Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T12:28:40.424Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Differential effects of ruminally protected amino acids on fattening of fallow deer in two culling periods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2019

F. Ceacero Open the ORCID record for F. Ceacero [Opens in a new window] ,
M. A. Clar ,
V. Ny  and
R. Kotrba
F. Ceacero*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
M. A. Clar
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mindanao State University–Naawan, 9023 Naawan, Philippines
V. Ny
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic Department of Cattle Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
R. Kotrba
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
*
†E-mail: ceacero@ftz.czu.cz
Get access

Abstract

A well-balanced amino acid profile in the feedstuffs for livestock is essential to support adequate growth. This is well studied for monogastric species but still not well understood for ruminants and especially for the most unconventional species, like cervids. This study investigated the influence of ruminally protected lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) supplementation during the fattening period, as well as two slaughter seasons (late autumn (LA) v. late winter (LW)), on the growth, carcass traits, body condition and blood plasma metabolites of fallow deer (Dama dama). Forty-five yearlings of fallow deer bucks were allocated into three groups, balanced by weight (40.2 ± 2.7 kg). The deer were pasture-fed and supplemented with barley, free-choice mineral premix, silage during the winter period, and varying levels of ruminally protected Lys and Met: no amino acids (Control), 9 g/day of Lys, and 9 g/day of Lys plus 3 g/day of Met (Lys+Met). Animals were slaughtered in two separate seasons, LA (six animals per group), and LW (nine animals per group). Animals culled in LA had higher average daily weight gain than LW (P = 0.002), due to the reduced growth during winter typical for seasonal cervids in temperate zone, mediated by the photoperiod. Dressing percentage was significantly higher in LW and in the Lys+Met group (P = 0.002). Body condition score (P = 0.024), kidney fat index (KFI) (P = 0.005), and internal fat (P < 0.001) increased significantly with Lys+Met supplementation. During LW, KFI (P = 0.004) and kidney fat (P = 0.001) were also significantly higher than in LA. Blood creatinine concentration increased significantly for deer receiving Lys (P = 0.002) and Lys+Met (P < 0.001). Also, triglycerides level increased in Lys group (P < 0.001). These findings highlight the effects of Lys and Met supplementation on the growth and internal fat storage for winter survival, suggesting a different use of the supplemented resource according to the season. Also, the observed effects on protein and fat metabolism of fallow deer may influence the production of farmed animals, and offer interesting insights about the physiology of the species.

Keywords

body conditioncreatininefat storageureametabolism
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , March 2020 , pp. 648 - 655
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adachi, K, Kawano, H, Tsuno, K, Nomura, Y, Katsura, N, Arikawa, A, Tsuji, A and Onimaru, T 1997. Values of the serum components in Japanese Black beef steers at farms with high productivity and low frequencies of disease and death in Miyazaki prefecture. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59, 873–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Audigé, L, Wilson, PR and Morris, RS 1998. A body condition score system and its use for farmed red deer hinds. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 545–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barboza, PS, Parker, KL and Hume, ID 2009. Integrative wildlife nutrition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldeira, RM, Belo, AT, Santos, CC, Vazques, MI and Portugal, AV 2007a. The effect of body condition score on blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes. Small Ruminant Research 68, 233–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldeira, RM, Belo, AT, Santos, CC, Vazques, MI and Portugal, AV 2007b. The effect of long-term feed restriction and over-nutrition on body condition score, blood metabolites and hormonal profiles in ewes. Small Ruminant Research 68, 242–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ceacero, F, Clar-Serrano, MA, Kotrba, R, Ny, V, and Faltus, O 2018. Effects of lysine and methionine supplementation on fattening and blood protein metabolites in Fallow Deer (Dama dama). In Presented at the 9th International Deer Biology Conference, 5–10 August 2018, Estes Park, USA.Google Scholar
Ceacero, F, García, AJ, Landete-Castillejos, T, Bartošová, J, Bartoš, L and Gallego, L 2012. Benefits for dominant red deer hinds under a competitive feeding system: food access behavior, diet and nutrient selection. PLoS ONE 7, e32780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, LC and Cawthorn, D 2013. Exotic protein sources to meet all needs. Meat Science 95, 764–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, J, Sun, WL, Li, CY, Liu, HL, Zhang, TT, Bao, K, Fan, YY, Li, GY and Wang, KY 2015a. Effects of DL-methionine supplement on growth performance and amino acid digestion and plasma concentrations in sika deer calves (Cervus nippon). Animal Production Science 56, 1002–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, J, Zhang, TT, Kun, B, Li, GY and Wang, KY 2015b. Effect of supplementation of lysine and methionine on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and serum biochemical indices for growing sika deer (Cervus nippon) fed protein deficient diet. Italian Journal of Animal Science 14, 3640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchison, CL, Mulley, RC, Wiklund, E and Flesch, JS 2012. Effect of concentration feeding on instrumental meat quality and sensory characteristics of fallow deer venison. Meat Science 90, 801–806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jönsson, KI 1997. Capital and income breeding as alternative tactics of resource use in reproduction. Oikos 78, 57–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotrba, R 2016. Game management under ranching and farming condition in the Czech Republic and Europe. In Proceedings of the 9th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium, Windhoek, Namibia, p. 15.Google Scholar
Kudrnáčová, E, Bureš, D, Bartoň, L, Kotrba, R, Ceacero, F, Hoffman, L and Kouřimská, L 2019. The effect of barley and Lysine supplementation of pasture-based diet on growth, carcass composition and physical quality attributes of meat from farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). Animals 9, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kung, L and Rode, LM 1996. Amino acid metabolism in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 59, 167–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuroiwa, A, Kuroe, M and Yahara, T 2017. Effects of density, season, and food intake on sika deer nutrition on Yakushima Island, Japan. Ecological Research 32, 369–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marco, I and Lavin, S 1999. Effect of the method of capture on the haematology and blood chemistry of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Research in Veterinary Science 66, 8184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendoza-Nazar, P, Mendoza-Martínez, GD, Herrera-Haro, J, Ruiz-Sesma, B, Bárcena-Gama, R and Tarango-Arámbula, L 2012. Effect of ruminally protected methionine on body weight gain and growth of antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the humid tropics. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44, 681–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merchen, NR and Titgemeyer, EC 1992. Manipulation of amino acid supply to the growing ruminant. Journal of Animal Science 70, 3238–3247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (NRC) 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Ninov, NP 2003. Somatometric characteristics of the fallow deer (Dama dama L., 1758) in Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 55, 43–52.Google Scholar
Oke, BO, Loerch, SC and Deetz, LE 1986. Effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine on ruminant performance and nutrient metabolism. Journal of Animal Science 62, 1101–1112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ordway, R and Aines, G 2010. Feeding Lysine: a nutritionist and dairy producer’s perspective. In Proceedings of the High Plains Dairy Conference, 2010, Texas, US, pp. 109–116.Google Scholar
Polan, CE, Cummins, KA, Sniffen, CJ, Muscato, TV, Vicini, JL, Crooker, BA, Clark, JH, Johnson, DG, Otterby, DE, Guillaume, B, Muller, LD, Varga, GA, Murray, RAand Peirce-Sandner, SB and 1991. Responses of dairy cows to supplemental rumen protected forms of methionine and lysine. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 2997–3013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riney, T 1955. Evaluating condition of free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus), with special reference to New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 36, 430–463.Google Scholar
Russell, KE and Roussel, AJ 2007. Evaluation of the ruminant serum chemistry profile. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 23, 403–426.Google ScholarPubMed
Savage, VM, Gillooly, JF, Woodruff, WH, West, GB, Allen, AP, Enquist, BJ and Brown, JH 2004. The predominance of quarter-power scaling in biology. Functional Ecology 18, 257–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, CG 1996. Rumen-protected amino acids for dairy cattle: progress towards determining lysine and methionine requirements. Animal Feed Science and Technology 59, 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, IC, Asher, GW, Barrell, GK and Juan, JV 2013. Voluntary food intake of pregnant and non-pregnant red deer hinds. Livestock Science 158, 230–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serrano, E, Gonzalez, FJ, Granados, JE, Moco, G, Fandos, P, Soriguer, RC and Perez, JM 2008. The use of total serum proteins and triglycerides for monitoring body condition in the Iberian wild goat (Capra pyrenaica). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39, 646–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, HT, Hudson, RJ, Gao, XH and Suttie, JM 2000. Nutritional requirements and management strategies for farmed deer – review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13, 561–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, DR and Webster, JR 2002. Effects of seasonality and feed quality on the feed requirements and live weight gain of young deer – a review, Nutrition and Management of deer on grazing systems. In Proceeding Symposium proceedings, 2002, Mosgiel, New Zealand, pp. 17–24.Google Scholar
Teare, JA 2013. Dama dama: ISIS physiological reference intervals for captive wildlife. Retrieved on 15 March 2017 from https://zims.species360.org/Main.aspxGoogle Scholar
Tollefson, TN, Shipley, LA, Myers, WL, Keisler, DH and Dasgupta, N 2010. Influence of summer and autumn nutrition on body condition and reproduction in lactating mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 74, 974–986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomkins, NW and McMeniman, NP 2006. The effect of different levels of dietary crude protein on urea metabolism of rusa deer (Cervus timorensis). Small Ruminant Research 66, 187–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volpelli, LA, Valusso, R and Piasentier, E 2002. Carcass quality in male fallow deer (Dama dama): effects of age and supplementary feeding. Meat Science 60, 427–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, TC 2012. The inadequate environment: nitrogen and the abundance of animals. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & New York.Google Scholar
Wiklund, E, Johansson, L and Malmfors, G 2003a. Sensory meat quality, ultimate pH values, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) grazed in natural pastures or fed a commercial feed mixture. Food Quality and Preference 14, 573–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiklund, E, Manley, TR, Littlejohn, RP and Stevenson-Barry, JM 2003b. Fatty acid composition and sensory quality of Musculus longissimus and carcass parameters in red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazed on natural pasture or fed a commercial feed mixture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83, 419–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar