government Printing Office, Washington.Google Scholar
Powell, John W. 1915 First Through the Grand Canyon. Nelson Doubleday, Oyster Bay, New York.Google Scholar
Powell, Walter C. 1948–49 Journal of Walter Clement Powell, Utah Historical Quarterly, Vols. 16–17, pp. 303–12. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Reed, Erik K. 1948 Review of The Sinagua, by Harold S. Colton. American Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 258–9. Menasha.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Albert 1953 A Brief History of the Havasupai. Plateau, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 45–52. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Albert 1963 Comment on Gunnerson’s “Plateau Shoshonean Pre-History.” American Antiquity, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 559–60. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1955 Havasupai Prehistory: Thirteen Centuries of Cultural Development. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1956a Demographic Changes in the Early Periods of Cohonina Prehistory, in “Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World,” edited by G. R. Willey. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 23, pp. 26–31. New York.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1956b The Havasupai 600 A.D.–1955 A.D.: A Short Culture History. Plateau, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 77–85. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1957 Climate Change and Culture History in the Grand Canyon Region. American Antiquity, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 372–7. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1958 Prehistoric Man in the Grand Canyon. Scientific American, Vol. 198, No. 2, pp. 97–102. New York.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1959 Culture Area and Time Depth: The Four Worlds of the Havasupai. American Anthropologist, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 1060–70. Menasha.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1960 Archaeological Investigations in the Shinumo Area of Grand Canyon, Arizona. Plateau, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 61–7. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1963 An Archaeological Survey of Nankoweap Canyon, Grand Canyon National Park, American Antiquity, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 289–302. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. 1965 Nankoweap to Unkar: An Archaeological Survey of the Upper Grand Canyon. American Antiquity, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 278–96. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W., Lange, Arthur L., and de Saussure, Raymond 1958 Split Twig Figurines in the Grand Canyon. American Antiquity, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 264–74. Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Douglas W. and Wetherill, Milton 1957 A Cohonina Cremation. Plateau, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 63–5. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Simmons, L., Editor 1942 Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Spier, Leslie 1928 Havasupai Ethnography. Anthropology Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 29, Pt. 3. New York.Google Scholar
Spier, Leslie 1929 Problems Arising from the Cultural Position of the Havasupai. American Anthropologist, Vol. 31, pp. 213–22. Menasha.Google Scholar
Sturdevant, G. E. 1928a A Reconnaissance of the Northeastern Part of Grand Canyon National Park. Grand Canyon Nature Notes, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 1–6. Grand Canyon.Google Scholar
Sturdevant, G. E. 1928b Inspecting a Possible Trout Stream of Grand Canyon. Grand Canyon Nature Notes, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 5–6. Grand Canyon.Google Scholar
Taylor, W. W. 1954 An Analysis of Some Salt Samples from the Southwest. Plateau, Vol. 27, No. 20, pp. 1–7. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Taylor, W. W. 1958 The Pueblo Ecology Study: Hail and Farewell and a Brief Survey Through the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 30. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Titiev, Mischa 1937 A Hopi Salt Expedition. American Anthropologist, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 244–58. Menasha.Google Scholar
West, George A. 1923 Cliff Dwellings and Pueblos in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Yearbook, Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Wheat, Joe Ben and Wheat, Pat 1954 A Pueblo I Site of Grand Canyon. American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 396–403. Menasha.Google Scholar
Whiting, Alfred F. 1958 Havasupai Characteristics in the Cohonina. Plateau, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 55–60. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Wilder, C. S. 1944 Archeological Survey of the Great Thumb Area, Grand Canyon National Park. Plateau, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 17–26. Flagstaff.Google Scholar