Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:27:59.919Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of live weight adjusted feeding strategy on plasma indicators of energy balance in Holstein cows managed for extended lactation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2015

C. Gaillard ,
M. Vestergaard ,
M. R. Weisbjerg  and
J. Sehested
C. Gaillard*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
M. Vestergaard
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
M. R. Weisbjerg
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
J. Sehested
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
*
†E-mail: charlotte.gaillard@anis.au.dk
Get access

Abstract

In early lactation, most of the dairy cows are in negative energy balance; the extent and duration depend in part on the feeding strategy. Previous studies showed an increased lactation milk yield by use of a live weight (LW) adjusted feeding strategy with a high energy diet before and a reduced energy diet after LW nadir compared with a standard diet throughout lactation. The objective of the present study was to examine how such an individualized feeding strategy affects plasma indicators of energy status. It was hypothesized that an energy-enriched diet until LW nadir will reduce the severity of the negative energy balance, and that the reduction in diet energy concentration from LW nadir will extend the negative energy balance period further. Sixty-two Holstein cows (30% first parity) were managed for 16 months extended lactation and randomly allocated to one of two feeding strategies at calving. Two partially mixed rations were used, one with a high energy density (HD) and a 50 : 50 forage : concentrate ratio, and one with a lower energy density (LD, control diet) and a 60 : 40 forage : concentrate ratio. Half of the cows were offered the HD diet until they reached at least 42 days in milk and a LW gain⩾0 kg/day based on a 5-days LW average, and were then shifted to the LD diet (strategy HD-LD). The other half of the cows were offered the LD diet throughout lactation (control strategy LD-LD). Weekly blood samples were drawn for analysis of plasma metabolites and hormones. Before the shift in diet, the HD-LD cows had higher glucose and lower beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations than the LD-LD cows. After the shift until 36 weeks after calving, plasma NEFA was higher in HD-LD than LD-LD cows. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 were not affected by the feeding strategy. To conclude, in early lactation, the energy-enriched diet reduced the negative energy balance. Plasma NEFA was higher in HD-LD than LD-LD cows from diet shift until 36 weeks after calving, indicating a carry-over effect of the early lactation HD diet to late lactation metabolism.

Keywords

Holstein cowsfeedingenergy balancemetaboliteshormones
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 10 , Issue 4 , April 2016 , pp. 633 - 642
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aeberhard, K, Bruckmaier, RM and Blum, JW 2001. Metabolic, enzymatic and endocrine status in high-yielding dairy cows – Part 2. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A – Physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine 48, 111–127.Google Scholar
Andersen, JB, Friggens, NC, Larsen, T, Vestergaard, M and Ingvartsen, KL 2004. Effect of energy density in the diet and milking frequency on plasma metabolites and hormones in early lactation dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A – Physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine 51, 52–57.Google Scholar
Andersen, JB, Larsen, T, Nielsen, MO and Ingvartsen, KL 2002. Effect of energy density in the diet and milking frequency on hepatic long chain fatty acid oxidation in early lactating dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A – Physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine 49, 177–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, AW and Bauman, DE 1997. Adaptations of glucose metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2, 265–278.Google Scholar
Bjerre-Harpoth, V, Friggens, NC, Thorup, VM, Larsen, T, Damgaard, BM, Ingvartsen, KL and Moyes, KM 2012. Metabolic and production profiles of dairy cows in response to decreased nutrient density to increase physiological imbalance at different stages of lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 2362–2380.Google Scholar
Bossen, D and Weisbjerg, MR 2009. Allocation of feed based on individual dairy cow live weight changes. II: Effect on milk production. Livestock Science 126, 273–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bossen, D, Weisbjerg, MR, Munksgaard, L and Hojsgaard, S 2009. Allocation of feed based on individual dairy cow live weight changes. I: Feed intake and live weight changes during lactation. Livestock Science 126, 252–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cucunubo, LG, Strieder-Barboza, C, Wittwer, F and Noro, M 2013. Use of blood, urine and milk samples in the diagnosis of subclinical ketosis and negative energy balance in grazing dairy cows. Revista Cientifica-Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias 23, 111–119.Google Scholar
Delany, KK, Macmillan, KL, Grainger, C, Thomson, PC, Blache, D, Nicholas, KR and Auldist, MJ 2010. Blood plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones and glucose during extended lactation in grazing cows or cows fed a total mixed ration. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 5913–5920.Google Scholar
Dhiman, TR, Kleinmans, J, Tessmann, NJ, Radloff, HD, Vanevert, P and Satter, LD 1991. Effect of dietary forage-grain ratio on blood constituents in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 2691–2695.Google Scholar
Ferguson, JD, Galligan, DT and Thomsen, N 1994. Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 2695–2703.Google Scholar
Fossati, P, Prencipe, L and Berti, G 1980. Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clinical Chemistry 26, 227–231.Google Scholar
Friggens, NC, Berg, P, Theilgaard, P, Korsgaard, IR, Ingvartsen, KL, Lovendahl, P and Jensen, J 2007. Breed and parity effects on energy balance profiles through lactation: evidence of genetically driven body energy change. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 5291–5305.Google Scholar
Frystyk, J, Dinesen, B and Orskov, H 1995. Non-competitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for determination of human insulin-like growth factor I and II. Growth Regulation 5, 169–176.Google ScholarPubMed
Grainger, C, Auldist, MJ, O'Brien, G, Macmillan, KL and Culley, C 2009. Effect of type of diet and energy intake on milk production of Holstein-Friesian cows with extended lactations. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1479–1492.Google Scholar
Holtenius, K, Agenas, S, Delavaud, C and Chilliard, Y 2003. Effects of feeding intensity during the dry period. 2. Metabolic and hormonal responses. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 883–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holtenius, P and Holtenius, K 2007. A model to estimate insulin sensitivity in dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 49, 29–29.Google Scholar
Jenny, BF and Polan, CE 1975. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin in cows fed high grain. Journal of Dairy Science 58, 512–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, SH, Kim, JU, Kim, Y, Han, KS, Lee, WJ, Imm, JY, Oh, S, Park, DJ, Moon, YI and Kim, SH 2007. Changes in the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in bovine milk according to the lactation period and parity. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20, 119–123.Google Scholar
Kay, JK, Phyn, CVC, Roche, JR and Kolver, ES 2009. Extending lactation in pasture-based dairy cows. II: Effect of genetic strain and diet on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3704–3713.Google Scholar
Kessel, S, Stroehl, M, Meyer, HHD, Hiss, S, Sauerwein, H, Schwarz, FJ and Bruckmaier, RM 2008. Individual variability in physiological adaptation to metabolic stress during early lactation in dairy cows kept under equal conditions. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2903–2912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolver, ES, Roche, JR, Burke, CR, Kay, JK and Aspin, PW 2007. Extending lactation in pasture-based dairy cows: I. Genotype and diet effect on milk and reproduction. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 5518–5530.Google Scholar
Kunz, PL, Blum, JW, Hart, IC, Bickel, H and Landis, J 1985. Effects of different energy intakes before and after calving on food intake, performance and blood hormones and metabiltes in dairy cows. Animal Production 40, 219–231.Google Scholar
Laird, NM and Ware, JH 1982. Random effects models for longitudinal data. Biometrics 38, 963–974.Google Scholar
Lomander, H, Frossling, J, Ingvartsen, KL, Gustafsson, H and Svensson, C 2012. Supplemental feeding with glycerol or propylene glycol of dairy cows in early lactation: effects on metabolic status, body condition, and milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 2397–2408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marett, LC, Auldist, MJ, Grainger, C, Wales, WJ, Blache, D, Macmillan, KL and Leury, BJ 2011. Temporal changes in plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites in pasture-fed dairy cows during extended lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 5017–5026.Google Scholar
McNamara, JP and Hillers, JK 1986. Adaptations in lipid metabolism of bovine adipose tissue in lactogenesis and lactation. Journal of Lipid Research 27, 150–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melendez, P, Marin, MP, Robles, J, Rios, C, Duchens, M and Archbald, L 2009. Relationship between serum nonesterified fatty acids at calving and the incidence of periparturient diseases in Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology 72, 826–833.Google Scholar
Nachtomi, E, Halevi, A, Bruckental, I and Amir, S 1991. Energy protein intake and its effect of blood metabolites of high producing dairy cows Canadian. Journal of Animal Science 71, 401–407.Google Scholar
NRC 2001. Nutrient requirements for dairy cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Osterman, S and Bertilsson, J 2003. Extended calving interval in combination with milking two or three times per day: effects on milk production and milk composition. Livestock Production Science 82, 139–149.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, J, Bates, D, DebRoy, S, Sarkar, D and Team, RC 2015. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models [Internet]. R package version 3.1-119. Retrieved August 26, 2015, from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.Google Scholar
Pinheiro, JC and Bates, DM 2000. Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. Springer, New York, US.Google Scholar
Ronge, H, Blum, J, Clement, C, Jans, F, Leuenberger, H and Binder, H 1988. Somatomedin C in dairy cows related to energy and protein supply and to milk production. Animal Production 47, 165–183.Google Scholar
Santos, JEP, Rutigliano, HM and Sa, MF 2009. Risk factors for resumption of postpartum estrous cycles and embryonic survival in lactating dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science 110, 207–221.Google Scholar
Sinclair, KD 2010. Declining fertility, insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism in dairy cows: developmental consequences for the oocyte and pre-implantation embryo. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 38, 545–557.Google Scholar
Sjaunja, LO, Baevre, L, Junkkarinen, L, Pedersen, J and Setala, J 1991. A Nordic proposal for an energy corrected milk (ECM) formula EAAP Publication 50. Performance Recording of Animals – State of the Art 1990. InCentre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (PUDOC), Wageningen, Netherland, pp. 156–157.Google Scholar
Sorensen, A and Knight, CH 2002. Endocrine profiles of cows undergoing extended lactation in relation to the control of lactation persistency. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 23, 111–123.Google Scholar
Staples, CR, Burke, JM and Thatcher, WW 1998. Influence of supplemental fats on reproductive tissues and performance of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 856–871.Google Scholar
Strudsholm, F, Skovbo, ES, Flye, JC, Kjeldsen, AM, Weisbjerg, M, Søegaard, K, Kristensen, VF, Hvelplund, T and Hermansen, JE 1997. Feed tables. Report No. 69. pp. 1–53. National Deparment of Cattle Husbandry, Skejby (In Danish).Google Scholar
Sutton, JD, Hart, IC, Broster, WH, Elliott, RJ and Schuller, E 1986. Feeding frequency for lactating cows – effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolties and hormones. British Journal of Nutrition 56, 181–192.Google Scholar
van Knegsel, ATM, van den Brand, H, Dijkstra, J, van Straalen, WM, Jorritsma, R, Tamminga, S and Kemp, B 2007. Effect of glucogenic vs. lipogenic diets on energy balance, blood metabolites, and reproduction in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3397–3409.Google Scholar
Volden, H 2011. NorFor – The Nordic feed evaluation system. EAAP Publications No 130, 180 p. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Wilmink, JBM 1987. Adjustment of test day milk, fat and protein yield for age, season and stage of lactation. Livestock Production Science 16, 335–348.Google Scholar