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The Impact of Federalism on Mexican Church-State Relations, 1824-1835: The Case of the State of Mexico
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Extract
A number of first-rate scholarly studies in recent years have considerably enhanced our understanding of the troubled, sometimes tumultuous, relationship between the state and the Mexican Church in the century stretching from the reign of Charles III (1759-1788) to the era of Benito Juárez (1855-1876). Nancy Farriss, for example, has detailed the Bourbon drive to exert royal authority over the conduct and activities of the powerful and influential clergy and the latter's claim to exemption from that authority. Farriss, Karl Schmitt, and James Breedlove have demonstrated the connection between the state ecclesiastical reforms and the clergy's decisive role in the Mexican independence movement culminating in 1821. Ann Staples has ably ventured an overview of Church-state relations in the crucial but long-neglected early independence period of the first federal republic, 1824-1835. Michael Costeloe, Asunción Lavrin, Jan Bazant, Brian Hamnet, and Robert Knowlton have examined some of the Church's key economic activities and the impact of state reforms upon each. State policy toward the Church in the northern Mexican borderlands has received the attention of C. Alan Hutchinson, Manuel P. Servín, David J. Weber, John L. Kessell, Lawrence and Lucia Kinnaird, and others. Together with earlier works, these studies have documented a drama which began with the absolutistinspired reforms by the Crown, which regarded ecclesiastical privilege and power as incompatible with its own interests, and ended violently with the political and economic power of the Church and its clergy severely reduced and subordinated to the secular state.
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- Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1984
References
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18 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas del segundo congreso constitucional de México (Tlalpam: Imprenta de Gobierno, 1829), pp. 182–185, 208–212 (hereinafter abbreviated as Actas [1829]).
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23 México (State), Gobernador, Memoria ( 1832), p. 36; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Colección de decretos y órdenes del primer congreso constitucional de México (8 v. ; San Agustín de las Cuevas; Imprenta del Gobierno, 1827–1832), VII, 48, 141–142 (hereinafter abbreviated as Decretos [1827-1832]); México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of December 9, 10, and 20,1831, Actas, tomo 19, and sessions of Permanent Deputation of November Hand 15,1831, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 23, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papere, tomo 64, exps. 78, 94, ACDEMT.
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25 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 84–85, 100, 104–105.
26 El Reformador, III, nos. 227, 271, 276–278 (November 20,1833, January 3, 8–10, 1834); México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of March 18, 21, April 17,21, May 17, 20, December 23, 28, 1833, Actas, tomos 26, 28, 30, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Closed session of April 29, 1834, Borradores de Actas, Ramo secreto, tomo 26, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 71, exp. 55, ACDEMT.
27 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 57–58, 66–67, 75; El Reformador, III, no. 222 (November 15, 1833), 1.
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29 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Colección de decretos de los congresos constitucionales del estado libre y soberano de México que funcionaron en la primera época de la federación (Toluca: Imprenta de J. Quijano. [1850]). pp. 354–356 (hereafter referred to as Decretos [1850]): México (State), Congreso Constitucional. Papers, tomo 75. exps. 7–8. ACDEMT: México (State). Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of October 1. 6. 1834. March 26–27. 30–31. April 1, May 11. 13. 1835, Actas, tomos 33–34, and Secret sessions of October 13. 14. 16. December 16–18. 1834. Borradores de actas. Ramo secreto, tomo 26, ACDEMT.
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34 Exposición del cabildo metropolitano,” pp. 189–203.
35 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1827–1828), I, 116–117, 251, 281, 505, and IV, 55, 70, 81, 85–98, 194, 274–278, 303, 312.
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37 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 66,67; El Reformador, IV, nos. 367,373 (April 9, 15, 1834).
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39 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1827–1832), 1,6, 21, II, 71; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (Tlalpam: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1828), pp. 49–51, appendix #18.
40 Voting affirmative were García, Franco, Del Río, Portilla, Escudero, Campos, Vallarta, Piedra, Castelazo, and Anaya. México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1827–1828), I, 114–116, 153–154, 157–166; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 32, exp. 69, tomo 35, exp. 198, ACDEMT; México, Decretos (1829–1840), II, 52–53, 56–57, 135, III, 5, 137–138.
41 Signing the second report were Deputies León (Yucatán), Hevia (Tabasco), Bocanegra (Zacatecas), García (Puebla), Sánchez de Tagle (Michoacán), and Blasco (Querétaro). El Sol, IV, no. 1432 (May 9, 1827), 2863–2865; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1827–1828), I, 175; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 32, exp. 69, ACDEMT.
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47 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of August 27, October 7, 8, 10, 15, 1831, Actas, tomo 19, and Session of Permanent Deputation of October 21,1831, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 23, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1827–1832), VII, 130; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 64, exp. 92, ACDEMT.
48 Precisely, $39,494 pesos in 1829/1830 and $39,931 in 1830/1831. Mateos, Historia parlamentaria, VIII, 13, 19, 167, 177–178, 195; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VI, 103; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of May 29, August 16, 20, September 24, October 1–2, 1832, Actas, tomo 25, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 64, exp. 92, tomo 68, exp. 111, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1827–1832), VIII, 36–37; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1831), pp. 53–55, appendix #10, and Memoria (1832), pp. 22–24, appendix #10.
49 On April 30, 1833, Mexico State confiscated the hacienda of Atlacomulco, the Cuernavaca palace, and the Coyoacán house of the Duke of Monteleone y Terranova, Cortés' descendant who lived in Italy. México, Decretos (1829–1840), IV, 131–134, V, 9–10, VII, 55–56; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1850), 218–219, 223, 252–253, 261–262, 274; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 70, exps. 31, 33, tomo 72, exp. 78, tomo 80, exp. 280, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of February 25, March 4,7,15, 16, 20-23, 27-29, April 2, 18, 29, May 9, 15, 20, 24, 29, June 25-26, 28, October 3, 11, 15, 1833, Actas, tomos 26-29, and Session of Permanent Deputation of June 7, 1833, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 31, and Closed session of March 4, 1833, Borradores de actas secretas, tomo 25, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1829), I, 128, 152; El fanal (Toluca), III, no. 10, Alcance al núm. 22 (March 10, 22, 1833), IV, no. 3 (April 19, 1833); El Reformador (Toluca), I, nos. 1, 4–7, 11, 13–14, 18, 25, 36–38, 58–59, 63, 94 (April 1, 4–7, 11, 13–14, 18, 25, May 6–8, 28–29, June 2, July 3, 1833).
50 On May 22, 1833, Congress confiscated the Duke of Monteleone’s possessions in the Federal District by a vote of forty-five to two; Mexico state deputies favored the law by eight to one. Mateos, , Historia parlamentaria, 8, 274, 277, 290–291, 296, 304, 309, 314, 322, 328, 366, 370Google Scholar; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 48, 159, 165–167, 177–178, 186; El Reformador, IV.no. 315 (February 16, 1834), 4.
51 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of September 12, 17, October 8, 10, November 25, 28, 30, December 3, 5, 13, 18, 1833, January 4,1834, Actas, tomos 27–30, and Sessions of the Permanent Deputation of October 25 and November 8, 1833, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 31, ACDEMT.
52 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of September 10–12, 17, 20, October 16, November 25–26, 29, December 28, 1833, Actas, tomos 27, 30, and Closed Sessions of September 23, October 7, 14–15, 1833, Borradores de actas secretas, tomo 25, and Sessions of Permanent Deputation of October 21–22, 1833, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 31, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 76, exp. 74, ACDEMT; El Reformador, III, nos. 202–205, 207, 269 (October 26–29, 31, 1833, January 1, 1834); Mateos, , Historia parlamentaria, 8, 436–437, 441–444, 448–449, 455, 457Google Scholar; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 187, 203–204.
53 México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1834), pp. 34–35, appendix #14; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria de hacienda (Toluca: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1835), pp. 20-25, appendix #1; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 73, exp. 212, tomo 74, exp. 252, tomo 76, exp. 74, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Session of December 21,1833, Actas, tomo 30, ACDEMT; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 85; El Reformador, III, nos. 264, 267, 273, 276–277, 285 (December 27, 30, 1833, January 5, 8–9, 17, 1834); Staples, La iglesia, pp. 137–157.
54 México (State), Gobernador, Memoria de hacienda (1835), pp. 18–25; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1850), pp. 354–356, 370, 378; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 72, exp. 110, tomo 75, exps. 7–8, tomo 76, exp. 74, tomo 78, exp. 148, tomo 81, exps. 9, 39, tomo 83, exps. 132–133, 165, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of April 21, 24, May 2–3, 10, September 5, 9, 18, 20, 22–26, 1834, May 20, June 1,1835, Actas, tomos 32–34, and Closed sessions of May 19, 26, 28, 31, Actas secretas, tomo 36, and Closed sessions of September 4, 15, October 13-14, December 15, 1834, Borradores de actas, ramo secreto, tomo 26, ACDEMT; Mateos, Historia parlamentaria, X, 76; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 341, 358, VIII, 2.