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Francisco Javier Cisneros: A Pioneer in Transportation and Economic Development in Latin America, 1857-1898*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Hernán Horna
Hernán Horna*
Affiliation:
Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois.
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Extract

The multifaceted character of economic growth in Latin America has several distinctive qualities. Research is now uncovering some basic features of different stages and areas in industrialization. In Latin America, where personalism assumes a more significant role than in the system oriented Anglo-America, the lives of individuals can be quite decisive in the functioning of society. Francisco Javier Cisneros played several highly meaningful roles, all of which are important not only for the legacy left by his agitated, dynamic and dramatic life, but also because his experiences illustrate a not uncommon pattern of economic development in Latin America.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , July 1973 , pp. 54 - 82
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1973

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Footnotes

*

The author of this article is indebted to a grant from the Organization of American States (OAS). The author also wishes to thank Professors J. León Helguera of Vanderbilt University, Frank Safford of Northwestern University, Alberto Lee López and Horacio Rodríguez Plata of the Academia Colombiana de Historia for their cooperation and comments. However, the author bears full responsibility for the text and views expressed.

References

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26 [Merchán], La Honra de España por un Cubano; see also Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada, Vol. XIII.

27 The writer has been unable to determine the extent of Cisneros’ property confiscated by the Spanish authorities. However most of his property was in real estate and principally in Havana. In April of 1869, Cisneros and some other revolutionary leaders were promised the return of their property by Governor-General Domingo Dulce if they withdrew from the revolution. Cisneros rejected the offer. See “ Cuban Affairs,” New York Times, April 24, 1869, 1; “Cuban Affairs: Confiscation,” New York Times, April 26, 1869, 5; and Datos Oficiales Referentes a los Bienes Mandados Embargar en la Isla de Cuba (La Habana: Inprenta del Gobierno y Capitanía General, 1870), pp. 109, 175, 179.

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57 Document No. 1460 plus Appendix in Contabilidad: Balances, Cuentas y Comprobantes: 1879, CCCXI, Part II (Archivo del Ferocarril de Antioquia, Medellín).

58 The most consequential deviation from Cisneros' blueprints was the construction of the four-kilometer tunnel of La Quiebra, sixty kilometers east of Medellín. The original blueprints provided for building the railroad across the Central cordillera at a maximum gradient of six degrees. See López, , “El Paso de La Quiebra,” El Montañés (Medellín), 2, No. 19 y 20 (June-July, 1899), 294–306 Google Scholar; and “La Perforación del Tunel de La Quiebra,” El Correo (Medellín), August 19, 1961, 11.

59 Cauca’s struggle to build a route to the Pacific has been the subject of an extensive and well documented study. See: Neal, James H., “The Pacific Age Comes to Colombia: The Construction of the Cali-Buenaventura Route, 1854-1882” (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1971).Google Scholar

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64 “Navegación,” La Industria (Bogotá), January 25, 1884, 341.

65 “El Ferrocarril de Bolívar,” El Conservador (Bogotá), August, 14, 1884, 1942; see also: Letters from Luis G. Rivas to Francisco J. Cisneros in Borrador B. de la Familia Raimundo Rivas, pp. 1–50. This invaluable source of information is privately-owned by the descendants of Luis G. Rivas of Bogotá, Colombia; Documents 76–77, 907–922, in Ferrocarril de Bolívar, 5 Vols., II (Archivo Nacional, Biblioteca Nacional, Bogotá).

66 “Finis Coronai Opus,” The Shipping List (Barranquilla), June 30, 1893, 4.

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68 Ibid., p. 166.

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73 Letter from William E. Curtis to United States Consul Thomas Dawson, Caracas, January 18, 1885, in Consular Despatches-Barranquilla, 6 Vols., II; see also “Navegación,” La Industria (Bogotá), January 25, 1884, p. 341.

74 “Asuntos Económicos,” La Industria (Bogotá), September 29, 1884, p. 628.

75 Cisneros, , El Ferrocarril de Antioquia y el Informe del Honorable Diputado Señor Pascual Oribe R. (Bogotá: Editorial A. Alcazar, 1881), p. 15.Google Scholar See also: Cisneros, , “El Por Qué de este Periódico,”La Industria (Bogotá), February 15, 1883, p. 1.Google Scholar

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79 Estadística de la Navegación Fluvial: Informe del Inspector del Ramo en 1883 (Barranquilla: Imprenta de Los Andes, 1884), pp. 1–34.

80 Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Carlos Sáenz, Puerto Berrío, January 10, 1885; Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Carlos Sáenz, Bogotá, February 24, 1886; Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Carlos Sáenz, Honda, July 9, 1886, in Colección Mis-celánea de Cisneros. See also: “Telegramas,”La Industria (Bogotá), June 28, 1884, p. 529; “La Compañía Colombiana de Transportes,” El Heraldo(Bogotá), January 27, 1895 (Supplement, p. 1).

81 Rippy, , Latin America and the Industrial Age (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1944), p. 54.Google Scholar

82 Compilación de los Principales Documentos sobre la Sociedad Agrícola y de Inmigración (Medellín: Imprenta Oficial, 1921), pp. 33–34.

83 Cisneros, , “Memoria al Secretario de Estado,” in Ferrocarril de Antioquia: 1879–1889, 2 Vols., MMCMXXXI (Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca Pública Piloto, Medellín, Colombia), pp. 14–15, 29.Google Scholar See also: Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Salvador Camacho Roldán, New York, November 28, 1878, in El Archivo Camacho Roldán (Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá); Bretos, Miguel, “El Archivo Camacho Roldán,” Boletín de Historia y Antigüedades (Bogotá;), 57, Nos. 666–668 (April-June, 1970), pp. 311–315.Google Scholar

84 Minas de Antioquia: Catálogo de Minas que se Han Titulado en 161 Años desde 1739 hasta 1900 (Medellín: Imprenta Oficial, 1906), pp. 125-127, 254.

85 At first Cisneros was opposed to the use of Chinese labor in Antioquia but when he could not recruit a sufficient number of Europeans he wanted to bring Coolies from California. See: Diario de Cisneros, 1875–1877, Primera Parte (Jardín-Museo Zoológico de Santa Fe, Medellín).

86 Compilación de los Principales Documentos sobre la Sociedad Agrícola y de Inmigración, p. 233.

87 Documentos Relativos al Ferrocarril de Antioquia: 1882–1890, p. 68.

88 Cisneros, , Ferrocarril del Cauca: Repon on the Project to Construct a Railway from the Bay of Buenaventura upon the Pacific Ocean and the River Cauca (New York: Van Nostrand, 1878),pp. 66–75, 78–92Google Scholar; see also Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to El Secretario de Hacienda y Fomento, Medellín, August 29, 1879, in Ferrocarril de Antioquia: 1879-1889, 2 Vols., MMCMXXXIX (Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca Pública Piloto, Medellín).

89 Cisneros, , Leyes y Contratos Relativos a las Empresas de Obras Públicas, pp. 250–253.Google Scholar

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92 Goenaga, , Lecturas Locales: Apuntes sobre Cisneros (Barranquilla: Tipografía Goenaga, 1939), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar See also: “Junta Agrícola de Barranquilla,” El Heraldo (Bogotá), August 30, 1894, p. 621.

93 Cisneros, , Leyes y Contratos Relativos a las Empresas de Obras Públicas, pp. 273–275.Google Scholar Unfortunately this project was not followed up because the Colombian government did not make effective the land grant.

94 The complete collection of this newspaper may be found at the Luis-Angel Arango Library in Bogotá, Colombia.

95 “Parte No Oficial: Ferrocarril de Antioquia,” Boletín Oficial (Medellín), November 2, 1874, p. 890; see also Restrepo, Lucio, “El Ferrocarril de Antioquia,”La Industria December 31, 1883, p. 316.Google Scholar

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97 Cisneros, , A Propósito de una Sentencia, pp. 7–25 Google Scholar; see also: Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Ribón, Castro y Compañía, London, August 27, 1883; Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Diego de Castro, Barranquilla, February 8, 1884; Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Salvador Camacho Roldán, Bogotá, June 26, 1884; Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Salvador Camacho Roldán, Bogotá, August 11, 1884; Letter from Diego de Castro to Salvador Camacho Roldán, Bogotá, June 27, 1884, in El Archivo Camacho Roldán. The Barranquilla Railway and Pier Company Limited, Serial No. 26163, Vol. F, 1889–1899 (Companies Registration Office, London, England); Letter from G. Jenner to Foreign Office, Bogotá, December 22, 1892, in Foreign Office, 55–357, pp. 74–75 (Public Record Office, London, England).

98 “Contrato,” Rejistro Official (Medellín), May 13, 1884, 4977; see also “Ferrocarril de Girardot,” La Industria (Bogotá), November 6, 1883, 274; Empresa de Navegación,”La Industria (Bogotá), October 18, 1883, 257; “Informes Anuales,” La Industrial (Bogotá), March 7, 1884, 389; “El Señor Diego de Castro,” La Industria (Bogotá), May 3, 1884, 449; “Ferrocarril del Cauca,” La Industria (Bogotá), December 17, 1883, 297; and Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Carlos Sáenz, Honda, November 27, 1884, in Colección Miscelánea de Cisneros.

99 Contabilidad: Balances, Cuentas y Comprobantes: 1874–1876, CCVI (Archivo del Ferrocarril de Antioquia, Medellín), pp. 2–30; see also United States Consul Thomas Davis to Assistant Secretary of State John Davis, July 29, 1884, Report No. 103, Consular Despatches-Barranquilla, 6 Vols., I.

100 Goenaga, Lecturas Locales: Apuntes sobre Cisneros, pp. 11, 46–47.

101 Roldán, Salvador Camacho, Escritos Varios, 3 Vols., I. (Bogotá Librería Colombiana, 1892), p. 176.Google Scholar

102 Contabilidad: Balances, Cuentas y Comprobantes: 1874–1876, CCCVI (Archivo del Ferrocarril de Antioquia, Medellín), pp. 2–30; see also: Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Carlos Sáenz, Girardot, Colombia, August 25, 1882; Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Carlos Sáenz, Puerto Berrío, Colombia, April 23, 1884; Letter from Francisco J. Ciscneros to Carlos Sáenz, Honda, Colombia, February 18, 1885, in Colección Miscelánea de Cisneros; United States Consul Bendix Koppel to the Assistant Secretary of State, July 14, 1880, Report No. 32, Consular Despatches-Bogotá, 4 Vols., I; Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Salvador Camacho Roldán; New York, November 29, 1878, in El Archivo Camacho Roldán; Horna, “Francisco Javier Cisneros: A Pioneer in Transportation and Economic Development in Colombia, ” (UnpublishedPh. D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1970), pp. 89, 94, 96–97, 190, 207, 232, 234, 268–269.Google Scholar

103 Cisneros, , Ferrocarril de Antioquia: Memoria sobre la Construcción de Tuerto Berrío a Barbosa (Nueva York: Imprenta de Hallet y Breen, 1872), pp. 2–6 Google Scholar; see also Cisneros, , “Canal de Panamá,” La Industria (Bogotá;), July 12, 1883, 169 Google Scholar; Letter from William E. Curtis to United States Consul Thomas Dawson, Caracas, January 18, 1885, in Consular Despatches-Barranquilla, 6 Vols., II.

104 Aguilera, Miguel, “Las Huellas de Cisneros en Antioquia,” El Colombiano Literario (Medellín), August 8, 1965, 1.Google Scholar

105 Memoria del Secretario de Hacienda y Fomento Dirigida al Presidente de la Unión para el Congreso de 1879 (Bogotá: Imprenta a Cargo de H. Andrade, 1879), p. 183.

106 By 1886, Cisneros was already one of the richest and most influential men in Colombia. See United States Consul Victor Vifquain to Assistant Secretary of State James Porter, December 15, 1886, Report No. 27, Consular Despatches-Barranquilla, 6 Vols., III.

107 Cisneros, , A Propósito de una Sentencia, pp. 38–39.Google Scholar

108 Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Eustaquio Palacios, Buenaventura, November 15, 1882, in La Industria (Bogotá), May 31, 1884, 491.

109 Letter from Francisco J. Cisneros to Carlos Sáenz, Bogotá, August 22, 1884, in Colección Miscelánea de Cisneros.

110 Letter from Anibal Galindo to Rafael M. Merchán, Bogotá, July 9, 1898, in A law Memoria de Francisco Javier Cisneros 1836 a 1898, edited by Merchán, p. 24.

111 Cisneros, , Report and Documents on the Bolívar Railway (London: Edward and Jones, 1887), p. 22.Google Scholar See also: Bernhart, D. S., “Colombian Transport and the Reforms of 1931: An Evaluation,” Hispanic American Historical Review, 38 (February, 1958), pp. 1–24.Google Scholar