Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T10:55:39.122Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The imagery debate: a controversy over terms and cognitive styles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Janice M. Keenan  and
Richard K. Olson
Janice M. Keenan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colo. 80208 and Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80302
Richard K. Olson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colo. 80208 and Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. 80302
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , December 1979 , pp. 558 - 559
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abelson, R. P. (1968) Simulation of social behavior. In Handbook of social psychology, vol. 2, ed. Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E.. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. [RPA]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1976) Language, memory and thought. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates. [PNJ, SMK, TPM, CLR]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1978) Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. Psychological Review 85: 249–77. [PNJ, JMK, SMK, CLR, PWS]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (in press) Further arguments concerning mental imagery: a response to Hayes-Roth and Pylyshyn. Psychological Review. [SMK]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R., and Bower, G. H. (1973) Human associative memory. New York: V. H. Winston & Sons. [SMK]Google Scholar
Arieti, S. (1955) Interpretation of schizophrenia. New York: Bruner-Mazel. [BS]Google Scholar
Asch, S. E. (1956) Studies of independence and conformity: a minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs 70 (whole issue). [SMK]Google Scholar
Ashton, R.; McFarland, K.; Walsh, F.; and White, K. (1978) Imagery ability and the identification of hands: a chronometric analysis. Ada Psychologica 42: 253–62. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attneave, F. (1968) Triangles as ambiguous figures. American Journal of Psychology 81: 447–53. [GH]Google Scholar
Bahill, A. T., and Stark, L. (1979) The trajectories of saccadic eye movements. Scientific American 240: 108–17. [SMK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baylor, G. W. (1971) A treatise on the mind's eye. Ph. D. dissertation, Carnegie-Mellon University. [SMK]Google Scholar
Beech, J. R. (1979) A chronometric study of the scanning of visual representations. Doctoral thesis, The New University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. [IMLH]Google Scholar
Beech, J. R., and Allport, D. A. (1978) Visualization of compound scenes. Perception 7: 129–38. [SMK]Google Scholar
Boggess, L. C. (1978) Computational interpretation of English spatial prepositions. PhD. thesis, University of Illinois. [DLW]Google Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1970) Analysis of a mnemonic device. American Scientist 58: 496–510. [DLW]Google Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1978) Representing knowledge development. In Children's Thinking: What Develops?, ed. Siegler, R. S.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates. [SMK]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1971) Metacontrast and lateral inhibition. Psychological Review 78: 528–39. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridgeman, B. (1978) Distributed sensory coding applied to simulations of iconic storage and metacontrast. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 40: 605–23. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, L. R. (1967) The suppression of visualization in reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19: 288–99. [PWS]Google Scholar
Brooks, L. R. (1968) Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology 22: 349–68. [AR]Google Scholar
Bundesen, C., and Larsen, A. (1975) Visual transformation of size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1: 214–20. [SMK]Google ScholarPubMed
Clark, H. H. (1969) Linguistic processes in deductive reasoning. Psychological Review 76: 387–404. [JMK]Google Scholar
Conrad, C. (1972) Cognitive economy in semantic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 92: 149–54. [SMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. A. (1975) Mental rotation of random two-dimensional shapes. Cognitive Psychology 7: 20–43. [SMK]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. A., and Podgorny, P. (1976) Mental transformations and visual comparison processes: Effects of complexity and similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2: 503–14. [SMK]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. A., and Podgorny, P. (1975) Mental transformations in the identification of left and right hands. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1: 48–56 [SMK]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. A., and Shepard, R. N. (1973) Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. In Visual information processing, ed. Chase., W. G.. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1979) Brainstorms. Montgomery, Vt.: Bradford Books. [SMK, DLW]Google Scholar
DiVesta, F. J.; Ingersoll, G.; and Sunshine, P. (1971) A factor analysis of imagery tests. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 10: 471–79. [CLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farley, A. M. (1974) VIPS: a visual imagery and perception system; the result of protocol analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, Carnegie-Mellon University. [SMK]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A. (1979) The functional equivalence of mental images and errors of movement. Cognitive Psychology 11: 235–64. [SMK]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A. (in press) Levels of equivalence in imagery and perception. Psychological Review. [SMK]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A., and Kosslyn, S. M. (in press) Mental imagery acuity in the peripheral visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [SMK]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A., and Schmidt, M. J. (1977). Orientation-specific color aftereffects following imagination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3: 599–606. [SMK]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1968) Psychological explanation: an introduction to the philosophy of psychology. New York: Random House. [SMK]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (in press) Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [SMK]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. D., Fodor, J. A.; and Garrett, M. F. (1975), The psychological unreality of semantic representations. Linguistic Inquiry 4: 515–31. [PNJ]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1958) The interpretation of dreams. London: Hogarth Press. [BS]Google Scholar
Friedman, A. (1978), Memorial comparisons without the mind's eye. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17: 427–44. [UN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galton, F. (1883) Inquiries into human faculty and its development. London: Dent (1905). [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1966), The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [FH]Google Scholar
Goodman, N. (1968) Languages of art. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. [JH]Google Scholar
Green, D. M., and Luce, R. D. (1973) Speed-accuracy tradeoff in auditory detection. In Attention and performance IV, ed. Kornblum., S.. New York: Academic Press. [SMK]Google Scholar
Haber, R. N. (1970) How we remember what we see. Scientific American 222: 104–12. [DLW]Google Scholar
Hayes-Roth, F. (1977), Critique of Turvey's “contrasting orientations to the theory of visual information processing.” Psychological Review 84: 531–35. [FH]Google Scholar
Hayes-Roth, F. (1979) Distinguishing theories of representation: a critique of Anderson's “Arguments concerning mental imagery.” Psychological Review 86: 376–820. [FH, SMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannay, A. (1971) Mental images: A defence. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities. [AH]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1968) Concerning imagery. Psychological Review 75: 466–77. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hesse, M. B., (1963) Models and analogies in science. London: Sheed and Ward. [SMK]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. (1979, in press) Some demonstrations of the effects of structural descriptions in mental imagery. Cognitive Science. [GH]Google Scholar
Hirst, W. (1976) Memory for proofs. Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University. [UN]Google Scholar
Hubel, D. H., and Wiesel, T. N. (1962), Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. Journal of Physiology 160: 106–54. [JSA]Google Scholar
Hunter, I. M. L. (1962) An exceptional talent for calculative thinking. British Journal of Psychology 53: 243–58. [MLH]Google Scholar
Hunter, I. M. L. (1977) Imagery, comprehension and mnemonics. Journal of Mental Imagery 1: 65–72. [IMLH]Google Scholar
Huttenlocher, J. (1968) Constructing spatial images: a strategy in reasoning. Psychological Review 75: 550–60. [JMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1979a) Formal semantics and the psychology of meaning. Paper presented at the Symposium on Formal Semantics and Natural Language, University of Texas at Austin. [PNJ]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1979b) Mental models in cognitive science. Paper presented at the La Jolla Conference on Cognitive Science. [PNJ]Google Scholar
Jonides, J.; Kahn, R.; and Rozin, P. (1975) Imagery instructions improve memory in blind subjects. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 5: 424–26. [UN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Just, M. A., and Carpenter, P. A. (1976) Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology. 8: 441–80. [TPM]Google Scholar
Kandinsky, W. (1947) Point and line to plane. New York: The Guggenheim Foundation. [BS]Google Scholar
Keenan, J. M. (1978) Psychological issues concerning implication: comments, on “Psychology of pragmatic implication: Information processing between the lines” by Harris and Monaco. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 107: 23–27. [JMK]Google Scholar
Keenan, J. M., and Moore, R. E. (1979) Memory for images of concealed objects: a reexamination of Neisser and Kerr. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 5: 374–85. [JMK, SMK]Google Scholar
Kintsch, W. (1974) The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates. [PNJ]Google Scholar
Kolers, P. A., and Smythe, W. E. (in press) Images, symbols, and skills. Canadian Journal of Psychology. [WES]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1973) Scanning visual images: Some structural implications. Perception and Psychophysics 14: 90–94. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1974) Constructing visual images. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1975) Information representation in visual images. Cognitive Psychology. 7: 341–70. [SMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1976a) Can imagery be distinguished from other forms of internal representation? Evidence from studies of information retrieval time. Memory and Cognition 4: 291–97. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1976b) Using imagery to retrieve semantic information: a developmental study. Child Development 47: 434–44. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1978a) Measuring the visual angle of the mind's eye. Cognitive Psychology 10: 356–89. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1978b) Imagery and cognitive development: a teleological approach. In Children's thinking: what develops? Siegler., R. S., ed. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (in press) Image and mind. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., and Alper, S. N. (1977) On the pictorial properties of visual images: effects of image size on memory for words. Canadian Journal of Psychology 31: 32–40. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M.; Ball, T. M.; and Reiser, B. J. (1978) Visual images preserve metric spatial information: evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4: 47–60. [SMK, CLR]Google ScholarPubMed
Kosslyn, S. M., and Jolicoeur, P. (in press). A theory-based approach to the study of individual differences in mental imagery. In, Aptitude, learning, and instruction: cognitive processes analyses, ed. Snow, R. E., Fredrico, P-A., & Montague., W. E.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M.; Murphy, G. L.; Bemesderfer, M. E.; and Feinstein, K. J. (1977) Category and continuum in mental comparisons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106: 341–75. [SMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., and Pomerantz, J. R. (1977) Imagery, propositions, and the form of internal representations. Cognitive Psychology 9: 52–76. [SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M.; Reiser, B. J.; and Farah, M. (submitted for publication) Generating visual images. [SMK, ZP]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., and Shwartz, S. P. (1977) A simulation of visual imagery. Cognitive Science 1: 265–95. [GH, SMK]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., and Shwartz, S. P. (1978) Visual images as spatial representations in active memory. In Computer vision systems, ed. Riseman, E. M. and Hanson., A. R.. New York: Academic Press. [SMK]Google Scholar
Larsen, A., and Bundesen, C. (1978) Size scaling in visual pattern recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4: 1–20. [SMK]Google ScholarPubMed
Lea, G. (1975) Chronometrie analysis of the method of loci. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1: 95–104. [SMK]Google Scholar
Luce, R. D., and Green, D. M. (1972), A neural timing theory for response times and the psychophysics of intensity. Psychological Review 79: 14–57. [SMK]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1968) The mind of a mnemonist, New York: Basic Books. [IMLH, DLW]Google Scholar
McCulloch, W. S., and Pitts, W. H. (1943) A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5: 115–33. [BB]Google Scholar
McKellar, P. (1963) Differences of mental imagery. The Mensa Correspondence 51: 1–5. [AR]Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. M.; Hunt, E. B.; and Mathews, N. N. (1978) Individual differences in the verification of sentence-picture relationships. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17: 493–508. [JMK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mamor, G. S., and Zaback, L. A. (1976), Mental rotation by the blind: does mental rotation depend on visual imagery? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29: 263–91. [AR]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1978) Representing visual information. In Computer vision systems, ed. Hanson, A. R. and Riseman., E. M., New York: Academic Press, pp. 61–80. [DLW]Google Scholar
Marr, D., and Nishihara, H. K. (1978) Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 200: 269–94. [FH, GH, SMK]Google ScholarPubMed
Marr, D., and Poggio, T. (1976) Cooperative computation of stereo disparity (memo 364). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT A.I. Lab. [FH]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A.; Galanter, E.; and Pribram, K. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [PNJ]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. L. (1975) A framework for representing knowledge. In The psychology of computer vision, ed. Winston, P. H., New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 211–77. [DLW]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. L. (1977) Plain talk about neurodevelopmental epistemology. Paper presented at the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, Mass. [BS]Google Scholar
Minsky, M. L. (1979) The Society of Mind. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, M.I.T. Un published manuscript. [SMK]Google Scholar
Mitchell, D. B., and Richman, C. L. (in press) Confirmed reservations: mental travel. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [CLR]Google Scholar
Moran, T. P. (1973) The symbolic nature of visual imagery. Paper presented at the Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University. [SMK]Google Scholar
Moran, T. P. (1973a) The symbolic imagery hypothesis: a production system model. Ph.D. dissertation, Carnegie-Mellon University. [TPM]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1969) Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review 76: 165–78. [BS]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and reality. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [JH, JMK, UN]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1978) Anticipations, images, and introspection. Cognition 6: 169–74. [JMK]Google Scholar
Newell, A., and Simon, H. A. (1972) Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [ZP]Google Scholar
Noy, P. (1973) Symbolism and mental representation. The Annals of Psychoanalysis 1: 125–158. [BS]Google Scholar
Orne, M. T. (1962) On the social psychology of the psychology experiment: with special reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist 17: 776–83. [SMK, CLR]Google Scholar
Paivio, A. (1975) Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory and Cognition 3: 635–48. [SMK]Google Scholar
Paivio, A. (1975a) Neomentalism. Canadian Journal of Psychology 29: 263–91. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, S. E. (1978) Fundamental aspects of cognitive representation. In Cognition and categorization, ed. Rosch, E. and Lloyd., B. B.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates. [JSA]Google Scholar
Pennington, N., and Kosslyn, S. M. (in preparation) Measuring the acuity of the mind's eye. [SMK]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1979) The representation of three-dimensional space in mental images. Ph. D. thesis, Harvard University. [SMK]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (in press) Mental imagery and the third dimension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. [SMK]Google Scholar
Pinker, S., and Finke, R. A. (in press) Emergent two-dimensional patterns in images rotated in depth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [SMK]Google Scholar
Pinker, S., and Kosslyn, S. M. (1978) The representation and manipulation of three-dimensional space in mental images. Journal of Mental Imagery 2: 69–84. [SMK]Google Scholar
Podgorny, P., and Shepard, R. N. (1978) Functional representations common to visual perception and imagination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4: 21–35. [PWS]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H. (1969), The neurophysiology of remembering. Scientific American 220: 73–86. [DLW]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1973) Reductionism and the nature of psychology. Cognition 2: 131–46. [SMK, WES]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973) What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: a critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin 80: 1–24. [SMK, BS, PWS]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1978) Foundations of cognitive science. Presentation to the New Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies, Cambridge, Mass. [SMK]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1979) The rotation of mental images: a test of the “holistic analogue” hypothesis. Memory and Cognition 7: 19–28. [JMK, SMK, BS]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980a) Computation and cognition: issues in the foundations of cognitive science. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3 (1). [ZP]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980b) The imagery debate: analogue media or tacit knowledge? (submitted for publication). [ZP]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (in press) Validating computational models: a critique of Anderson's indeterminacy of representation claim. Psychological Review. [JMK, SMK]Google Scholar
Reed, S. K. (1974) Structural descriptions and the limitations of visual images. Memory and Cognition 2: 329–36. [GH]Google Scholar
Richman, C. L.; Mitchell, D. B.; and Reznick, J. S., (1979) Mental travel: some reservations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5: 13–18. [SMK, CLR, PWS]Google Scholar
Rock, I. (1973) Orientation and form. New York: Academic Press. [GH]Google Scholar
Roe, A. (1951), A study of imagery in research scientists Journal of Personality 19: 459–70. [AR]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R., and Rosnow, R. L., eds. (1969) Artifact in behavioral research. New York: Academic Press. [SMK]Google Scholar
Ryle, G. (1949) The concept of mind. London: Hutchinson & Co. [SMK]Google Scholar
Sarbin, T. (1972) Imagining as muted role-taking: a historical-linguistic analysis. In The function and nature of imagery, ed. Sheehan, P. W.. New York: Academic Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Schank, R. C., and Abelson, R. P. (1977) Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum Associates. [RPA, DLW]Google Scholar
Segal, S. J., and Fusella, V. (1970) Influence of imaged pictures and sounds on detection of visual and auditory signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology 83: 458–64. [SMK]Google Scholar
Sekuler, R., and Nash, D. (1972) Speed of size scaling in human vision. Psychonomic Science 27: 93–94. [SMK]Google Scholar
Seuss, B. (1957) The Cat in the Hat Comes Back. New York: Random House. [SMK]Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. W. (1967) A shortened form of Betts’ Questionnaire upon mental imagery. Journal of Clinical Psychology 23: 286–89. [AR]Google Scholar
Sheehan, P. W. (1978) Mental imagery. In Psychology survery, No. 1 ed. Foss, B. M., London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 58–70. [PWS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1978) The mental image. American Psychologist 33: 123–37. [SMK, AR]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N., and Feng, C. (1972) A chronometric study of mental paper-folding. Cognitive Psychology 3: 228–43. [SMK]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N., and Judd, S. A. (1976) Perceptual illusion of rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 191: 952–54. [SMK]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N., and Metzler, J. (1971) Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171: 701–03. [GH, SMK, TPM, BS, DLW]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. and Podgorny, P. (1978) Cognitive processes that resemble perceptual processes. In Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 5 ed. Estes, W. K.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, Associates. [SMK]Google Scholar
Shulman, G. L.; Remington, R. W.; and McLean, J. P. (1979) Moving attention through visual space. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5: 522–526. [SMK]Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. P. (1979) Studies of mental image rotation: implications of a computer simulation model of visual imagery. Ph.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins University. [SMK]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1972) What is visual imagery? An information processing interpretation. In Cognition in learning and memory, ed. Gregg, L.W.. New York: John Wiley. [SMK]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1969) The architecture of complexity. In The Sciences of the Artificial, ed. Simon, H. A.. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.Google Scholar
Singer, G., and Sheehan, P. W. (1965) The effect of demand characteristics on the figurai after-effect with real and imaged inducing figures. American Journal of Psychology 78: 96–101. [PWS]Google Scholar
Singer, W. (1979) Temporal aspects of subcortical contrast processing. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin 15: 358–69. [BB]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E. and Nielson, G. D. (1970) Representation and retrieval processes in short-term memory: recognition and recall of faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology 85: 397–405. [SMK]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E.; Shoben, E. J.; and Rips, L. J. (1974) Structure and process in semantic memory: a feature model for semantic decisions. Psychological Review 81: 214–41. [SMK]Google Scholar
Spinelli, D. N., and Pribram, K. H. (1967) Changes in visual recovery functions and unit activity produced by frontal and temporal cortex stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 22: 143–49. [BB]Google Scholar
Spinelli, D. N.; Pribram, K. H.; and Weingarten, M. (1965) Centrifugal optic nerve responses evoked by auditory and somatic stimulation. Experimental Neurology 12: 303–19. [BB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinelli, D. N., and Weingarten, M. (1966) Afferent and efferent activity in single units of the cat's optic nerve. Experimental Neurology 13: 347–61. [BB]Google Scholar
Spoehr, K. T., and Williams, B. E. (1978) Retrieving distance and location information from mental maps. Paper presented at the 19th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Antonio. November [SMK]Google Scholar
Sussman, G. J. (1973) The FINDSPACE problem (memo 286) Cambridge, Mass.: MIT A.I. Lab. [DLW]Google Scholar
Treyens, J. C. and Brewer, W. F. (1978) The effects of expected probability and expected saliency on memory for objects in a room. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the MPA, Chicago. [DLW]Google Scholar
Waltz, D. L. (1979) Relating images, concepts, and words. Proceedings of the NSF Workshop on the Representation of 3-D Objects, University of Pennsylvania, 1–29. [DLW]Google Scholar
Waltz, D. L., and Boggess, L. C. (1979) Visual analog representations for natural language understanding, to appear in Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Tokyo. [DLW]Google Scholar
Weber, R. J., and Harnish, R. (1974) Visual imagery for words: the Hebb test. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102: 409–14. [SMK]Google Scholar
Weber, R. J.; Kelley, J.; and Little, S. (1972) Is visual imagery sequencing under verbal control? Journal of Experimental Psychology 96: 354–62. [SMK]Google Scholar
Willis, J. (1621) The art of memory as it dependeth upon places and ideas. London. Facsimile published by Da Capo Press, New York, 1973. [IMLH]Google Scholar
Wilton, R. N. (1978) Explaining imaginai inference by operations in a prepositional format. Perception 7: 563–74. [CLR]Google Scholar
Yates, F. A. (1966) The art of memory. London; Routledge and Kegan Paul. [IMLH]Google Scholar