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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 October 2013
The plains of Pyrgi, Kalamoti, and Dotia, in the south-east corner of Chios, form a single geographic unit, bounded in the east by the hills which run inland from the promontory of Agridia, in the west by the low range of Kampia, Aradhopetra, and Kakopetria, and in the north by the more formidable barrier of the central mountains of the island. In them there are traces of several ancient sites, at Pindakas, Dotia, and elsewhere, but these appear to have been little more than isolated farmhouses or small sanctuaries and it is almost certain that most of the inscriptions from the area came originally from the major sites at Emporio and Phanai. From these they have been transported, some as far as Chios town, most to other local sites, to country churches or to the medieval towns of Pyrgi and Kalamoti. In many cases it is now impossible to trace their origin (even those which have reached the comparative safety of the Museum are often without record of their provenance), and it would therefore be pointless to try to isolate the inscriptions of any one ancient centre. For this reason I have collected here, in addition to the few inscriptions discovered in the British School excavations at Emporio, all the other material known to have been found in the area. For convenience I reproduce all but the most accessible texts in full. Generally it has been possible to check earlier readings on the stone (in which case the text is my own without any note of alterations unless they are significant); those which I have not seen are marked with an asterisk.
1 See map, p. 55.
2 There is a story that many inscribed stones from Phanai were carried off to the island of Psara. I have not yet been able to check this rumour but none of the few published inscriptions from Psara looks like an importation, nor have recent visitors reported any obvious hoard of inscriptions there.
3 The blue-grey, red-veined marble from Latomi, north of Chios town.
4 Kontoleon, N. M., Πρακτικὰ (1952) 528 ff.Google Scholar; cf. Jeffery, L. H., Local Scripts 338.Google Scholar
5 The dot-theta was already in use on Chian pots in the second quarter of the century, so this is not a firm criterion. But there does not seem to have been any close correlation between painted and inscribed alphabets.
6 BSA li (1956) 157 ff.; cf. Local Scripts 336 f.
7 
occurs once in Chios in the first century A.D. (CIG 2241).
8 BSA lv (1960) 177. In a mass manumission of the late fifth century (BSA art. cit. 188) slaves freed for services in war (so Robert, L., BCH lix (1935) 453 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar) appear to be enrolled in a tribe in the units in which they had served 
Would, for example, the 
remain a separate unit in the tribe 
Later there was normally, I believe, a family connexion between members of such units (BSA art. cit. 177), but there must always have been some provision for enrolling new citizens.
9 Theopompos, , FGH 115 F 122.Google Scholar
10 Photograph and refs. in Wade-Gery, H. T., The Poet of the Iliad, fig. 1 and pp. 8 ff.Google Scholar His date (c. 450) is too low. c. 475? Cf. Jeffery, op. cit. 338.
11 DGEEP 693 with 
xxi (1909) 346 (in line 1, 
not 
).
12 For the form, DGEEP 750 with refs. For Dionysos in Chios, Quandt, , De Baccho (Diss. Hal. xxi. 2) 172Google Scholar; Zol. Hist. i. 354 ff.; Robert, L., BCH lix (1935) 465.Google Scholar The only example in our area is no. 7 below, but this is an importation.
The stone was presumably associated with the fifth-century temple (Arch. Reports 1955, 37 f.) which still lacks a deity. For a survey of the possibilities see on no. 14 below.
13 Say, 
or 
14 Dionysos again (Plutarch, Mor. 675 f.) or Helen (Pausanias iii. 19. 10), who may have been worshipped in Chios (below, p. 63 n. 69). Δὶ with an epithet (e.g. 
) is unlikely, since Ζανὶ was regular until the mid-fourth century (DGEEP 696; Zol. no. ΡΠ⊖′; Stephanou, A. P., Χιακὰ Μελετήματα i. 33 and 57).Google Scholar The earliest example of Διὸς is SIG 3 987.
15 For examples of this kind of offering, Rouse, , Greek Votive Offerings 66.Google Scholar If the Kabeiroi did figure at Emporio (see on no. 14), one might almost be forgiven, after reading Samothrace 2. ii, for thinking of 
16 The museum catalogue gives Olympoi as the source but Stud. claimed to have read the stone in Pyrgi (so too Zol. Hist. i. 376).
17 There are two churches of this name near Kalamoti, one above Emporio, the other near Armolia. If Zolotasmeant the former the stone is lost; the latter I have not explored.
18 The stone was read in the house of Mr. K. Stirou in Latomi, but I cannot find it, and the present owner claims that it was taken to the Museum ‘many years ago’. It does not seem to have arrived there. A second inscription in the same house (Zol. ΡΟЅ′) is still in situ.
19 Gruppe, , RE Supplb. iii. 957–8Google Scholar; Bilabel, , Philologus, Supplb. xiv (1920) 216 nn. 7 and 8Google Scholar; Dunst, G., Arch. Pap. xvi (1958), 182 n. 12Google Scholar; SEG xvii. 386.
20 Normally Herakles is associated with another deity (as in no. 7). Only on this stone, no. 6, and another from the north, is he alone. In the northern inscription Dunst (loc. cit. 179) has proposed to read 
for 
but the earlier reading is correct.
21 Gruppe, loc. cit. 966; cf. Seyrig, M. H., BCH li (1927) 185–98Google Scholar and, on the Thraikidai, Sakellariou, M., La Migration grecque 198.Google Scholar On Herakles at Erythrai, see Launey, , Ét. Thasiennes i (1944) ch. 13Google Scholar; Picard, C., Journal des Savants (1949) 111 ff.Google Scholar, esp. 127 f.
22 Above, p. 57 n. 16.
23 See Boardman, J., Ant. J. xxxix (1959) 178 ff.Google Scholar
24 Kourouniotis, , Ἀρχ. Δελτ. ii (1916) 199Google Scholar; probably, in fact, the beginning of a name; the kappa comes immediately after the handle.
25 Zol. no. Γ′ B 13 (misread 
).
26 Mavrogordato, J., Num. Chron. (4th ser.) xviii (1918) 73–75.Google Scholar
27 FdD iii. 3, 221.
28 De Har. Resp. 16.
29 It is often difficult to distinguish between the marble of Chios and that used in Erythrai; the Erythraian is in general of closer grain than the Chian and lacks the typical red vein. But it can be very close.
30 Detschew, Thrak. Sprachrest. s.v.; cf. Zgusta, , Personennamen d. nördl. Schwarzmeerküste 85Google Scholar; for the names, IPE iv. 255. 3 and Inscr. Bulg. ii, 861. In Zol. no. Ι′ 17 Robert, (BCH lvii (1933) 517)Google Scholar suggested 
With an Angeles and a Bista in the family here 
is not impossible.
31 Inschr. Priene 140. 10; Magn. 8. 27.
32 Chantraine, loc. cit.
33 BCH lxx (1946) 588 n. 2; IG V (1) 1346; cf. 
34 e.g. at Olbia, , Minns, , Scythians and Greeks 232.Google Scholar
35 The sanctuary has not been found, BSA li (1956) 41 ff.
36 CIG add. 2214.
37 DGEEP 688. 6. The stone was found near the town but Kontoleon, N. M., AE (1952) 208 f.Google Scholar, wishes to place it at Phanai.
38 A. P. Stephanou, 
23 Nov. 1957 (SEG xvi. 493 and xvii. 836). But an unlikely idea.
39 Sokolowski, F., Lois sacrées d'Asie Mineure, nos. 25, 19, and 91.Google Scholar
40 Zol. no. ΡΜΖ′; Kontoleon, , Hellenika iv (1931) 425 ff.Google Scholar
41 On a sherd to be published by Mr. Boardman.
42 Zol. no. ΚΖ′; the other unpublished. A joint dedication to the triad from the Kampos (Zol. no. ΡΠΔ′) is from Delos; I read (cf. ID 1532):
The stone carries an earlier inscription on its left face (2nd century B.C.): 
43 Steph. Byz. s.v. ‘Λητω’; Stud no. 21 (c).
44 Sokolowski, loc. cit.
45 Kourouniotis, , Ἀρχ. Δελτ. ii (1916) 199.Google Scholar
46 Pasp. no. 27; Latyshew, , Zap. Imp. Russ. Akad. (St. Petersburg) iv (1890) 11 f.Google Scholar
47 To be published by Mr. Boardman.
48 Sokolowski, , Lois sacrées des cités (Paris, 1962)Google Scholar, no. 76, line 1, where ΑΡΤΕ survives. But 
is also possible.
49 CIG 2228 (cf. Riemann, O., BCH i (1877) 82Google Scholar); Ziebarth, E., Wilhelm Gymnasium zu Hamburg, Bericht 1902/1903, 11 no. 23Google Scholar; the third unpublished.
50 For examples of the practice, Chapouthier, F., Les Dioscures au service d'une déesse 313 f.Google Scholar
51 Mavrogordato, , Num. Chron. (4th Ser.) xvi (1916) 346 f.Google Scholar
52 SEG xvi. 498; probably a tombstone rather than a dedication as suggested in SEG; cf. below, p. 67.
53 Athena had a temple on the hill above Emporio (Arch. Reports 1954, 21); for Rhetia see Mr. Boardman's forthcoming publication of the Emporio pottery. Aphrodite might conceivably appear on sherds, Apollo may, Hera does.
54 Zol. no. Γ′.
55 Zol. no. ΛΑ′; on Homer's stone, see Boardman, , Ant. J. xxxix (1959) 195 ff.Google Scholar
56 Zol. Hist. i. 337 f.; Zolotas, A. G., Ἀθηνᾶ xxviii (1916) 164f.Google Scholar
57 Zolotas reads 
but 
is clear on the stone.
58 Miklosich–Müller, , Act. et Diplom. v (1887) 12.Google Scholar
59 Cf. 
xx (1908) 524.
60 The Hermaion would then be somewhere near the road between Armolia and Kalamoti, but I have not found any ancient remains there.
61 FGH 70 F 11; the only other reference to Karidai (not, incidentally, Karides, Kontoleon, N. M., Ἀθηνᾶ li (1941–1946) 126 f.Google Scholar). Bürchner, RE s.v. ‘Chios’, believed that Ephoros' words, 
implied a coastal site. This may be so but we cannot be sure.
62 JHS lxxiv (1954) 163 f.
63 JHS lxxiv (1954) 162 f.
64 Zol. Hist. i. 364.
65 Above, no. 3; for freedmen and the Kabeiroi, see Hemberg, , Die Kabiren 294–6.Google Scholar
66 Above, n. 53; mother of the Korybantes on one story.
67 Their eponymous hero would presumably be Tottes, the Phrygian, who brought the cult of the Kabeiroi to Miletos (Hemberg, op. cit. 138 f.). The dedication to the Great Gods (CIG 2221d; of unknown provenance) would also be at home in this company.
68 Hemberg, passim.
69 Above, on no. 4; for Helen in Chios, Steph. Byz. s.v. 
70 Rev. Phil. (3me sér.) xi (1937) 324 f.; for Kontoleon, below, p. 65 n. 84.
71 Above, p. 56 n. 10 (smaller than usual); DGEEP 689 (a stele); Zol. no. Δ′ (3) (remarkably long; see Krispis, , Μουσ. κ. Βιβλ. (1876–1878) 11, no. σα′Google Scholar; the presence of the patronymic is also exceptional).
72 DGEEP 691. 1 (top); Zol. no. 
(bottom); DGEEP 691. 2 (top and bottom).
73 Typical is Zol. no. ΡΙЅ′ all thinner examples either have been or may have been cut down at the back, but Hauss. no. 14 may be complete.
74 Zol. no. Ο′.
75 e. g. Hauss. no. 14; SEG xv. 542.
76 Zol. no. Ο′ (top); SEG xv. 542 (bottom); SEG xvii. 408 (? middle; the ascription to the third century in SEG is a misprint).
77 About 30 × 20 × 20 cm. Typical, SEG xv. 541 or Zol. no. ΟΓ′ (
(Zolotas) is a mistake).
78 Though they cover a much wider range of time; see n. 79.
79 See Kontoleon, N. M., BCH lxxi–lxxii (1947–1948) 273 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar and lxxiii (1949) 384 f. for a publication of two of these and references to others. He dates the first of these to the fifth century, but this is too early, though I should not like to say how far down into the next century it should come—it could be quite far. The latest example of the series is the Metrodoros pillar in Berlin (Stud., p. 200; further refs. in Kontoleon, , BCH lxxi–lxxii (1947–1948) 273 n. 2)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which is certainly of the full third century. Kontoleon has recently published another piece which again he dates to the fifth century (
(1953) 272 f. with fig. 8), but no letters survive and I cannot judge his artistic arguments.
80 p. 63 n. 70 above. I have seen the stone, and she is certainly correct.
81 Zol. no. ΡΔ′; another unpublished.
82 Exceptional, e.g. Stud. no. 29 (genitive).
83 Exceptional, e.g. Zol. no. ΡΔ′ (bottom).
84 AE (1938) 101 ff.
85 BCH lxxi–lxxii (1947–8) 275 f.
86 Zol. no. 
Stud. no. 34; below, no. 16; the epigram for Aspasia (above, p. 64 n. 71).
87 e.g. SEG xvii. 397–403.
88 Zol. no. 
89 e.g. SGDI 5658. 13; Zol. no. Ζ′. 49; Zol. no. Μ′; SEG xix. 580 A 62. Contrast the four instances in Zol. no. Γ′ of about 200 B.C.
90 SGDI 5657. 4.
91 Again there is a conflict between the published provenance (Pyrgi) and that of the Museum Catalogue (Olympoi).
92 Stählin, F., Das hell. Thessalien 78, n. 2.Google Scholar
93 See ATL 1, Gazetteer, s.v. 
94 The stone was found by Mr. Stephanou, to whom I am indebted both for permission to publish and for the photograph.
95 With much hesitation: 
96 I am deeply indebted to Mr. J. Boardman and Mr. P. M. Fraser for their patient help on many points, even more to Mr. Stephanou, Director of Antiquities for Chios, who is fast becoming a second Zolotas. There can be no higher praise.
