Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T09:50:33.051Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An ultra-low chronology of Iron Age Palestine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Graham Hagens
Graham Hagens*
Affiliation:
251 Bond Street North, Hamilton ONT, L8S 3X1 Canada, hagens@netinc.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The dating of the complex historical events of Palestine, Syria and Egypt during the Iron Age have long occupied scholarly research. Here, a new scheme of dating is offered, which may help to remove gaps and anomalies in the sequence.

Keywords

PalestineEgyptRamesses IIIdatingIron Age
Type
Notes
Information
Antiquity , Volume 73 , Issue 280 , June 1999 , pp. 431 - 439
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd. 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albright, W.F. 1975. Syria, the Philistines and Phoenicia, Cambridge Ancient History: 525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albright, W.F. & Gjerstad, E.. 1953. Correspondence with Professor Einar Gjerstad on the chronology of ‘Cypriote’ pottery from Early Iron levels in Palestine, Bulletin of the American Oriental Society 130: 22–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Tor, A. 1995. Excavations and surveys, Tel Hazor 1994, Israel Exploration Journal 45: 65.Google Scholar
Ben-Tor, A. 1996. Excavations and surveys, Tel Hazor 1996, Israel Exploration Journal 46: 264.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1985. Response to T. Dothan, in Amitai, J. (ed.), Biblical Archaeology Today: Proceedings of the International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, April 1984: 216–19. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Bikai, P.M. 1978. The pottery of Tyre. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.Google Scholar
Bourke, S. 1996, Megiddo, City-State and Royal Centre: Review Article, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 128: 60, 61 n.12.Google Scholar
Dever, W.G. 1990. Of myths and methods, Bulletin of the American Oriental Society 277/8: 121–30.Google Scholar
Dever, W.G. 1991. Archaeological data on the Israelite settlement: A review of two recent works, Bulletin of the American Oriental Society 84: 77–89.Google Scholar
Dever, W.G. 1992. The chronology of Syria-Palestine in the 2nd millennium BC: A review of current issues, Bulletin of the American Oriental Society 288: 18.Google Scholar
Dever, W.G. 1993. Gezer, in Stern, (ed.): 504–5.Google Scholar
Dothan, T. 1982. The Philistines and their material culture. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Dothan, T. & Dothan, M.. 1992. People of the sea, the search for the Philistines. New York (NY): Macmillan.Google Scholar
Egberts, A. 1991. The chronology of the report of Wenamun, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 77: 57–67.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 1988. The archaeology of the Israelite settlement. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 1995. The date of the settlement of the Philistines in Canaan, Tel Aviv 22: 213–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finkelstein, I. 1996. The stratigraphy and chronology of Megiddo and Beth-Shan in the 12th-11th centuries B.C.E., Tel Aviv 23: 170–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foerster, G. 1993. Beth-Shean, in Stern, (ed.): 214–35.Google Scholar
Gilboa, A. 1989. New finds at Tel Dor and the beginning of Cypro-Geometric import to Palestine, Israel Exploration Journal 39: 204–18.Google Scholar
Gjerstad, E. 1948. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV(2). Stockholm: Swedish Cyprus Expedition.Google Scholar
Hagens, G. 1996. A critical review of dead-reckoning from the 21st Dynasty, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 33: 153–63.Google Scholar
Jagkson, H.M. 1995. ‘The Shadow of Pharaoh your Lord Falls Upon You’: Once Again Wenamun 2.46, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54: 274 n. 8.Google Scholar
James, P., Thorpe, I.J., Kokkinos, N. Morkot, R. & Frankish, J.. 1991. Centuries of darkness. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V. 1976. Kition: Mycenaean and Phoenician discoveries in Cyprus. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Kempinski, A. 1989. Megiddo: A city-state and royal centre in north Israel. Munich: C.H. Beck.Google Scholar
Kempinski, A. 1986. The Third Intermediate period in Egypt. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. 2nd edition.Google Scholar
Lance, H.D. 1976. Solomon, Siamun and the double ax, in Cross, F.M. et al. (ed.), Magnalia Dei: The mighty acts of God. Essays on the Bible and archaeology in memory of G. Ernest Wright: 209–23. Garden City (NY): Doubleday.Google Scholar
Liver, J, 1953. The chronology of Tyre at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, Israel Exploration Journal 3: 117–18.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1985a. The emergence of the Philistine material culture, Israel Exploration Journal 35: 95–107.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1985b. Excavations at Tell Qasile, Part II, in Bar-On, M. et al. (ed.), Qedem 20. Jerusalem: Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1992. The Iron Age I, in Ben-Tor, A. (ed.), The archaeology of ancient Israel: 258–259. New Haven (CT): Doubleday.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1993. Beth Shean in the Iron Age: Preliminary report and conclusions of the 1990–1991 excavations, Israel Exploration Journal 43: 201–29.Google Scholar
Mazar, A. 1997. Four thousand years of history at Tel Beth Shean, Biblical Archaeologist 60(2): 62–76.Google Scholar
Mowinckel, S. 1932. Die Chronologie der Israelitischen und jüdischen Könige, Acta Orientalis 10: 270–71.Google Scholar
Reyes, A.T. 1994. Archaic Cyprus: A study of the textual and archaeological evidence: xviii. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Shank, H. 1998. Where is the tenth century?, Biblical Archaeological Review 3/4: 56–60.Google Scholar
Singer, 1.1985. The beginning of Philistine settlement in Canaan and the Northern Boundary of Philistia, Tel Aviv 12: 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, E. 1993a. Dor, in Stern, (ed.): 357–8.Google Scholar
Stern, E. 1993b. The many masters of Dor, Biblical Archaeology Review 1/2: 24–8.Google Scholar
Stern, E. (Ed.) 1993c. Encyclopedia of archaeological exploration in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Stern, E. & Sharon, I.. 1994. Tel Dor, 1992: Preliminary report, Israel Exploration Journal 44: 126–50.Google Scholar
Stern, E., Berg, J. & Sharon, I.. 1991. Tel Dor, 1988–1989: Preliminary report, Israel Exploration Journal 41: 46–61.Google Scholar
Stern, E., Berg, J., Gilboa, A. Sharon, I. & Zorn, J.. 1997. Tel Dor, 1994–1995: Preliminary stratigraphic report, Israel Exploration Journal 47: 29–56.Google Scholar
Ussishkin, D. 1985. Level VII and VI at Tel Lachish and the End of the Late Bronze Age in Canaan, in Tubb, J.N. (ed.), Palestine in the Bronze and Iron Ages, Papers in honour of Olga Tufnell: 216–19. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London.Google Scholar
Ussishkin, D. 1990. Notes on Megiddo, Gezer, Ashdod, and Tel Batash in the 10th to 9th centuries BC, Bulletin of the American Oriental Society 277/278: 73–4.Google Scholar
Ussishkin, D. 1995. The destruction of Megiddo at the end of the Late Bronze Age and its historical significance, Tel Aviv 22: 240–67.Google Scholar
Van Beek, G.W. 1951. Cypriote chronology and the dating of Iron I sites in Palestine, Bulletin of the American Oriental Society 124: 26–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, J. 1992. The collapse of the Egyptian empire in the southern Levant, in Ward, W.A. & Joukowsky, M.S. (ed.), The crisis years: The 12th century BC from beyond the Danube to the Tigris: 147. Dubuque (IA): Kendall/Hunt.Google Scholar
Wente, E.F. & Van Siclen III, C.C.. 1976. A chronology of the New Kingdom, in Johnson, J. H. & Wente, E.F. (ed.), Studies in honor of George R. Hughes: 217–61. Chicago (IL): Oriental Institute. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 34.Google Scholar
Wightman, G.J. 1990. The myth of Solomon, Bulletin of the American Oriental Society 277/278: 5–22.Google Scholar
Yadin, Y. 1972. Hazor: The head of all those kingdoms. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yannai, E. 1996. A new approach to Levels VI-V at Tel Beth Shan, Tel Aviv 23: 185–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zertal, A. 1991. Israel Enters Canaan — following the pottery trail, Biblical Archaeology Review 9/10: 28–49.Google Scholar