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Craftsmanship in International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2017

C. Wilfred Jenks
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Extract

During critical phases in the development of a legal system the quality of the craftsmanship which practitioners of the law bring to its service can have a decisive influence on the process of development and on the whole texture of the legal system resulting from that process of development. So it was when the great civilians transformed the law of an overgrown city state into the law of an imperial commonwealth; so it was when the glossators laid the foundations of the modern civil law; so it was when the Bench and Bar of England created the common law; so it is today in the case of international law.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 50 , Issue 1 , January 1956 , pp. 32 - 60
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1956

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References

1 Cf. Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History (10 vols., 1934–1954); Jacques Pirenne, Les grand eourants de l’histoire universelle (7 vols., 1945–1955); or, for a more popular treatment, H. G. Wells, The Outline of History (rev. ed., 1931), Will Durant, The Story of Civilisation (5 vols, published, 1935–1953).

2 Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Common Law 1 (1881).

3 An Enquiry into the Foundations and History of the Law of Nations in Europe from the time of the Greeks and Romans to the Age of Grotius (2 vols., 1795).

4 History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Washington (1842, 1845); see also Hosack, On the Rise and Growth of the Law of Nations from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Utrecht (1882); Walker, A History of the Law of Nations from the Earliest Times to the Peace of Westphalia (1899).

5 Les Origines du Droit international (1894); Etudes de droit international et de droit politique (2 vols., 1896–1901); Le droit international (3 vols., 1912); see also Laurent, Histoire du droit des gens et des relations internationales (18 vols., 1851–1870).

6 The Development of International Law (1928); see also Van Vollenhoven, The Three Stages in the Evolution of the Law of Nations (1919); Redslob, Histoire des Grandes Principes du Droit des Gens (1923); De LaPradelle, Maitres et Doctrines du Droit des Gens (2nd ed., 1950).

7 Recent Developments in International Law (1925).

8 A Concise History of the Law of Nations (rev. ed., 1954).

9 Cf. for China: Sui-Tschoan-Pao, Le droit des gens et la Chine antique (1925); for India: Viswanatha, International Law in Ancient India (1925) ; Pramathawath Bandyopadhgay, International Law and Custom In Ancient India; for Israel: Bentwich, The Religious Foundations of Internationalism (1933); for Greece and Rome: Phillipeon, The International Law and Custom of Ancient Greece and Rome (2 vols., 1911); for Byzantium: Taube, “Etude sur le developpement historique du droit international dans I’Europe orientale,” 11 Hague Recueil 345–497 (1926, I); “L’apport de Byzance au développement du droit international occidental,” 67 ibid. 237–334 (1939, I); for Islam: Rechid, “L’Islam et le droit des gens,” in 60 ibid. 375–505 (1937, II); Majid Khadduri, Law of War and Peace in Islam (1940); Hamidullah, The Muslim Conduct of State (1945); for medieval Europe: Ward, op. cit.; for Italy: Sereni, The Italian Conception of International Law (1943); for the United Kingdom: McNair, International Law Opinions (3 vols., 1955); Pearce Higgins, “La contribution de quatres grands juristes brittaniques au droit international,” in 40 Hague Recueil 5–85 (1932, II); for the United States: Hyde, International Law Chiefly as Interpreted by the United States (3 vols., 2nd ed., 1945); for Latin America: Jacobini, A Study of the Philosophy of International Law as seen in the Works of Latin American Writers (1954); for the Soviet Union: Taracouzio, The Soviet Union and International Law (1935); Lapenna, Conceptions Soviétiques du droit international public (1954).

10 Eg.: Satow, The Silesiau Loan and Frederick the Great (1915); Fauchille, La diplomatic française et la ligue des neutres de 1780 (1893); Piggott and Omond, Documentary History of the Armed Neutralities, 1780 and 1800 (1919); Dufraisse, Histoire du droit de guerre et de paix de 1789 à 1815 (1867); Roscoe, Lord Stowell (1916); Ziegler, The International Law of John Marshall (1939); Piggott, The Declaration of Paris (1919); Bernard, A Historical Account of the Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War (1870); Sorel, Histoire diplomatique de la guerre franco-allemande (2 vols., 1875); Holland, The European Concert in the Eastern Question (1895); Arriga, La guerre sino-japonaise au point de vue du droit international (1896) ; Takahashi, International Law During the Chino-Japanese War; Baty, International Law in South Africa (1900); Despagnet, La guerre sudafricaine au point de vue du droit international (1902); Lawrence, War and Neutrality in the Far East (2nd ed., 1904); Smith and Sibley, International Law as Interpreted During the Russo-Japanese War (2nd ed., 1907); Takahashi, International Law Applied to the Russo-Japanese War (1908); Barclay, The Tureo-Italian War and Its Problems (1912); Report of the Carnegie Commission on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (1914) ; Garner, International Law and the World War (1920); Shinobu, International Law in the Shanghai Conflict (1933); Highley, The Action of States Members of the League of Nations in the Application of Sanctions against Italy, 1935/1936 (1938); Padelford, International Law and Diplomacy in the Spanish Civil Strife (1939).

11 See, however, Medlicott, History of the Second World War, Vol. I: The Economic Blockade (1952).

12 Pound, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law 16–17 (1922).

13 Holmes, The Common Law 1 (1881).

14 Cf. Dickinson, Law and Peace, Ch. I (1951).

15 Cf. Austin, Jurisprudence (3 vols., 1861–1863); Gray, Nature and Sources of Law (2nd ed., 1921); Salmond, Jurisprudence (9th ed., 1937); Kelsen, General Theory of Law and the State (1945).

16 Cf. Savigny, On the Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence (trans. Hayward, 1831); Maine, Ancient Law (ed. Pollock, 1906); Bryee, Studies in History and Jurisprudence (2 vols., 1901); Vinogradoff, Historical Jurisprudence (2 vols., 1920–1922).

17 Cf. Ihering, Law as a Mean to an End (trans. Hassik); Ehrlich, Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (trans. Moll, 1936); Duguit, Law in the Modern State (trans. Laski, 1919); idem, Traité de droit constitutionnel (5 vols., 1927); Pound: Spirit of the Common Law (1921); Interpretations of Legal History (1923); An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law (1922); Social Control through Law (1942).

18 Cf. Bryce, Modern Democracies (2 vols., 1921).

19 Cf. Wheare, Federal Government (1946).

20 Chester, Central and Local Government: Financial and Administrative Relations (1951).

21 Cf. Landis, The Administrative Process (1938).

22 Cf. Chubb, The Control of Public Expenditures (1952); Adarkar, The Principles and Problems of Federal Finance (1933).

23 Cf. Dale, The Higher Civil Service of Great Britain (1941).

24 Cf. Haines, The American Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy (1932).

25 Cf. Street, Governmental Liability (1953).

26 Cf. Friedmann (ed.), The Public Corporation—A Comparative Symposium (1954).

27 Cf. Gierke, Political Theories of the Middle Ages (ed. Maitland, 1900); National Law and the Theory of Society (ed. Barker, 1934); Figgis, Churches in the Modern State (1913).

28 MacIver, The Modern State (1927); Wheare, Government by Committee (1955).

29 Cf. Grunebaum-Ballin and Petit, Les Conrlits Collectifs du Travail et leur règlement dans le monde eontemporain (1954).

30 Cf. Wheare, Modern Constitutions (1951).

31 Cf. Nussbaum, Money in the Law—National and International (2nd ed., 1950); Mann, The Legal Aspect of Money (2nd ed., 1953).

32 Cf. Wilcox, A Charter for World Trade (1949); Hawkins, Commercial Treaties and Agreements: Principles and Practice (1951).

33 Cf. Fischer Williams, Chapters on Current International Law and the League of Nations (1929) ; Borehard, State Insolvency and Foreign Bondholders (1951); Feis, Europe: The World’s Banker, 1870–1914 (1930).

34 Cf. Mouton, The Continental Shelf (1952).

35 Cf. Codding, The International Telecommunications Union (1932).

36 A study based on a technical knowledge of the subject comparable to Mouton’s knowledge of hydrography is most desirable. Schachter, “Who Owns the Universe?” in Ryan (ed.), Across the Space Frontier 118–131 (1952), and Jenks, “International Law and Activities in Space beyond the Atmosphere,” in 5 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1956), do not claim to do more than pose the question; see also John C. Cooper, “High Altitude Flight and National Sovereignty,” in 4 International Law Quarterly 411–418 (1951).

37 Cf. Jenks, “The International Protection of Freedom of Association for Trade Union Purposes,” in Hague Recueil (1955, I) 1 ff.

38 Hall, International Law 395 (8th ed., 1924).

39 Maitland, Collected Papers (3 vols., 1911).

40 Cf. Maine, International Law 20 (1888); Hill, Claims to Territory in International Law and Relations (1944).

41 Cf. Lauterpaeht, Private Law Sources and Analogies of International Law (1927); Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (1953).

42 Cf. Gutteridge, Comparative Law (1946); Wigmore, Panorama of the World’s Legal Systems (1928); René David, Introduction à l’étude du droit comparé; Macmillan, Two Ways of Thinking (1934).

43 Buckland and McNair, Roman Law and Common Law (2d ed., 1952), is particularly helpful for this purpose.

44 Cf. Amos and Walton, Introduction to French Law (1935).

45 United Kingdom Foreign Office, Manual of German Law (2 vols., 1950–1952).

46 Williams, Swiss Civil Code (1925), is partly obsolete.

47 Cf. Lee, Introduction to Roman Dutch Law (5th ed., 1953).

48 Cf. Orfield, Growth of Scandinavian Law (1953).

49 Cf. Altamira, Historia del Derecho Español (1902).

50 Cf. Library of Congress Guides to the Law and Legal Literature of Latin America; Clagett, The Administration of Justice in Latin America (1952); Eder, A Comparative Study of Anglo-American and Latin American Law (1950); Siches and others, Latin American Legal Philosophy (1948).

51 Cf. Hazard, Law and Social Change in the U.S.S.E. (1953); Guins, Soviet Law and Soviet Society (1954); Kelsen, Communist Theory of Law (1955); Schlesinger, Soviet Legal Theory (1945); Babb and Hazard, Soviet Legal Philosophy (1951); Gsovski, Soviet Civil Law (2 vols., 1948).

52 Cf. Schacht, The Origins of Mohammedan Jurisprudence (1950); Fyzee, Outlines of Mohammedan Law (2nd ed., 1955) ; Khadduri and Liebesny, Law in the Middle East (1 vol. published, 1955); Anderson, Islamic Law in Africa (1955); Fernand Diilot, Traité de droit mussulman et algérien moderne (4 vols., 1947).

53 Cf. The British Commonwealth–The Development of its Laws and Constitutions (ed. by Keeton): Vol. 6 (Gledhill), The Republic of India; Vol. 7 (Jennings and Tambiah), The Dominion of Ceylon. A corresponding volume for Pakistan is in preparation.

54 For Chinese law prior to 1950 cf. Escarra, Le Droit chinois (1936), and for Chinese law prior to Western influence, Boulais, Manuel du Code Chinois (2 vols., 1923–1924).

55 For general estimates of African law, see Elias, The Nature of African Customary Law (1955) ; Meek, Land Law and Custom in the Colonies (1946); Bourjol, Théorie générale des coutumes juridiques africaines (1954); Poirier, Les droits négro-afrieains; Henri Robin, Du respect des coutumes indigènes (1921); Possoz, Eléments du droit coutumier nègre (1944); Doudou Thiam, De l’avenir des institutions coutumières en Afrique Noire. For particular African legal systems cf., for Ethiopia: Marein, The Judicial System and Laws of Ethiopia (rev. ed., 1951); The Ethiopian Empire, Federation and Laws; for Nigeria: Elias, Ground Work of Nigerian Law (1954); Ajissafe, The Laws and Customs of the Yoruba People (1924); Meek, Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe (1937) (Ibo Law); for the Gold Coast: Casely Hayford, Gold Coast Native Institutions (1903); Sarbah, Fanti Customary Laws (1904); Danquah, Akan Laws and Customs (1928); Rattray, Ashanti Law and Constitution (1929); for French West Africa: Robert, L’évolution des coutumes de l’ouest africain et la législation françhise (1955); Coutumiers juridiques de I’Afrique Occidentale Française; Geismar, Recueil des coutumes eiviles des races du Sénégal (1933); Clozel et Villamur, Les coutumes indigènes de la Cĉte d’Ivoire (1902), Coutumier du Dahomey (1933); for Belgian Congo: Sohier, Traité élémentaire du droit coutumier du Congo beige; for Sudan: Howell, Manual of Nuer Law (1954); for Kenya: Snell, Nandi Customary Law (1954); for Tanganyika: Cory, Sukuma Law and Custom (1953); for Northern Rhodesia: Gluckman, The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia; for Southern Rhodesia: Holleman, Shona Customary Law (1952); for Bechuanaland: Schapera, A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom (1954); for South Africa: Julius Lewin, Studies in African Native Law (1947). There are many useful articles in Revue juridique et politique de l’union françhise, 1947 onwards, and Zaïre (Revue congolaise), 1952 onwards.

56 Except African law.

57 Art. 9.

58 Rymer, Foedera, etc. inter Reges Angliae et alios quosvis Imperatores … ab anno 1101 ad nostra usque Tempora habita aut traetata (20 vols., 1704–1718; covers period 1101–1654).

59 Dumont, Corps universel diplomatique (8 vols., 1726–1731).

60 Rousset, Supplément au corps universel diplomatique de Dumont (5 vols., 1739).

61 Martens, Recueil de Traités d’Alliance, etc. (8 vols., 1791–1801); Nouveau recueil de Traités d’Alliance, etc. (16 vols., 1817–1842); Nouveaux supplements au recueil de traités et d’autres actes remarquables, etc. (3 vols., 1839–1842); Nouveau recueil général de traités, conventions et autres actes remarquables, etc. (20 vols., 1843–1875); Nouveau recueil général de traités et autres actes relatifs aux rapports de droit international (Deuxième Série, 35 vols., 1876–1908); Nouveau recueil général de traités et autres actes relatifs aux rapports de droit international (Troisième Série, 18 vols., 1909–1928).

62 League of Nations Treaty Series (205 vols.) and General Index (9 vols.) 1920–1946).

63 United Nations Treaty Series (127 vols.) and General Index (6 vols.) published in respect of period 1946–1952.

64 Cf. Hunter Miller, Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America (8 vols, published 1931–1948); United Kingdom Treaty Series (annual vols., 1892 to date); Hertslet, Commercial Treaties (31 vols., 1827 to 1925); De Clercq, Recueil des traités, etc., conclus par la France avec les puissances étrangères depuis 1713 jusqu’a 1904 (23 vols., 1866–1917); Basdevant, Traités et conventions en vigueur entre la France et les puissances étrangèes (4 vols., 1918–1922).

65 Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party (6 vols., 1898); International Adjudications, Modern Series (6 vols., 1929–1933).

66 LaPradelle-Politis, Recueil des Arbitrages Internationaux, Tome I, –1805 (1905); Tome II, 1856–1872 (1923); Tome III, 1872–1875 (1954); Tome IV, 1876–.

67 Scott, The Hague Court Reports (1916); The Hague Court Reports (2nd Ser., 1932).

68 Ed. Fischer Williams and Lauterpaeht (2 vols., 1924); McNair and Lauterpacht (2 vols., 1925–1928); and Lauterpacht (11 vols, published, 1929–1948).

69 A Collection of Judgments (Ser. A) and a Collection of Advisory Opinions (Ser. B) were published separately by the Permanent Court of International Justice for the period 1922–1930; from 1931 to 1940 a combined collection entitled Judgments, Orders and Advisory Opinions (Ser. A/B) was published; all are conveniently available in Hudson, World Court Reports (4 vols., 1934–1943).

70 International Court of Justice, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders, 1 volume annually since 1947–1948.

71 United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards (5 vols, published, 1948–1952).

72 Cf. Venezuelan Arbitration of 1903, Ralston’s Report (1904); American and British Claims Arbitrations under the Special Agreement of August 18, 1910, Report of Fred K. Nielsen (1926).

73 Recueil des Décisions des Tribunaux Arbitraux Mixtes (10 vols., 1922–1930).

74 International Military Tribunal, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression—Opinion and Judgment (U. S. Govt. Printing Office, 1947); Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 42 vols., 1947–1949); Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (2 vols., 1948); International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Dissenting Judgment of Radhabinod Pal (1953).

75 Stuyt, Survey of International Arbitrations 1794–1938 (1939), is a chronological index with reference to the texts of awards and documentation relating to proceedings, but a consolidated subject-matter index is required.

76 Ed. Lauterpacht and others (15 vols., 1919–1948).

77 Flournoy and Hudson, A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties (1929).

78 Feller and Hudson, A Collection of the Diplomatic and Consular Laws and Regulations of Various Countries (2 vols., 1933).

79 Morrison, “A Collection of Piracy Laws of Various Countries,” in 26 A.J.I.L. Supp. 887–1013 (1932).

80 Déak and Jessup, A Collection of the Neutrality Laws, Regulations and Treaties of Various Countries (2 vols., 1939).

81 29 A.J.I.L. Supp. 241–434 (1935).

82 U.N. Legislative Series, Laws and Regulations on the Regime of the High Seas: Vol. I, Continental Shelf, Contiguous Zones, Supervision of Foreign Vessels on the High Seas (1951); Vol. II, Laws relating to Jurisdiction over Crimes Committed Abroad or on the High Seas (1952).

83 Ibid., Laws and Practices concerning the Conclusion of Treaties (1953).

84 Ibid., Laws concerning Nationality (1954).

85 The International Labor Office Legislative Series has been published without interruption since 1920; the Bulletin of the International Labor Office, Basle (English ed.) covers in the same manner the period 1906–1919; the French edition also covers the period 1902–1906.

86 Cf. W.H.O., International Digest of Health Legislation (1948 to date); F.A.O., Food and Agriculture Legislation (1954 to date); International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property, Recueil général de la législation et des traités concernant la propriété industrielle (new edition in preparation); League of Nations, Collection of International Tax Agreements and National Legal Provisions for the Prevention of Double Taxation and Fiscal Evasion (6 vols., 1928–1936). The following collections contain only treaties without the implementing legislation: International Bureau for the Protection of Literary and Artistie Works, Recueil des Conventions et Traités concernant la propriété littéraire et artistique (new edition in preparation); United Nations, International Tax Agreements (5 vols., 1948–1954).

87 3 vols., 1955.

88 1938.

89 2 vols., 1932 and 1935.

90 Wharton, A Digest of the International Law of the United States (3 vols., 1886).

91 Moore, A Digest of International Law (8 vols., 1906).

92 Hackworth, Digest of International Law (8 vols., 1940–1944).

93 Fontes Juris Gentium, Ser. B, Sec. 1 (4 vols.), Digest of the Diplomatic Correspondence of the European States, 1856–1871.

94 Cf. American Journal of International Law, British Yearbook of International Law, Revista Argentina de Derecho Internacional, Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Direito Internacional, Revista de Derecho Internacional, Revue égyptienne de droit international, Revista española de derecho internacional, Revue internationale franéaise du droit des gens, Revue hellénique de droit international, Rivista di diritto internazionale, Indian Yearbook of World Affairs, Japanese Journal of International Law and Diplomacy, Jewish Yearbook of International Law, Revue de droit international pour le Moyen-Orient, Netherlands International Law Review, Nordisk Tidsskrift for International Ret and Acta Scandinavica Juris Gentium, Revista Peruana de Derecho Internacional.

95 Geneva Research Center, Répertoire of Questions of International Law before the League of Nations, by Schiffer (1942).

96 United Nations, Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs (5 vols., 1955).

97 Idem, Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, 1946–1951 (1954).

98 Stauffenberg, Statut et règlement de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale—Eléments d’interprétation (Carl Heymann’s Verlag, 1934).

99 The International Labour Code, 1951 (2 vols., 1952); Le Code International du Travail, 1951 (2 vols., 1954); El Codigo Internacional del Trabajo (2 vols., 1956).

100 Les Actes de l’Union Postale Universelle revisérs à Bruxelles 1952 et Annotés par les Soins du Bureau International (3 vols., 1954).

101 Cf. McNair, International Law Opinions (3 vols., 1955).

102 Tilley and Gaselee, The Foreign Office 115 (1933).

103 Idem, 266–268 (1933); Strang, The Foreign Office 158–159 (1955).

104 John Bassett Moore served as Assistant Secretary but was never Solicitor.

105 Graham Stuart, The Department of State (1949).

106 Cf. De LaPradelle, Maîtres et Doctrines du Droit des Gens 249–261 (2nd ed., 1950).

107 Cf. Beckett, “Sir Cecil Hurst’s Services to International Law,” in 26 British Yearbook of International Law 1–6 (1949).

108 Cf. Fitzmaurice, “The United Nations and the Rule of Law,” in 38 Grotius Society Transactions 135–150 (1952).

109 Cf. Schachter, “The Development of International Law through the Legal Opinions of the United Nations Secretariat,” in 25 British Yearbook of International Law 91–132 (1948). Concerning some of the analogous problems which confront the economic adviser, see Johr and Singer, The Role of the Economist as Official Adviser (1955), and Kindleberger, “Economists in International Organizations,” in 9 International Organization 338–352 (1955).

110 Benjamin Cardozo, The Growth of the Law 1 (1924).

111 Roscoe Pound, Interpretations of Legal History 1 (1923).

112 Cardozo, op. cit. 1.

113 Cf. Feller, United Nations and World Community (1952), Ch. 3, “The Living Charter,” pp. 31–46.

114 Cf. Brierly, The Covenant and the Charter 15 (1947); Lauterpacht, “Japan and the Covenant” in Political Quarterly, 1932; id., “‘Resort to War’ and the Interpretation of the Covenant in the Course of the Manchuria Dispute,” in 28 A.J.I.L. 43–60 (1934) ; Giraud, La Nullité de la Politique internationale des Grandes Démocracies 1919–1939 (1946).

115 Cf. International Labor Office, 27 Official Bulletin 114–146 (1945), “The Future Development of the Constitution and Constitutional Practice of the International Labour Organisation—Memorandum by the Legal Adviser of the International Labour Office.” Cf. also Jenks: “The Significance for International Law of the Tripartite Charter of the International Labour Organisation,” in 23 Grotius Society Transactions 45–81 (1936); “La compétence de l’Organisation internationale du travail,” in Revue de droit internationale et de législation compared, 1937, pp. 153–183 and 586–623; “The International Labour Organisation as a Subject of Study for International Lawyers,” in 22 Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 36–56 (3rd Ser., Pt. I, 1940).

116 Cf. Jenks, “The Relation between Membership of the League of Nations and Membership of the International Labour Organisation,” in 16 British Yearbook of International Law 79–83 (1935).

117 Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process (1921), The Growth of the Law (1924); Denning, The Changing Law (1953), The Road to Justice (1955), pp. 10–32, “The Just Judge.”

118 Cf. Jenks, “The Need for an International Legislative Drafting Bureau,” in 39 A.J.I.L. 163–179 (1945).

119 Cf. Jenks, “Les instruments internationally à earactàre collectif,” in 69 Hague Recueil 447–552 (1939, III); “The Need for an International Legislative Drafting Bureau” in 39 A.J.I.L. at 166–171 (1945).

120 Cf. Jenks, “The Conflict of Law-Making Treaties,” in 30 British Yearbook of International Law 401–453 (1953).

121 Cited fully in Jenks, “The Need for an International Legislative Drafting Bureau” in 39 A.J.I.L. 174–175 (1945); see particularly Thring, Practical Legislation (2d ed., 1902); Ilbert, Legislative Methods and Forms (1901); Bryce, “The Art of Legislation,” 195 Quarterly Review 466–485 (1902); Freund, Legislative Regulation (1932).

122 Cf. Jenks, loc. cit. supra, note 121.

123 Cf. Jenks, “Lies instruments internationaux à caractère collectif,” loc. cit.

124 Cf. John W. Davis, “The Argument of an Appeal,” 26 American Bar Association Journal 895 ff. (1940); Robert H. Jackson, “Advocacy before the Supreme Court,” 37 ibid. 801 ff. (1951); Lloyd Paul Stryker, The Art of Advocacy (1954), especially pp. 220–250, “Advocacy in the Appellate Courts” and “Appellate Advocacy—The Precepts of a Master Craftsman”; Macmillan, Law and Other Things (1938), pp. 171–213, “The Ethics of Advocacy” and “Some Observations on the Art of Advocacy”; Hilbery, Duty and Art in Advocacy (1946); Birkett, Advocacy (1954); Denning, The Road to Justice (1955), pp. 33–63, “The Honest Lawyer.”

125 The Maria, 1 C. Rob. 340, at 350.

126 The Maria, 1 C. Rob. 349(a).

127 Ibid. 350.