Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:39:48.240Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

All emotions are not created equal: Reaching beyond the traditional disputes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2008

Patrik N. Juslin  and
Daniel Västfjäll
Patrik N. Juslin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, SE-75142 Uppsala, Swedenpatrik.juslin@psyk.uu.sehttp://www.psyk.uu.se/hemsidor/musicpsy2/
Daniel Västfjäll
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Swedendaniel.vastfjall@psy.gu.sehttp://www.psy.gu.se/Personal/DaneilV.htm
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Most commentators have agreed with our thesis, that musical emotions cannot be studied without regard to underlying mechanisms. However, some commentators have expressed concerns that are addressed in this response. Others have suggested directions for future research. Topics discussed in our response include terminology, elaborations on particular mechanisms, possible additional mechanisms, ways of distinguishing among emotions and mechanisms, the prevalence of musical emotions, the relationship between perceived and felt emotions, developmental issues, and evolutionary perspectives. We end our response with a plea for researchers to reach beyond the traditional disputes in the field to pave the way for more theory-driven studies that can facilitate a deeper understanding of musical emotions.

Type
Authors' Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 31 , Issue 5 , October 2008 , pp. 600 - 621
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beament, J. (2001) How we hear music: The relationship between music and the hearing mechanism. Boydell & Brewer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, J. (2004) Deep listeners: Music, emotion, and trancing. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Clynes, M. (1977) Sentics: The touch of emotions. Doubleday.Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1999) Modularity and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3:115–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, S. (2001) Philosophical perspectives on music's expressiveness. In: Music and emotion: Theory and research, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A., pp. 23–44. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Houwer, J., Baeyens, F. & Field, A. P. (2005) Associative learning of likes and dislikes: Some current controversies and possible ways forward. Cognition and Emotion 19:161–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimberg, U. & Thunberg, M. (1998) Rapid facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 39:39–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellsworth, P. C. (1994) Levels of thought and levels of emotion. In: The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions, ed. Ekman, P. & Davidson, R. J., pp. 192–96. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of the mind. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1999) Emotions and hedonic experience. In: Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, ed. Kahneman, D., Diener, E. & Schwarz, N., pp. 190–210. Sage.Google Scholar
Gabrielsson, A. (2001) Emotions in strong experiences with music. In: Music and emotion: Theory and research, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A., pp. 431–49. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabrielsson, A. (2002) Emotion perceived and emotion felt: Same or different? Musicae Scientiae (Special Issue 2001–2002):123–47.Google Scholar
Gabrielsson, A. & Juslin, P. N. (2003) Emotional expression in music. In: Handbook of affective sciences, ed. Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H. H., pp. 503–34. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, A. (1980) Thrills in response to music and other stimuli. Physiological Psychology 8:126–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, P. L. (1989) Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T. & Rapson, R. L. (1994) Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (2008) Empathy and prosocial behavior. In: Handbook of emotions, 3rd edition, ed. Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M. & Feldman Barrett, L., pp. 440–55. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Huron, D. (2006) Sweet anticipation: Music and the psychology of expectation. MIT.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huron, D. & Hellmuth Margulis, E. (in press) Musical expectancy and thrills. In: Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, W. & Knopoff, L. (1978) The acoustical component of Western consonance. Interface 7:1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1977) The emotions. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Juslin, P. N. (2000) Cue utilization in communication of emotion in music performance: Relating performance to perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26:1797–813.Google ScholarPubMed
Juslin, P. N. (2001) Communicating emotion in music performance: A review and a theoretical framework. In: Music and emotion: Theory and research, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A., pp. 309–37. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juslin, P. N. (2003) Five facets of musical expression: A psychologist's perspective on music performance. Psychology of Music 31:273–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juslin, P. N. (2005) From mimesis to catharsis: Expression, perception, and induction of emotion in music. In: Musical communication, ed. Miell, D., MacDonald, R. & Hargreaves, D. J., pp. 85–115. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juslin, P. N. (in press) Emotional responses to music. In: Oxford handbook of music psychology, ed. Hallam, S., Cross, I. & Thaut, M.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Juslin, P. N. & Laukka, P. (2003) Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code? Psychological Bulletin 129:770–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juslin, P. N. & Laukka, P. (2004) Expression, perception, and induction of musical emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research 33:217–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juslin, P. N., Laukka, P., Liljeström, S., Västfjäll, D. & Lundqvist, L.-O. (submitted a) A representative survey study of emotional reactions to music.Google Scholar
Juslin, P. N. & Liljeström, S. (in press) How does music evoke emotions? Exploring the underlying mechanisms. In: Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Juslin, P. N., Liljeström, S., Västfjäll, D., Barradas, G. & Silva, A. (in press) Emotional reactions to music in everyday life: Music, listener, and situation. Emotion.Google Scholar
Juslin, P. N. & Scherer, K. R. (2005) Vocal expression of affect. In: The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research, ed. Harrigan, J. A., Rosenthal, R. & Scherer, K. R., pp. 65–135. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A., eds. (2001) Music and emotion: Theory and research. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juslin, P. N. & Timmers, R. (in press) Expression and communication of emotion in music performance. In: Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kallinen, K. & Ravaja, N. (2006) Emotion perceived and emotion felt: Same and different. Musicae Scientiae 10:191–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kameoka, A. & Kuriyagawa, M. (1969) Consonance theory. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 45:1451–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kivy, P. (1990) Music alone: Philosophical reflections on the purely musical experience. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Koelsch, S., Fritz, T., von Cramon, D.Y., Müller, K. & Friederici, A. D. (2006) Investigating emotion with music: An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping 27:239–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koelsch, S., Schroger, E. & Gunter, T. C. (2002b) Music matters: Preattentive musicality of the human brain. Psychophysiology 39:38–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konečni, V. J. (2003) Review of Music and emotion: Theory and research, edited by Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A.. Music Perception 20:332–41.Google Scholar
Konečni, V. J. (2005) The aesthetic trinity: Awe, being moved, thrills. Bulletin of Psychology and the Arts 5:27–44.Google Scholar
Konečni, V. J., Brown, A. & Wanic, R. A. (2008) Comparative effects of music and recalled life-events on emotional state. Psychology of Music 36:289–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1994) Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krumhansl, C. L. (1997) An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 51:336–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P. & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001) Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:684–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laukka, P. (2007) Uses of music and psychological well-being among the elderly. Journal of Happiness Studies 8:215–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, R. Z. (1999) The cognition-emotion debate: A bit of history. In: Handbook of cognition and emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. & Power, M., pp. 3–19. Wiley.Google Scholar
Lundqvist, L.-O., Carlsson, F., Hilmersson, P. & Juslin, P. N. (in press) Emotional responses to music: Experience, expression, and physiology. Psychology of Music.Google Scholar
Magai, C. (2008) Long-lived emotions: A life course perspective. In: Handbook of emotions, 3rd edition, ed. Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M. & Feldman Barrett, L., pp. 376–92. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Mashinter, K. (2006) Calculating sensory dissonance: Some discrepancies arising from the models of Kameoka & Kuriyagawa, and Hutchinson & Knopoff. Empirical Musicology Review 1:65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, L. B. (1956) Emotion and meaning in music. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Narmour, E. (1992) The analysis and cognition of melodic complexity: The implication-realization model. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (1999) Distinguishing unconscious from conscious emotional processes: Methodological considerations and theoretical implications. In: Handbook of cognition and emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. & Power, M., pp. 321–52. Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orians, G. H. & Heerwagen, J. H. (1992) Evolved responses to landscapes. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 555–79. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1995) The emotional sources of “chills” induced by music. Music Perception 13:171–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, A. D. (2008) Music, language, and the brain. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pressnitzer, D. & McAdams, S. (1999) Two phase effects in roughness perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105:2773–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preston, S. D. & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(1):1–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajecki, D. W. (1974) Effects of prenatal exposure to auditory or visual stimulation on postnatal distress vocalizations in chicks. Behavioral Biology 11:525–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J. (2005) Deeper than reason: Emotion and its role in literature, music, and art. Oxford University Press/Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, K. (1985) Swedish youth and music: Listening patterns and motivations. Communication Research 12:353–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J. A. (1980) A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39:1161–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J. A. (2003) Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review 110:145–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherer, K. R. (1999) Appraisal theories. In: Handbook of cognition and emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. & Power, M., pp. 637–63. Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2001) The nature and study of appraisal: A review of the issues In: Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, ed. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., pp. 369–91. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2003) Why music does not produce basic emotions: A plea for a new approach to measuring emotional effects of music. In: Proceedings of the Stockholm Music Acoustics Conference 2003, ed. Bresin, R., pp. 25–28. Royal Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. & Zentner, M. R. (2001) Emotional effects of music: Production rules. In: Music and emotion: Theory and research, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A., pp. 361–92. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schubert, E. (2007) The influence of emotion, locus of emotion and familiarity upon preference in music. Psychology of Music 3:499–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloboda, J. A. (1991) Music structure and emotional response: Some empirical findings. Psychology of Music 19:110–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloboda, J. A. (1992) Empirical studies of emotional response to music. In: Cognitive bases of musical communication, ed. Riess-Jones, M. & Holleran, S., pp. 33–46. American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloboda, J. A. & Juslin, P. N. (2001) Psychological perspectives on music and emotion. In: Music and emotion: Theory and research, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A., pp. 71–104. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloboda, J. A. & O'Neill, S. A. (2001) Emotions in everyday listening to music. In: Music and emotion: Theory and research, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A., pp. 415–29. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spear, L. P. (2000) The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24:417–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinbeis, N. & Koelsch, S. (2008) Comparing the processing of music and language meaning using EEG and fMRI provides evidence for similar and distinct neural representations. PLoS ONE 3(5):e2226. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0002226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinbeis, N., Koelsch, S. & Sloboda, J. A. (2006) The role of harmonic expectancy violations in musical emotions: Evidence from subjective, physiological, and neural responses. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18:1380–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terhardt, E. (1974) On the perception of periodic sound fluctuations (roughness). Acustica 30:201–13.Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. S. (1962) Affect, imagery, consciousness, vol. 1: The positive affects. Springer.Google Scholar
Trehub, S. E., Hannon, E. E. & Schachner, A. (in press) Developmental perspectives on music and affect. In: Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications, ed. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A.. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Västfjäll, D. (2002b) The evolved music(al ear): The relationship between music and the hearing mechanism. Musicae Scientiae 6:26–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Västfjäll, D. & Kleiner, M. (2002) Emotion and product sound design. Paper presented at the Conference Journeés Design SonoreParis, March 2002.Google Scholar
Västfjäll, D., Kleiner, M. & Gärling, T. (2003) Affective reactions to interior aircraft sound quality. Acta Acustica 89:693–701.Google Scholar
Vickhoff, B. (2008) A perspective theory of music perception and emotion. Doctoral dissertation, University of Gothenburg. [Published in the series Skrifter från musikvetenskap, Göteborgs Universitet (ISSN 1654-6261; ISBN No. 978-91-85974-06-1).] Online version available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/9604://hdl.handle.net/2077/9604.Google Scholar
Wells, A. & Hakanen, E. A. (1991) The emotional uses of popular music by adolescents. Journalism Quarterly 68:445–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) Attidudinal effects of mere exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9(2):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajonc, R. B. (2001) Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current Directions in Psychological Science 6:224–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zentner, M. R., Grandjean, D. & Scherer, K. R. (in press) Emotions evoked by the sound of music: Characterization, classification, and measurement. Emotion 8(4).Google Scholar
Zillman, D. & Gan, S.-L. (1997) Musical taste in adolescence. In: The social psychology of music, ed. Hargreaves, D. J. & North, A. C., pp. 161–87. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar