Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T11:21:01.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Small Steps: The Inclusion of Young Children With Disabilities in Australia, Greece, and Malaysia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2021

Jane Warren*
Affiliation:
University of Wollongong, Australia
Elena P. Soukakou
Affiliation:
University of Roehampton, UK
John Forster
Affiliation:
Noah’s Ark Inc., Australia
Lai-Thin Ng
Affiliation:
National Early Childhood Intervention Council, Malaysia
Evdoxia Nteropoulou-Nterou
Affiliation:
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
*
*Corresponding author. Email: jwarren@uow.edu.au

Abstract

Although international research has accumulated significant evidence on inclusive practices and their benefits for children, how this translates into early childhood settings is often unsatisfactory within and across countries. Against the background of general acceptance of the principles incorporated in the Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities, we examine how 3 countries who are signatories to this convention, Australia, Greece, and Malaysia, are making progress towards inclusion in early childhood. Using an implementation science framework, the key components of enabling contexts, research-based practices, and effective implementation supports are explored. In this framework, each of these components is essential for achieving the desired outcomes of inclusion. The country profiles of Australia, Greece, and Malaysia are examined (including similarities and differences in legislation, policies, early childhood services, and practices) in an effort to support understanding of factors facilitating and challenging early childhood inclusion.

Type
Literature Review
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This manuscript was accepted under the Editorship of Michael Arthur-Kelly.

References

Anderson, J., & Boyle, C. (2015). Inclusive education in Australia: Rhetoric, reality and the road ahead. Support for Learning, 30, 422. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9604.12074 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA). (2012). National Quality Framework for early childhood education and care services. Retrieved from https://www.acecqa.gov.au/national-quality-framework Google Scholar
Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA). (2020). Inclusion Support Program. Retrieved from https://www.acecqa.gov.au/help/inclusion-support-program Google Scholar
Australian Government. (1992). Disability Discrimination Act 1992. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00763 Google Scholar
Australian Government. (2005). Disability Standards for Education 2005. Retrieved from https://www.education.gov.au/disability-standards-education-2005 Google Scholar
Barton, E. E., & Smith, B. J. (2015). Advancing high-quality preschool inclusion: A discussion and recommendations for the field. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 35, 6978. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121415583048 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cologon, K. (2012). Confidence in their own ability: Postgraduate early childhood students examining their attitudes towards inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 16, 11551173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2010.548106 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dally, K. A., Ralston, M. M., Strnadová, I., Dempsey, I., Chambers, D., Foggett, J., … Duncan, J. (2019). Current issues and future directions in Australian special and inclusive education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 44(8), 5773. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2019v44n8.4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Beco, G. (2014). The right to inclusive education according to Article 24 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities: Background, requirements, and (remaining) questions. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 32, 263287. https://doi.org/10.1177/016934411403200304 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Bruin, K. (2019). The impact of inclusive education reforms on students with disability: An international comparison. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23, 811826. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1623327 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DEC/NAEYC. (2009). Early childhood inclusion: A joint position statement of the Division for Early Childhood (DEC) and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina, FPG Child Development Institute.Google Scholar
Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2009). Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Department of Education, Skills and Employment. (2020). Inclusion Support Program guidelines. Canberra, Australia:Australian Government.Google Scholar
Department of Education and Training. (2016). Kindergarten Inclusion Support Program – Disability guidelines. Melbourne, Australia: Author.Google Scholar
Department of Social Welfare Malaysia. (2016). Kursus Asuhan Permata. Retrieved from http://www.jkm.gov.my/jkm/index.php?r=portal/left&id=UUNhTjJCQnlIYjBrUHlBU0tuSFVCdz09 Google Scholar
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2017). Statistik Taman Asuhan kanak-kanak (TASKA). Retrieved from http://www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/statistik-taman-asuhan-kanak-kanak-taska Google Scholar
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2019). Children statistics, Malaysia, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=c3I4eitkb1RZTlMvUjNLZVRBMExVQT09 Google Scholar
Disability Observatory of the National Confederation of Persons with Disabilities. (2019). 5th Statistical information sheet: Information on the education of students with disability and special educational needs. Athens, Greece: National Confederation of Disabled People. Retrieved from https://www.esamea.gr/publications/others/4312-5o-deltio-statistikis-pliroforisis-stoixeia-gia-tin-ekpaideysi-ton-mathiton-me-anapiria-i-kai-eidikes-ekpaideytikes-anagkes [in Greek].Google Scholar
Division for Early Childhood (DEC). (2014). DEC recommended practices. Retrieved from http://www.dec-sped.org/recommendedpractices Google Scholar
Early Childhood Australia and Early Childhood Intervention Australia. (2012). Position statement on the inclusion of children with a disability in early childhood education and care. Retrieved from http://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ECA_Position_statement_Disability_Inclusion_web.pdf Google Scholar
Eurydice. (2019). Greece: Early childhood education and care. Retrieved from https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/early-childhood-education-and-care-33_en Google Scholar
Eurydice. (2020). Greece: Initial education for teachers working in early childhood and school education. Retrieved from https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/initial-education-teachers-working-early-childhood-and-school-education-32_en Google Scholar
Fixsen, D., Blase, K., Metz, A., & Van Dyke, M. (2013). Statewide implementation of evidence-based programs. Exceptional Children, 79, 213230. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440291307900206 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fixsen, D., Naoom, S., Blase, K., Friedman, R., & Wallace, F. (2005). Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, National Implementation Research Network.Google Scholar
Foong, L., Veloo, P. K., Dhamotharan, M., & Loh. C. (2018). Private sector early child care and education in Malaysia: Workforce readiness for further education. Kajian Malaysia, 36(1), 127154. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2018.36.1.6 Google Scholar
Fyssa, A., Vlachou, A., & Avramidis, E. (2014). Early childhood teachers’ understanding of inclusive education and associated practices: Reflections from Greece. International Journal of Early Years Education, 22, 223237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2014.909309 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Government of Malaysia. (1984). Child Care Centre Act 1984 (Act 308).Google Scholar
Government of Malaysia. (2008). Law of Malaysia, Act 685, Persons with Disabilities Act 2008.Google Scholar
Government of Malaysia. (2013). P.U. [A]. 230, Education (Special Education) Regulations 2013.Google Scholar
Guralnick, M. J., & Bruder, M. B. (2016). Early childhood inclusion in the United States: Goals, current status, and future directions. Infants & Young Children, 29, 166177. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000071 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellenic Statistical Authority. (2019). Greece in figures: January-March 2019. Athens, Greece: ELSTATGoogle Scholar
Hemmeter, M. L., Snyder, P. A., Fox, L., & Algina, J. (2016). Evaluating the implementation of the Pyramid Model for promoting social-emotional competence in early childhood classrooms. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 36, 133146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121416653386 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, E., & Banerjee, R. (2009). Understanding curriculum modifications and embedded learning opportunities in the context of supporting all children’s success. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40, 406415. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0026)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoskin, J., Boyle, C., & Anderson, J. (2015). Inclusive education in pre-schools: Predictors of pre-service teacher attitudes in Australia. Teachers and Teaching, 21, 974989. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1005867 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Institute for Educational Planning/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IIEP/UNESCO). (2020). Inclusive education: Planning for inclusive education. Retrieved from http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/inclusive-education Google Scholar
Jelas, Z. M., & Ali, M. M. (2014). Inclusive education in Malaysia: Policy and practice. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 18, 9911003. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2012.693398 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, J., & Sokal, L. (2016). Universal design for learning as a bridge to inclusion: A qualitative report of student voices. International Journal of Whole Schooling, 12(2), 3663.Google Scholar
Kemp, C. R. (2016). Early childhood inclusion in Australia. Infants & Young Children, 29, 178187. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000062 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khairuddin, K. F., Dally, K., & Foggett, J. (2016). Collaboration between general and special education teachers in Malaysia. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 16, 909913. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12230 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law 3699. (2008). Special education of individuals with disabilities or special educational needs. Government Gazette, 1(199), 34993522. Athens, Greece: National Printing House [in Greek].Google Scholar
Law 4186. (2013). Restructuring secondary education and other provisions. Government Gazette, 1(193), 31113162. Athens, Greece: National Printing House [in Greek].Google Scholar
Law 4368. (2016). Measures to speed up government work and other provisions. Government Gazette, 1(21), 537612. Athens, Greece: National Printing House [in Greek].Google Scholar
Law 4547. (2018). Reorganization support structures of primary and secondary education and other provisions. Government Gazette, 1(102), 83798452. Athens, Greece: National Printing House [in Greek]. Retrieved from: https://www.minedu.gov.gr/publications/docs2018/EPAL_N_4547_FEK_102A_12-06-2018.pdf Google Scholar
Majzub, R. M. (2013). Critical issues in preschool education in Malaysia. In A. Zaharim & V. Vodovozov (Eds.), Recent advances in educational technologies: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Education and Educational Technologies (EET ’13) (pp. 150–155). Athens, Greece: WSEAS Press. Retrieved from http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2013/CambridgeUSA/EET/EET-26.pdf Google Scholar
Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia. (2013). Malaysian education blueprint 2013-2025: Preschool to post-secondary education. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Education Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.moe.gov.my/menumedia/media-cetak/penerbitan/dasar/1207-malaysia-education-blueprint-2013-2025/file Google Scholar
Ministry of State. (2020). National action plan for the rights of persons with disabilities [in Greek]. Retrieved from http://www.opengov.gr/ypep/?p=700 Google Scholar
Mohay, H., & Reid, E. (2006). The inclusion of children with a disability in child care: The influence of experience, training and attitudes of childcare staff. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 31(1), 3542. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910603100106 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasir, M. N. A., & Efendi, A. N. A. E. (2016). Special education for children with disabilities in Malaysia: Progress and obstacles. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(10), 7887.Google Scholar
National Center on Education and the Economy. (2018). The early advantage: Australia system at a glance. Retrieved from http://ncee.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Australia-at-a-Glance.pdf Google Scholar
National Implementation Research Network. (2016). Implementation brief: Active implementation practice and science. Retrieved from https://nirn.fpg.unc.edu/resources/brief-1-active-implementation-practice-and-science Google Scholar
National Professional Development Center on Inclusion. (2009). Research synthesis points on early childhood inclusion. Retrieved from https://npdci.fpg.unc.edu/sites/npdci.fpg.unc.edu/files/resources/NPDCI-ResearchSynthesisPoints-10-2009_0.pdf Google Scholar
Nordstrum, L. E., LeMahieu, P. G., & Berrena, E. (2017). Implementation science: Understanding and finding solutions to variation in program implementation. Quality Assurance in Education, 25, 5873. https://doi.org/10.1108/QAE-12-2016-0080 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nteropoulou-Nterou, E., & Slee, R. (2019). A critical consideration of the changing conditions of schooling for students with disabilities in Greece and the fragility of international in local contexts. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23, 891907. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1623331 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odom, S. L., Buysse, V., & Soukakou, E. (2011). Inclusion for young children with disabilities: A quarter century of research perspectives. Journal of Early Intervention, 33, 344356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815111430094 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2016). Committee on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities: General comment No. 4, Article 24: Right to inclusive education (CRPD/C/GC/4). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/crpd/pages/gc.aspx Google Scholar
Özen, A., & Ergenekon, Y. (2011). Activity-based intervention practices in special education. Educational sciences: Theory & practice, 11, 359362.Google Scholar
Pappas, M. A., Papoutsi, C., & Drigas, A. S. (2018). Policies, practices, and attitudes toward inclusive education: The case of Greece. Social Sciences, 7(6), 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7060090 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, B. J., Waltz, T. J., Chinman, M. J., Damschroder, L. J., Smith, J. L., Matthieu, M. M., … Kirchner, J. E. (2015). A refined compilation of implementation strategies: Results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project. Implementation Science, 10, 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0209-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasse, D. P., Breunlin, R. J., Giroux, D., Hunt, J., Morrison, D., & Their, K. (2012). Embedding multi-tiered system of supports/response to intervention in teacher preparation. Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal, 10(2), 7593.Google Scholar
Robertson, J., Green, K., Alper, S., Schloss, P. J., & Kohler, F. (2003). Using a peer-mediated intervention to facilitate children’s participation in inclusive childcare activities. Education and Treatment of Children, 26, 182197.Google Scholar
Sandall, S. R., Hemmeter, M. L., Smith, B. J., & McLean, M. E. (Eds.). (2005). DEC recommended practices: A comprehensive guide for practical application in early intervention/early childhood special education. Missoula, MT: Council for Exceptional Children, Division for Early Childhood.Google Scholar
Sandall, S. R., Schwartz, I. S., Joseph, G. E., & Gauvreau, A. N. (with Lieber, J. A., Horn, E. M., & Odom, S. L.) (2019). Building blocks for teaching preschoolers with special needs (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Soukakou, E. P. (2016). Inclusive Classroom Profile (ICP™) manual: Research edition. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.Google Scholar
Soukakou, E. P., Winton, P. J., West, T. A., Sideris, J. H., & Rucker, L. M. (2014). Measuring the quality of inclusive practices: Findings from the Inclusive Classroom Profile pilot. Journal of Early Intervention, 36, 223240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815115569732 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, J., & Carter, M. (2014). What do employers ask for in advertisements for special education positions? Australasian Journal of Special Education, 38, 5162. https://doi.org/10.1017/jse.2014.3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sukumaran, S., Loveridge, J., & Green, V. A. (2015). Inclusion in Malaysian integrated preschools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19, 821844. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2014.981229 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toran, H., Westover, J. M., Sazlina, K., Suziyani, M., & Mohd Hanafi, M. Y. (2016). The preparation, knowledge and self reported competency of special education teachers regarding students with autism. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 24, 185196.Google Scholar
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2019). Empowering children with disabilities for the enjoyment of their human rights, including through inclusive education: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (A/HRC/40/27). Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations. Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3791961?ln=en Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/crc/ Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). (2008). Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities (CRPD). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html Google Scholar
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2020). Global education monitoring report 2020: Inclusion and education: All means all. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/report/2020/inclusion Google Scholar
Vlachou, A., & Fyssa, A. (2016). ‘Inclusion in practice’: Programme practices in mainstream preschool classrooms and associations with context and teacher characteristics. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 63, 529544. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2016.1145629 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, J., Vialle, W., & Dixon, R. (2016). Transition of children with disabilities into early childhood education and care centres. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 41(2), 1826. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911604100204 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winton, P. J., Snyder, P. A., & Goffin, S. G. (2016). Beyond the status quo: Rethinking professional development for early childhood teachers. In Couse, L. J. & Recchia, S. L. (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood teacher education (pp. 5468). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wong, S., & Press, F. (2017). Interprofessional work in early childhood education and care services to support children with additional needs: Two approaches. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 22, 4956. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404158.2017.1322994 CrossRefGoogle Scholar