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Review and perspectives of physiological mechanisms underlyinggenetically-based resistance of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas tosummer mortality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2011

Jean-François Samain
Jean-François Samain*
Affiliation:
Ifremer, Centre de Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
*
aCorresponding author:jfsamain@gmail.com
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Abstract

French oyster farming has been subject to severe mortalities during the summer months.Results from the research program “Morest”, which ran from 2000 to 2006 and examined thepossible causes of these mortalities, led to the construction of a model to explain theinteraction between environmental factors, oyster physiology and different opportunisticpathogens underlying oyster summer mortality. Temperature, food, reproduction and stresswere the main factors required for oyster mortality. Genetically-based resistance (“R”oysters) or susceptibility (“S” oysters) to summer mortality was revealed by divergentselection. Building on these results, a literature search was made in 2007 on themolecular origin of genetic resistance to such a complex mortality risk. The objectiveswere to lay a foundation for the preparation and orientation of future research directionsand to improve understanding of the underlying physiological mechanism leading to summermortality. Three years later, the resulting conceptual analysis reported here waspresented as an introductory lecture to Physiomar 2010, a conference where many newresults contributing to this research field were also reported. The literature reviewhighlighted two major review articles: the first dealing with nutrition and reproduction(Schneider 2004), the second with reproduction,temperature, oxidative stress and mortality (Heineinger 2002). The effect of nutrition level on energy orientation to growth orreproduction is controlled by endocrine factors. Among these, neuropeptide Y (NPY),ghrelin and leptin neuropeptides appeared to be potential candidates involved in germ-somaorientation in relation to trophic conditions. Depending on reproductive effort andtemperature, a metabolic stress resulting from the germ-soma conflict can appear,characterized by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Such an excess ofROS induces perturbations in mitochondrial activity leading to cell death. Many organisms,such as annual plants or the Pacific salmon, do not survive their first reproduction. Incontrast, others increase stress resistance by selection of antioxidant processes(superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase, etc.) through evolution, and survive firstreproduction. A similar difference was observed in the comparison made between R and Soysters, which differed in ROS production, SOD and catalase levels. Such factorscontrolling reproduction and ROS detoxification processes could therefore provide newmarkers for selection of oysters with better resistance to non-specific pathogens,complementing other classic selection approaches against specific pathogens or forimproved immunity. This antioxidant defence mechanism is found in many organisms includingvertebrates and in some invertebrates, including oysters. Its role needs to be consideredin pathology events involving other aquaculture species and it may also contribute toexplaining the increase in marine pathologies under anthropogenic environmental changes.

Keywords

ImmunityAntibacterial activityHost defenceEnvironmental stressCrassostrea gigas
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 24 , Issue 3: Physiomar10 , July 2011 , pp. 227 - 236
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2011

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