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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 January 2017
The centenary of the birth of the distinguished Spanish writer Emilia Pardo-Bazán is being celebrated in Spain and abroad with abundant references to her remarkable creative work as a writer of novels and short stories. Little attention has been paid to her work as a critic and scholar, and nothing has been said of her important role as the great pioneer of Russian studies in Spanish-speaking countries. Her influence in this regard was not confined to these countries, since her major study of Russia was translated into English by Fanny Hale Gardiner and published three years after the Spanish edition under the title Russia, Its People and Its Literature. This translation was important in arousing American interest in Russian studies.
1 The translation was published in Chicago in 1890. Many editions of this work, La Revolutóon y la novela en Rusia, appeared in Spain and elsewhere. The most important are Madrid, Tello, 1887; Madrid, Ca. de Impresores y Libreros, 1893; Madrid, Administración, n.d., vol. 33 in the Obras Completas of Pardo-Bazan. Some of Pardo-Bazán's other studies on Russia are listed in Portnoff, George, La Literatura rusa en España (New York, Instituto de las Espanas, 1932), p. 301.Google Scholar
2 References here are always made to the English translation, from the third French edition, by Zénaide A. Ragozin (3 vols., New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1894, reprinted 1898, 1905).
3 La Rusia contemporánea, p. 219.
4 The Basque text and Castilian translations of these two poems, together with summaries of the heated polemics as to their authenticity, may be found in José Manterola, Cantos históricos de los bascos (San Sebastian, Juan Oses, 1878), sections i and ii.
5 Op. cit., 1, 64.
6 Ibid., I, book viii.
7 Ibid., II, book i.
8 de Azcaráte, Gumersindo, Ensayo sobre la historia del derecho de propiedad (3 vols., Madrid, Revista de Legislacion, 1879–83)Google Scholar.
9 Castro, José Villa-Amil y, Los Foros de Galicia en la edad media (Madrid, Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1884)Google Scholar. This is, in the words of the subtitle, an “Estudio de las transformaciones que ha sufrido en Galicia la contratación para el aprovechamiento de las tierras.” Villa-Amil shows that Galician agriculture had indeed a communal basis.
10 Leroy-Beaulieu, I, viii, p. 486.
11 For an explanation of the significance of these terms, see Rovira, Prudencio, El Campesino Gallego (Madrid, Aguado, 1904), pp. 48–49.Google Scholar
12 Leroy-Beaulieu, op cit., I, 406.
13 See Appendix B, a defense of the Nihilists against the attacks of Leroy-Beaulieu. The English translation of the book is used here (2 vols., London, Swan Sonnenschien, 1892).
14 Ibid., I, 221.
15 Russia's struggle for “Europeanization” is well related by Grégoire Alexinsky in La Russie et l'Europe (Paris, Bibliothèque de Philosophic Scientifique, Flammarion, 1917); English translation, Russia and Europe (New York, Charles Scribner, 1917). Alexinsky points out that the Russian revolutionary tradition owes much to Spain, since its pioneers, the Decembrists, idealized the Spanish 1820 revolt and regarded Riego himself as a “holy martyr.” Their leader, Nikita Murav'ëv, took the Spanish Constitution of 1812 as one of his models.
16 See Reyburn, Hugh Y., The Story of the Russian Church (London, Andrew Melrose, 1924)Google Scholar; Bigg-Wither, Reginald F., A Short History of the Church of Russia (London, S.P.C.K., 1920).Google Scholar
17 La Revolución y la novela en Rusia, pp. 56–57.
18 Pardo-Bazán is unjust. Although Vladimir precipitated the conversion of Russia, his behavior as a Christian was commendable. See Reyburn, op. cit., chapter ii.
19 La Revolución y la novela en Rusia, pp. 58–59.
20 Leroy-Beaulieu, op. cit., I, 502.
21 La Revolutión y la novela en Rusia, pp. 168–69.
22 Pardo-Bazán, Al pie de la Torre Eiffel (1889), p. 169.
23 On the intellectual activities of Russian women of that time, see Rappoport, A. S., Home Life in Russia (London, Methuen, 1913), chapters xvii and xviii.Google Scholar
24 Tsar Nicholas II and the Tsarina Alexandra were crowned at Moscow in May, 1896. In August they set out for a European tour. The German Emperor received them in Berlin and Queen Victoria at Balmoral. These meetings were easily overshadowed by the ceremonies in France; and the return visit of President Faure and M. Hanotaux, his Minister of Foreign Affairs, to Russia was the occasion for the proclamation of the Franco-Russian alliance. See Skrine, F. H., The Expansion of Russia (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1915), p. 312.Google Scholar
25 De siglo a siglo, pp. 42 ff.
26 See “La Capilla nacional rusa,” Vida contemporáa, p. 163.
27 See Leroy-Beaulieu, I, 503–4.
28 La Revolución y la novela en Rusia, p. 102.
29 See “La Reforma social o el conde y el labriego,” in Vida contemporánea, pp. 120 ff. Typically enough, the article begins: “Russia is the European nation where thought today is most original and fresh.”
30 Al pie de la Torre Eiffel, pp. 166–67.