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Quelle a été Exactement la Contribution de L'Aristocratie Britannique au Progrès de L'Agriculture Entre 1688 et 1789 ?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2017

Patrick K. O'Brien
Patrick K. O'Brien*
Affiliation:
St. Antony's College, Oxford
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Extract

Les historiens continuent à louer l'aristocratie de Grande-Bretagne d'avoir résisté au XVIIe siècle aux prétentions absolutistes de la monarchie. Cependant la Guerre Civile et la Glorieuse Révolution sont présentées moins comme une lutte entre un monarque réactionnaire et une aristocratie progressiste décidée à conduire le système politique vers la liberté et la démocratie, que comme la défense couronnée de succès par les familles dirigeantes de Grande-Bretagne de leurs droits traditionnels contre les tendances innovatrices et centralisatrices des Stuarts dont elles refusaient aussi l'autorité pour des raisons personnelles et religieuses. En faisant nettement pencher l'équilibre du pouvoir en faveur du Parlement, les aristocrates assuraient leur propre contrôle dans les comtés, garantissaient leurs revenus contre les impôts royaux et préservaient leur autonomie de gestion de leurs propriétés terriennes et de leurs métairies. Ils s'assuraient surtout de solides positions d'ordre constitutionnel, qui leur permirent (pendant presque 150 ans à partir de 1688) d'écarter avec succès les revendications des autres groupes sociaux désireux de partager le pouvoir politique.

Summary

Summary

Historians seem to be in broad agreement that, in their capacity as owners and managers of a very considerable and probably increasing share of their country's cultivable land, Britain's aristocracy made a far greater contribution to agricultural progress over the 18th century than the aristocracies of continental Europe. This bibliographical survey of recent research in British agrarian history suggests that agricultural growth from 1688 to 1789 had only limited connexions with the steps taken by the larger aristocratic landowners to enclose their estates, to consolidate land into larger farms, to diffuse better techniques of cultivation—by shortening leases and inserting covenants of an improving kind into the contracts their stewards made with farmers for the use of land. Furthermore, the proportions of their rents reinvested in agriculture were on the available evidence pretty paltry. Basically what the aristocracy did, with style, was to make agriculture fashionable and to preside over the work foresight and innovations of Britain's farmers and smaller gentry.

Type
Histoire Rurale
Information
Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales , Volume 42 , Issue 6 , December 1987 , pp. 1391 - 1409
Copyright
Copyright © Copyright © École des hautes études en sciences sociales Paris 1987

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