Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T23:01:43.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Context and consciousness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Colin G. Ellard
Colin G. Ellard
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C2. cellard@watarts.uwaterloo.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The commentary argues (1) that we cannot be sure that human consciousness has survival value and (2) that in order to understand the origins and, perhaps, the function of consciousness, we should examine the behavioural and neural precursors to consciousness in nonhumans. An example is given of research on the role of context in decisions regarding fleeing from probable predators in the Mongolian gerbil.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , December 1995 , pp. 681 - 682
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albin, R. L., Makowiecz, R. L., Hollingsworth, Z. R., Dure, L. S., Penney, J. B. & Young, A. B. (1992) Excitatory amino acid binding sites in basal ganglia of the rat: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 46:35–48. [NRS]Google Scholar
Amsel, A. (1962) Frustrative nonreward in partial reinforcement and discrimination learning: Some recent history and a theoretical extension. Psychological Review 69:306–28. [aJAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amsel, A. (1992) Frustration theory. Cambridge University Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. G., Rezai, K., Alliger, R., Swayze, V. W., Flaum, M., Kirchner, P., Cohen, G. & O'Leary, D. S. (1992) Hypofrontality in neuroleptie-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:943–58. [AC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anscombe, R. (1987) The disorder of consciousness in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11:241–60. [AC, DRH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aosaki, T., Tsubokawa, H., Ishida, A., Watanabe, K., Graybiel, A. M. & Kimura, M. (1994) Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate's striatuin undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensorimotor conditioning. journal of Neuroscience 14(6):3969–84. [NRS]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1983) How does a serial, integrated and very limited stream of consciousness emerge out of a nervous system that is mostly unconscious, distributed, and of enormous capacity? In: CIBA symposium on experimental anil theoretical studies of conciousness, ed. Brock, G. R. & Marsh, J.. Wiley. [JN]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press. [arJAG, JN, FT, MV]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1993) A cognitive tlieory of amscimtsness. Cambridge University Press. [AMI]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1994) A global workspace theory of conscious experience. In: Consciousness in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Revonsuo, A. & Kamppinen, M.. Erlbaum. [AR]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. & Newman, J. (1994) A neurobiological interpretation of global workspace theory. In: Consciousness in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Revonsuo, A. & Kamppinen, M.. Erlbaum. [AR]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1993) Working memory and conscious awareness. In: Theories of memory, ed. Collins, A. F., Gathercole, S. E., Conway, M. A. & Morris, P. E.. Erlbaum. [TJL-J]Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1982) Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist 37:122–47. [TDN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baruch, I. (1988) Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task and its relevance for the dopamine hypothesis and the dimensional view of psychosis. Ph.D. thesis, London University. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Banich, I., Hemsley, D. R. & Cray, J. A. (1988) Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 176:598–606. [arJAG, NRS]Google Scholar
Baxter, L. R., Schwartz, J. M., Bergman, K. S., Szuba, M. P., Guze, B. H., Mazziotta, J. C., Akazraju, A., Selin, C. E., Femg, H.-K., Munford, P. & Phelps, M. E. (1992) Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 49:681–89. [NRS]Google Scholar
Bcchtel, W. (1988) Philosophy of mind: An overview for cognitive science. Erlbaum. [TJL-J]Google Scholar
Bcchtel, W. (1994) Levels of description and explanation in cognitive science. Minds and Machines 4:1–25. [AR]Google Scholar
Berti, A. & Rizzolatti, G. (1992) Visual processing without awareness: Evidence from unilateral neglect. Journal of Cognitive Neumscience 4:345–51. [CU]Google Scholar
Bickhard, M. H. (1991) Cognitive representation in the brain. Encyclopedia of Human Biology 2:547–58. [GNR]Google Scholar
Blmnenthal, A. L. (1977) The process of cognition. Prentice-Hall. [AMI]Google Scholar
Bogen, J. E. (1995) On the neurophysiology of consciousness: 1. An overview. Consciousness and Cognition 4(2): 137–58. [JN]Google Scholar
Bolun, D. J. (1986) A new theory of the relationship of mind and matter. The journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 80:113–35. [J-LD]Google Scholar
Borst, C. V., ed. (1970) The mind-body identity theory.. Macmillan. [aJAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulenguez, P., Joseph, M. H., Gray, J. A. & Mitchell, S. N. (1994) Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens after systemic and intrahippocampal injections of 5MT-1 agonists which differentially affect attention in the rat. British journal of Pharmacology 111[Suppl]:153 p.[aJAG]Google Scholar
Bouyer, J. J., Park, D. H., Joh, T. H. & Pickel, V. M. (1984) Chemical and structural analysis of the relation between cortical inputs and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals in the rat neostriatum. Brain Research 302:267–76. [NRS]Google Scholar
Brazell, M. P., Mitchell, S. N., Joseph, M. H., & Gray, J. A. (1990) Acute administration of nicotine increases the in vivo extracellular levels of dopamine, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and ascorbic acid preferentially in the nucleus accuinhens of the rat: Comparison with caudate-putainen. Ncurophannacology 29:1177–85. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. (1992) Conscious vs. unconcious processes. The case of vision. Theory & Psychology 2:73–88. [CF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, M. & Carlsson, A. (1990) Interactions between glutamatergic and monoamine systems within the basal ganglia – implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Trends in Neurosciences 13:272–76. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1981) Attention and self-regulation: A controltheory approach to human behavior. Springer-Verlag. [TDN]Google Scholar
Cassaday, H. J., Mitchell, S. N., Williams, J. H. & Gray, J. A. (1993) 5,7- Diliydroxytryptainine lesions in the fomix-fimbria attenuate latent inhibition. Behavioral & Neural Biology 59:194–207. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Cassaday, H. J., Hodges, H. & Gray, J. A. (1993) The effects of ritanserin, RU 24969 and 8-OH-DPAT on latent inhibition in the rat. journal of Psijchopharmacology 7:63–71. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Chadwick, P. & Birchwood, M. J. (1994) The omnipotence of voices: A cognitive approach to auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry 164:190–201. [CF]Google Scholar
Chapman, J. (1966) The early symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 112:225–51. [DRH]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1984) Matter and consciottsness: A contemporary introduction to the philosophy of mind. MIT Press/Bradford books. [TJL-J]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1994) Can neurobiology teach us anything about consciousness? In: The mind, the brain, and complex adaptive systems [SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proc. vol. 20.], ed. Morowitz, H. & Singer, J.. Addison-Wesley. [AR, rJAG]Google Scholar
Cohen, N. J. & Eichenbaum, H. (1993) Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system. MIT. Press. [HE, GNR]Google Scholar
Collicutt, J. R. & Hemsley, D. R. (1985) Schizophrenia: A disruption of the stream of thought. Unpublished manuscript. [DRH]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. A. & Shepard, R. N. (1973) Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W. G.. Academic Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Craik, K. J. W. (1943) The nature of explanation. Cambridge University Press. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Crick, F. (1984) The function of the thalamic reticular complex: The searchlight hypothesis. Proceeding of the National Acadeviy of Science, USA 81:4586–90 [rJAG]Google Scholar
Crick, F. (1994) The astonishing hypothesis: The scientific search for the soul. Scribncr. [AR, rJAG]Google Scholar
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (1985) Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature 375:121–23. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1980) Positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms and the role of dopamine. British journal of Psychiatry 137:383–86. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Cutting, J. (1985) The psychology of schizophrenia. Churchill Livingstone. [AC]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1989) Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systeins-Ievel proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition 33:25–62. [MK, rJAG]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Eslinger, P. J., Damasio, M., Van Hoesen, G. W. & Cornell, S. (1985) Multimodal amnesic syndrome following bilateral temporal and basal forebrain damage. Archives of Neurology 42:252–59. [CU, rJAG]Google Scholar
Davies, M. & Humphreys, G. W. (1993) Introduction. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G. W.. Blackwell. [SLH]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1979) On the absence of phenomenology. In: Body, mind and method: Essays in honor of Virgil C. Aldrich, ed. Gustafson, D. and Tapscott, B.. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. [DCD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Little, Brown. [aJAG, DCD, AR]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. & Kinsbourne, M. (1992) Time and the observer: The where and when of consciousness in the brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:183–247. [aJAG, DCD, GNR]Google Scholar
Dennis, S. (1995) Sources of error in connectionist models of cognitive processes. Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Conference on Neural Networks. School of Electrical Engineering, Sydney University, Australia. [SD]Google Scholar
Desmedt, J. E. (1981) Scalp-recorded cerebral event-related potentials in man as point of entry into the analysis of cognitive processing. In: The organization of the cerebral cortex, ed. Schmitt, F. O. & Worden, F. G.. M.I.T. Press.Google Scholar
Deutsch, J. A. (1964) The structural basis of behaviour. Cambridge University Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1934/1980) Art as exiperience. Perigee Books. [JDS]Google Scholar
Diamond, M. C., Schiebel, A. B. & Elson, L. M. (1985) The human brain coloring book. Barnes & Noble. [JN]Google Scholar
Diaz, J. L. (1989) Psicobiologia y conducta. Rutas de una indagación. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica. [J-LD]Google Scholar
Dunn, L. A., Atwater, G. E. & Kilts, C. D. (1993) Effects of antipsychotic drugs on latent inhibition: Sensitivity and specificity of an animal behavioral model of clinical drug action. Psijchopharmacology 112:315–23. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Dure, L. S., Young, A. B. & Penney, J. B. (1992) Compartmentalization of excitatory amino acid receptors in human striatum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:7688–92. [NRS]Google Scholar
Eckhorn, R., Bauer, R., Jordan, W., Brosch, M., Kruse, W., Munk, M. & Reitboeck, H. J. (1988) Coherent oscillations: A mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Multiple electrode and correlation analyses in the cat. Biological Cybernetics 60:121–30. [GNR]Google Scholar
Eclelman, G. M. (1987) Neural Dartvinism: The theory ofneunmal group selection. Basic Books. [GNR]Google Scholar
Eclelman, G. M. (1989) The rememlicred present: A biological theory of consciousness. Basic Books. [arJAG, AMI, JN, GNR]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. & Reeke, G. N. (1990) Is it possible to construct a perception machine? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 134:36–73. [GNR]Google Scholar
Egger, V. (1904) La parole inérieure. Paris: Alcan. [NAS]Google Scholar
Eichenbaum, H. T., Otto, N. & Cohen, N. J. (1994) Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:449–518. [arJAG, HE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellard, C. G. (submitted) Habituation and dishabituation of responding to overhead threats in the Mongolian gerbil: Dissociating effects of stimulus configuration and environmental context. [CGE]Google Scholar
Ellard, C. G. & Chapman, D. G. (1991) The effects of posterior cortical lesions on responses to visual threats in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Behavioural Brain Research 44:163–67. [CGE]Google Scholar
Emrich, H. M. (1992) Subjectivity, error correction capacity and the pathogenesis of delusions of reference. In: Phenomenology, language and schizophrenia, eds. Spitzer, M., Uehlein, F. A., Schwartz, M. A. & Mundt, C.. Springer-Verlag. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J.. (1985) Decline and fall of the Freudian empire. Viking. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Farah, M. J., O'Reilly, R. C. & Vecera, S. P. (1993) Dissociated overt and covert recognition as an emergent property of a lesioned network. Psychological Review 100:571–88. [CU]Google Scholar
Farthing, G. W. (1992) The psychology of consciousness. Prentice-Hall. [MV]Google Scholar
Feldon, J. & Weiner, I. (1991) The latent inhibition model of schizophrenic attention disorder: Haloperidol and sulpiride enhance rats' ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli. Biological Psychiatry 29:635–46. [NRS]Google Scholar
Flaherty, A. W. & Graybiel, A. M. (1994) Input-output organization of the sensorimotor striatum in the squirrel monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 14:599–610. [NRS]Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. (1991) The science of the mind, 2d ed.MIT Press. [DCD]Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. (1992) Consciousness reconsidered. MIT Press. [GLS]Google Scholar
Fleminger, S. (1992) Seeing is believing: The role of'preconscious' perceptual processing in delusional misidentification. British Journal of Psychiatry 160:293–303. [AC]Google Scholar
Freedman, B. J. (1974) The subjective experience of perceptual and cognitive disturbance in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 30:333–40. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., Frith, C. D., Hirsch, S. R. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992) The left medial temporal region and schizophrenia. Brain 115:367–82. [AC]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. (1979) Coneiousness, information processing and schizophrenia. British Journal of Pstjchiatry 134:225–35. [CF]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. (1987) The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect impairments in the perception and initiation of action. Psychological Medicine 17:631–48. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. (1992) Tile cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Erlbaum. [CF, rJAG]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. & Done, D. J. (1989) Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action. Psychological Medicine 19:359–63. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1989) The prefrontal cortex. Raven. [AC]Google Scholar
Gaffan, D. (1994) Scene-specific memory for objects: A model of episodic memory impairment in monkeys with fornix transection. Journal of Cognitive Neurosdence 6:305–20. [rJAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callistel, C. R. (1980) The organization of action: A new synthesis. Erlbaum. [FT]Google Scholar
Geldard, F. A. & Sherrick, C. E. (1972) The cutaneous rabbit: A perceptual illusion. Science 178:178–79. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Gerfen, C. R., Herkenham, M. & Thibault, J. (1987) The neostriatal mosaic: 2. Patch- and matrix-directed mesostriatal dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic systems. Journal of Neurosdence 7(12):3915–34. [NRS]Google Scholar
Gerfen, C. R., McGinty, J. F. & Young, W. S. (1991) Dopamine differentially regulates dynorphin, substance P, and enkephalin expression in striatal neurons: In situ hybridization histochemical analysis. Journal of Neurosdence 11:1016–31. [NRS]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1950) The perception of the visual world. Houghton Mifflin. [HR]Google Scholar
Cimenez-Amaya, J. M. & Graybiel, A. M. (1990) Compartmental origins of the striatopallidal projection in the primate. Neurosdence 34(1):111–26. [NRS]Google Scholar
Clobus, G. G. (1973) Consciousness and brain. Archives of General Psychiatry 29:153–76. [J-LD]Google Scholar
Good, M. & Honey, R. (1993) Selective hippocampus lesions abolish contextual specificity of latent inhibition and conditioning. Behavioral Neurosdence 107:23–33. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Goodale, M. A. & Milner, A. D. (1992) Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in the Neurosciences 15:20–25. [CF]Google Scholar
Graves, R. E. & Jones, B. S. (1992) Conscious visual perceptual awareness vs. non-conscious visual spatial localisation examined with normal subjects using possible analogues of blindsight and neglect. Cognitive Neuropsychology 9:487–508. [CU]Google Scholar
Cray, C. M. & Singer, W. (1989) Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sdences USA 86:1698–1702. [GNR, rJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1971) The mind-brain identity theory as a scientific hypothesis. Philosophical Quarterly 21:247–52. [arJAG, MK]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1975) Elements of a two-process theory of learning. Academic Press. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1977) Drug effects on fear and frustration: Possible limbic site of action of minor tranquillizers. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 8, ed. Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D. & Snyder, S. H.. Plenum. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982a) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press. [arJAG, DRH]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982b) Précis of The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Behavioral and Brain Sdences 5:469–94. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1984) The hippocampus as an interface between cognition and emotion. In: Animal cognition, ed. Roitblat, H. L., Bever, T. C. & Terrace, H. S.. Erlbaum. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1985) Memory buffer and comparator can share the same circuitry. Behavioral and Brain Sdences 8:501. [SD]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1987) The mind-brain identity theory as a acientific hypothesis: A second look. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Blackwell. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1993) Consciousness, schizophrenia and scientific theory. In: Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, ed. March, J.. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174. Wiley. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1994) The neuropsychology of anxiety and schizophrenia. In: The cognitive neurosdences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. J.. MIT Press. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R., & Smith, A. D. (1991) The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sdences 14:1–20. [arJAG, AC, CF, DRH, REL, NRS]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., Hemsley, D. R., Feldon, J., Gray, N. S. & Rawlins, J. N. P. (1991) Schiz bits: Misses, mysteries and hits. Beliavioral and Brain Sciences 14:56–84. [arJAG, DRH]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., & Rawlins, J. N. P. (1986) Comparator and buffer memory: An attempt to integrate two models of hippocampal function. In: The hippocampus, vol. 4, ed. Isaacson, R. L. & Pribram, K. H.. Plenum. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. & Smith, P. T. (1969) An arousal-decision model for partial reinforcement and discrimination learning. In: Animal discrimination learning, ed. Gilbert, R. & Sutherland, N. S.. Academic Press. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., Joseph, M. H., Hemsley, D. R., Young, A. M. J., Warburton, E. C., boulenguez, P., Grigoryan, G. A., Peters, S. L., Rawlins, J. N. P., Tai, C.-T., Yee, B. K., Cassady, H., Weiner, I., Gal, G., Gusak, O., Joel, D., Shadach, E.Shalev, U., Tarrasch, R., & Feldon, J. (in press) The role of mesolimbic dopaminergic and retrohippocampal afferents to the nucleus accumbens in latent inhibition: Implications for schizophrenia. Behavioral Brain Research. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., Williams, S., Nunn, J. & Baron-Cohen, S. (in press) The possible implications of synaesthesia for the Hard Question of consciousness. In: Synaesthesia, ed. Baron-Cohen, S. & Harrison, J.. Blackwell. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, N. S., Hemsley, D. R. & Gray, J. A. (1992) Abolition of latent inhibition in acute, but not chronic, schizophrenics. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 1:93–89. [arJAG, NRS]Google Scholar
Gray, N. S., Pickering, A. D., Hemsley, D. R., Dawling, S. & Gray, J. A. (1992) Abolition of latent inhibition by a single 5 mg dose of amphetamine in man. Psychopharmacology 107:425–30. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Gray, N. S., Pilowsky, L. S., Gray, J. A. & Kerwin, R. W. (in press). Latent inhibition in drug naive schizophrenics: Relationship to duration of illness and dopamine D2 binding using SPET. Schizophrenia Research. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Graybiel, A. M. & Ragsdale, C. W. (1980) Clumping of acetylcholinesterase activity in the developing striatum of the human fetus and young infant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sdences USA 77:1214–18. [NRS]Google Scholar
Graybiel, A. M. & Ragsdale, C. W. (1983) Biochemical anatomy of the striatum. In: Chemical neuroanatomy, ed. Emson, P. C.. Raven. [NRS]Google Scholar
Craybiel, A. M., Ragsdale, C. W., Yoneoka, E. S. & Elde, R. P. (1981) An immunohistochemical study of enkephalins and other neuropeptides in the striatum of the cat with evidence that the opiate peptides are arranged to form mosaic patterns in register with the striosomal compartments visible by acetylcholinesterase staining. Neurosdence 6:377–97. [NRS]Google Scholar
Groenewegen, H. J., Vermeulen-Van der Zee, E., Te Kortschot, A. & Witter, M. P. (1987) Organization of the projections from the subiculum to th'e ventral striatum in the rat. A study using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leueoagglutinin. Neurosdence 23:103–20. [NRS]Google Scholar
Groves, P. M. (1983) A theory of the functional organization of the neostriatum and the neostriatal control of voluntary movement. Brain Research Reviews 5:109–32. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Haken, H. (1983) Synergetics, an introduction: Non-equilibrium phase transitions and self-organisation in physics, clietnistry and biology, 3d ed.Springer-Verlag. [RI]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1994) Why and how we are not zombies. Journal of Coneiousness Studies 1:164–67. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1946) Emotion in man and animal: An analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition. Psychological Review 53:88–106. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Watson, R. T. & Valenstein, E. (1985) Neglect and related disorders. In: Clinical neuropsychology, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E.. Oxford University Press. [JN]Google Scholar
Heimer, L., Zahm, D. S., Churchill, L., Kalivas, P. W. & Wohltmann, C. (1991) Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neurosdence 41:89–125. [NRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemsley, D. R. (1987) An experimental psychological model for schizophrenia. In: Search for the causes of schizophrenia, ed. Hafner, H., Cattaz, W. F. & Janzavik, W.. Springer-Verlag. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Hemsley, D. R. (1993) A simple (or simplistic?) cognitive model for schizophrenia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 31:633–45. [aJAC, AC, DRH]Google Scholar
Hemsley, D. R. (1994) Cognitive disturbance as the link between schizophrenic symptoms and their biological bases. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 2:163–70. [DRH]Google Scholar
Hirsh, R. (1974) The hippocampus and contextual retrieval of information from memory: A theory. Behavioural Biology 12:421–44. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Hirsh, R. (1980) The hippocampus, conditional operations and cognition. Physiological Psychology 8:175–82. [MK]Google Scholar
Horgan, T. (1993) From supervenience to superdupervenience: Meeting the demands of a material world. Mind 102:555–86. [J-LD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, M. S. & Bain, J. D. (1983) Recognition memory: A cue and informational analysis. Memory and Cognition 11(6):583–600. [SD]Google Scholar
Humphreys, M. S. & Dennis, S. (1994) Going from task descriptions to memory structures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:483. [SD]Google Scholar
Humphreys, M. S., Wiles, J. & Dennis, S. (1994) Towards a theory of human memory: Data structures and access processes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:655–92. [SD]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1992) A history of the mind. Chatto & Windus. [CGE, rJAC]Google Scholar
Hurley, S. L. (in press) The reappearing self. Harvard University Press. [SLH]Google Scholar
Impcrato, A., Honore, T. & Jensen, L. H. (1990) Dopamine release in the nucleus caudatus and in the nucleus accumbens is under glutamatergic control through non-NMDA receptors: A study in freely moving rats. Brain Research 530:233–228. [NRS]Google Scholar
Ingvaldsen, R. P. & Whiting, H. T. A. (1993) The two faces of motor (skill) learning. In: Learning motor skills, ed. Doorenbosch, C. A. M.. Amsterdam: Free University Press. [RI]Google Scholar
Ivanitsky, A. M. (1976) The brain mechanisms of signal evaluation. Medicina Publishing House (in Russian). [AMI]Google Scholar
Ivanitsky, A. M. (1993) Consciousness: criteria and possible mechanisms. International Journal of Psychiyhysiology 14:179–87. [AMI]Google Scholar
Ivanitsky, A. M. (1994) Brain mechanisms of the mind: Information synthesis in dominant cortical areas. In: Seventh International Congress of Psycliophysiology Abstracts 53. [AMI]Google Scholar
Ivanitsky, A. M., Korsakov, I. A. & Strelets, V. B. (1989) Perception as a result of synthesis of the sensory and the emotional. In: Systems approach in physiology: vol. 2. Emotions and behaviour: A systems approach, ed. Sudakov, K. V.. Gordon and Breach. [AMI]Google Scholar
Ivanitsky, A. M. & Strelets, V. B. (1977) Brain evoked potentials and some mechanisms of perception. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophijsiology. 43:397–403. [AMI]Google Scholar
Ivanitsky, A. M., Strelets, V. B. & Korsakov, I. A. (1984) Brain information processing and mental activity. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian). [AMI]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1987) Consciousness and the computational mind. MIT Press. [aJAG, CGE, DRH, TJL-J, CNR, VAS]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Macmillan. [DRH, rJAG]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890/1952) The principles of psychology [vol. 53 of Great Books of the Western World]. University of Chicago Press. [JDS]Google Scholar
James, W. (1892) Textbook of psychology. Macmillan. [DRH, rJAG]Google Scholar
Jaynes, J. (1976) Origins of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Houghton-Mifflin. [REL]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M., ed. (1987) Neurophysiological and neuropsychological aspects of spatial neglect. Amsterdam: North Holland. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Johnston, W. A., Hawley, K. J., Plewe, S. H., Elliott, J. M. G. & De Witt, M. J. (1990) Attention capture by novel stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology 119:397–411. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Jones, S. H., Cray, J. A. & Hemsley, D. R. (1992) Loss of the Kumin blocking effect in acute but not chronic schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry 32:739–55. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Jordan, M. I. (1990) Motor learning and the degrees of freedom problem. In: Attention and performance, ed. 13th, ed.Jeannerod, M.. Erlbaum. [SD]Google Scholar
Jordan, M. I. & Jacobs, R. A. (1990) Learning to control an unstable system with forward modelling. In: Advances in neural information processing systems 2, ed. Touretsky, D. S.. Morgan Kaufmann. [SD]Google Scholar
Jordan, M. I. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1992) Forward models: Supervised learning with a distal teacher. Cognitive Science 16:307–54. [SD]Google Scholar
Joseph, M. A., Peters, S. L. & Gray, J. A. (1993) Nicotine blocks latent inhibition in rats: Evidence for a critical role of increased functional activity of dopamine in the mesolimbic system at conditioning rather than preexposure. Psycliopharmacology 110:187–92. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Kelly, P. K., Seviour, P. W. & Iverson, S. D. (1975) Amphetamine and apomorphine responses in the rat following 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and corpus striatum. Brain Research 94:507–22. [aJAC]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F. (1990) The psychological unconscious. In: Handbook of personality: Theory and research, ed. Pervin, L. A.. Guilford. [VAS]Google Scholar
Killcross, A. S. & Robbing, T. W. (1993) Differential effects of intra-accumbens and systemic amphetamine on latent inhibition using an on-baseline, within-subject conditioned suppression paradigm. Psychopharmacology 110:479–89. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Kim, J. (1993) Supervenicnce and mind. Cambridge University Press. [J-LD]Google Scholar
Kinsboume, M. (1988) Integrated field theory of consciousness. In: The concept of consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [MK]Google Scholar
Kinsboume, M. (1989) The boundaries of episodic remembering: A commentary. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving, ed. Craik, F. I. M. & Roediger, H. L.. Erlbaum. [MK, rJAG]Google Scholar
Kinsboume, M. (1993) Integrated cortical field model of consciousness. In: Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, ed. Marsh, J.. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174. Wiley. [arJAC, DCD]Google Scholar
Kinsboume, M. (in press a) What qualifies a representation for a role in consciousness? In: Scientific approaches to the question of consciousness, ed. Cohen, J.D. & Schooler, J.W.. Erlbaum. [MK]Google Scholar
Kinsboume, M. (in press b) Representations in consciousness and the neuropsychology of insight. In: Insight and psychosis, ed. Amador, X. F. & David, A.. Oxford University Press. [MK]Google Scholar
Koch, C. & Crick, F. (1994) Some further ideas regarding the neuronal basis of awareness. In: Large-scale neuronal theories of the brain, ed. Koch, C. & Davis, J. L.. MIT Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Flynn, R. A., Amsterdam, J. B. & Wang, G. (1990) Components of high-level vision: A cognitive neuroscience analysis and accounts of neurological syndromes. Cognition 34:203–77. [TJL-J]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [MV]Google Scholar
Làdavas, E., Paladini, R. & Cubelli, R. (1993) Implicit associative priming in a patient with left visual neglect. Neuropsychologia 31:1307–20. [CU]Google Scholar
Lahav, R. (1993) What neuropsychology tells us about consciousness. Philosophy of Science 60:67–85. [CLS]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1956) Cerebral organization and behavior. In: The brain and human bcluivior, ed. Solomon, H., Cobb, S. & Penfield, W.. Williams & Wilkins. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Lavin, A. & Grace, A. A. (1994) Modulation of dorsal thalainic cell activity by the ventral pallidum: Its role in the regulation of thalainoeortical activity by the basal ganglia. Synapse 18:104–27. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1985) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Beliavioral and Brain Sciences 8:529–66. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1993) The neural time factor in conscious and unconscious events. In: Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, ed. Marsh, J.. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174. Wiley. [aJAG, GNR, MV]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Pearl, D. K., Morledge, D. E., Gleason, C. A., Hosobuchi, Y. & Barbara, N. M. (1991) Control of the transition from sensory detection to sensory awareness in man by the duration of a thalamic stimulus. Brain 114:1731–57. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Lipp, O. V. & Vaitl, D. (1992) Latent inhibition in human Pavlovian differential conditioning: Effect of additional stimulation after preexposure and relation to schizotypal traits. Personality and Individtuil Differences 13:1003–12. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Lipska, B. K., Jaskiw, G. E., Chrapusta, S., Karoum, F. & Weinberger, D. R. (1992) lbotenic acid lesion of the ventral hippocampus differentially affects dopamine and its metabolites in the nucleus accembens and prefrontal cortex in the rat. Brain Research 585:1–6. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Lipska, B. K., Jaskiw, G. E. & Weinberger, D. R. (1993) Postpubertal emergence of hyperresponsiveness to stress and to amphetamine after neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage: A potential animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 9:67–75. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Lishman, A. (1987) Organic psychiatry. Blaclswell. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Llinás, R. & Paré, D. (1991) Of dreaming and wakefulness. Neuroscience 44:521–35. [AR]Google Scholar
Llinás, R. & Ribary, U. (1993) Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90:2078–81. [AR]Google Scholar
Llinás, R. & Ribary, U. (1994) Perception as an Oneiric-like state modulated by the senses. In: Large-scale neuronal theories of the brain, ed. Koch, C. & Davis, J. L.. MIT Press. [AR]Google Scholar
Lockwood, M. L. (1989) Mind, brain it the quantum. Blackwell. [J-LD]Google Scholar
Lubow, R. E. (1973) Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin 79:398–407. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Lubow, R. E. (1981) On animal analogies to human behavior and the biological bases of value systems. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 2:195–207. [REL]Google Scholar
Lubow, R. E. (1989) Latent inhibition and conditioned attention theory. Cambridge University Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Lubow, R. E. & Josman, Z. E. (1995) Latent inhibition defects in hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Lubow, R. E., Ingberg-Sachs, Y., Zalstein-Orda, N. & Gewirtz, J. C. (1992) Latent inhibition in low and high “psychotic-prone” normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences 13:563–72. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Macdonald, C. (1989) Mind-hody identity theories. Routledge. [TJL-J]Google Scholar
MacDonnell, M. J. & Flynn, J. P. (1966) Control of sensory fields by stimulation of the hypothalamus. Science 152(3727):1406–8. [CGE]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1984) Mind and body. Norton. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E., eds. (1988) Consciousness in contemporary science. Clarendon. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Marr, D., (1982) Vision. Freeman. [aJAG, TJL-J]Google Scholar
Marsh, J., ed. (1993) Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174. Wiley. [arJAG, MV]Google Scholar
Matussek, P. (1952) Studies in delusional perception. Psychiatrie and Zeitschrifi Neurologic 189:279–318. [Translator, 1987, in: The clinical roots of the schizophrenia concejit, ed. J. Cutting & M. Shepherd. Cambridge University Press.] [aJAG]Google Scholar
McKenna, P. J., Tamlyn, D., Lund, C. E., Mortimer, A. M., Hammond, S. & Baddeley, A. D. (1990) Amnesic syndrome in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 20:967–72. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1966) The compleat autocerebroscopist: A thought-experiment on Professor Feigl's mind-body identity thesis. In: Mind, matter and method, eds. Feyerabend, P. K. & Maxwell, G.. University of Minnesota Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Wall, P. D. (1983) The challenge of pain. Basic Book. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M.-M. (1985) Principles of behavioral neurology. Davis, F. A.. [JN]Google Scholar
Miller, C. A., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [TDN, FT]Google Scholar
Milner, A. D. & Rugg, M. D., eds. (1992) The neuropsychology of consciousness. Academic Press. [MV]Google Scholar
Minksy, M. (1985) The society of mind. Simon & Schuster. [GNR]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M. (1993) What is recognizing memory and what neural circuits are involved? In: Thirty-second Congress of Physiological Sciences (Glasgow, Scotland, August 1–6, 1993). Abstract 27.1/0:42–43. [AMI]Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. N., Yee, B. R., Feldon, J., Gray, J. A. & Rawlins, J. N. P. (in preparation) Activation of the retrohippocampal region in the rat causes dopamine release in nucleus accumbens; disruption by fomix section.Google Scholar
Modell, J. G., Mountz, J. M., Curtis, G. C. et al. (1989) Neurophysiological dysfunction in basal ganglia/limbic striatal and thalamocortical circuits as a pathogenetic mechanism of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1:27–36. [NRS]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1960) Learning and behavior. Wiley. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1993) What is the mind-body problem? In: Experimental and theoretical studies on consciousness, ed. Bock, G. R. & Marsh, J.. Wiley. [AR]Google Scholar
Nauta, W. J. H. (1989) Reciprocal links of the corpus striatum with the cerebral cortex and limbic system: A common substrate for movement and thought? In: Neurology and psychiatry: A meeting of minds, ed. Muleller, J.. Karger. [NRS]Google Scholar
Navon, D. (1991) The function of consciousness or of information? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):690–91. [MV]Google Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1977) Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106:226–54. [MV]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and reality. Freeman. [aJAG, DRH, TDN]Google Scholar
Nelson, T. D. (1993) The hierarchical organization of behavior: A useful feedback model of self-regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2:121–26. [TDN]Google Scholar
Newman, J. (1980) Cognition and consciousness. Gainesville, FL: Center for the Applications of Psychological Type. [JN]Google Scholar
Newman, J. (1995) Review: Thalamic contributions to attention and consciousness. Conciousness and Cognition 4(2):172–93. [JN]Google Scholar
Newman, J. & Baars, B. J. (1993) A neural attentional model for access to consciousness: A global workspace perspective. Concepts in Neuroscience 4(2):255–90. [JN, rJAG]Google Scholar
Newman, J., Baars, B. J. & Cho, S.-B. (in press) A neurocognitive model for attention and consciousness. In: Advances in consciousness research, ed. Globus, G. G. & Stamenov, M. I.. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. [JN]Google Scholar
Newsome, W. T. & Salzman, C. D. (1993) The neuronal basis of motion perception. In: Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, ed. Marsh, J.. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174. Wiley. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. & Bobrow, D. G. (1976) On the role of active memory processes in perception and cognition. In: The structure of human memory, ed. Cofer, C. N.. Freeman. [DRH]Google Scholar
Oatley, K. (1988) On changing one's mind: A possible function of consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Clarendon. [aJAG]Google Scholar
O'Connor, T.. (1994) Emergent properties. American Philosophical Quarterly 31:91–104. [J-LD]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. (1985) Is consciousness the gateway to the hippocampal cognitive map? A speculative essay on the neural basis of mind. In: Brain and mind, ed. Oatley, D. A.. Methuen. [aJAG]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Orbach, H. S. (1988) Monitoring electrical activity in rat cerebral cortex. In: Spectroscopic membrane probes, ed. Loew, L.M.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Papez, J. W. (1937) A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology Psychiatry 38:725–43. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Penn, D. L., Hope, D. A., Spaulding, W. & Kucera, J. (1994) Social anxiety in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 11:277–84. [DRH, rJAG]Google Scholar
Penney, J. B. & Young, A. B. (1981) GABA as the pallidothalamic neurotransmitter: Implications for basal ganglia function. Brain Research 207:195–99. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Penney, J. B. & Young, A. B. (1986) Striatal inhomogeneities and basal ganglia function. Movement Disorders 1:3–15. [NRS]Google Scholar
Peters, S. U., Grigoryan, G. A., Joseph, M. H., Hodges, H. & Gray, J. A. (in preparation) Facilitation of latent inhibition by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1967) Six psychological studies. Random House. [NAS]Google Scholar
Pieron, H. (1960) La sensation. Presse Université France [AMI]Google Scholar
Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990) Natural language and natural selection. Bcliavioral and Brain Sciences 13:707–84. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. & Prosch, H. (1975) Meaning. University of Chicago Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Dehaene, S. (1994) Attentional networks. Trends in Neuroscience 17:75–79. [CU]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. & Peterson, S. E. (1990) The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13:25–42. [CU]Google ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975) Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In: Attention and Performance 5., eds. Rabbitt, P. M. A. & Dornick, S.. Academic Press. [MV]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1973a) Behavior: The control of perception. Aldine de Gruyter. [TDN, rJAG]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1973b) Behaviour: The control of perception. Wildwood House. [FT]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1980) A systems approach to consciousness. In: Psychology of consciousness, ed. Davidson, J. M. & Davidson, R. J.. Plenum. [TDN]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1989) Living control systems. Control Systems Group. [TDN]Google Scholar
Pulvirenti, L., Swerdlow, N. R. & Koob, G. F. (1991) Intra-accumbens infusion of an NMDA antagonist reverses the psychomotor effects of cocaine, heroin or intra-accumbens dopamine, hut not cafleine. Ptiartnacol Biochein Bctiau 40:841–45. [NRS]Google Scholar
Pycock, C. J., Kerwin, R. W. & Carter, C. J. (1980) Effect of cortical dopamine terminals on subcortical dopamine receptors in rats. Nature 286:74–77. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980) Cognition and computation: Issues in the foundations of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:111–32. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition: Toward a foundation for cognitive science. MIT Press. [GNR]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1986) Computation and cognition. MIT Press. [aJAG, MV]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1985) Pain and behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:43–83. [HR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1994a) Behavior and mind. Oxford University Press. [HR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1994b) From overt behavior to hypothetical behavior to memory: Inference in the wrong direction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:147–48. [HR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1995) Self-control: Beyond commitment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:109–21. [HR, rJAG]Google Scholar
Ragsdale, C. W. Jr & Graybiel, A. M. (1990) A simple ordering of neocortieal areas established by the compartmentai organization of their striatal projections. Neurobiology 87:6196–99. [NRS]Google Scholar
Rawlins, J. N. P. (1985) Associations across time: The hippocampus as a temporary memory store. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:479–528. [aJAG, SD]Google Scholar
Reeke, G. N. Jr, (1991) Book review: Marvin Minsky, The society of mind. Artificial Intelligence 48:341–48. [GNR]Google Scholar
Reeke, G. N. Jr, & Edelman, G. M. (1988) Real brains and artificial intelligence. Daedalus, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 117:143–73. [GNR]Google Scholar
Revonsuo, A. (1993) Cognitive models of consciousness. In: Consciousness, cognitive schemata, and relativism, ed. Kamppinen, M.. Kluwer. [AR]Google Scholar
Revonsuo, A. (1994) In search of the the science of consciousness. In: Consciousness in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Revonsuo, A. & Kamppinen, M.. Erlbaum. [AR]Google Scholar
Revonsuo, A. (1995) Conciousness, dreams, and virtual realities. Philosophy Psychology 8:35–38. [AR]Google Scholar
Robb, M. D. (1972) The dynamics of motor-skill acquistion. Prentice-Hall. [RI]Google Scholar
Robertson, G. S. & Jian, M. (1995) D1 and D2 dopamine receptors differentially increase fos-like immunoreactivity in aecumbal projections to the ventral pallidum and midbrain. Neuroscience 64:1019–34. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Robertson, I. H. & Marshall, J. C., eds. (1993) Unilateral neglect: Clinical and experimental studies. Erlbaum. [CU]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. & Williams, G. V. (1987) Sensory and movement related neuronal activity in different regions of the primate striatum. In: Basal ganglia and behavior: Sensory aspects and motor functioning, ed. Schneider, J. S. & Kidsky, T. I.. Hans Huber. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Rose, S. (1993) The making of memory. Doubleday. [JN]Google Scholar
Rosene, D. L. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1977) Hippocampal efferents reach widespread areas of the cerebral cortex in the monkey. Science 198:315–17. [MK]Google Scholar
Sass, L. A. (1992) Madness and modernism: Insanity in the light of modem art, literature, and thought. Harvard University Press. [AC]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1987) Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13:501–18. [VAS]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1990) Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: Implicit knowledge and. anosagnosia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 12:155–78. [AR]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., McAndrews, M. P. & Moscovitch, M. (1988) Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes. In: Thought without language, ed. Weiskrantz, L.. Oxford University Press. [CU]Google Scholar
Scheier, M. F. & Carver, C. S. (1988) A model of behavioral self-regulation: Translating intention into action. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, ed. Berkowitz, L.. Academic Press. [TDN]Google Scholar
Schmajuk, N. A. (1994) Behavioral dynamics of escape and avoidance: A neural network approach. In: From animals to animats 3, ed. Cliff, D., Husbands, P., Meyer, J.-A. & Wilson, S. W.. MIT Press. [NAS]Google Scholar
Schmajuk, N. A. & Axelrad, E. T. (1995) Animal communication: A neural nettoork approach. Presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, 03 30–04 2. [NAS]Google Scholar
Schmajuk, N. A. & Christiansen, B. (in preparation) Haloperidol reinstates latent inhibition impaired by hippocampal lesions. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Schmajuk, N. A., Lam, Y.-W. & Gray, J. A. (in preparation) Latent inhibition: A neural network approach. [aJAG, NAS]Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Revicic 84:1–66. [aJAG, TDN]Google Scholar
Scoville, W. B. & Milner, B. (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry 20:11–12. [HM, CNH, CU]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1980) Minds, brains and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:417–57. [arJAG]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1983) Intentionality. Cambridge University Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1992) The rediscovery of mind. MIT Press. [DCD, rJAG]Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1993) The problem of consciousness. In: Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, ed. Marsh, J.. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174. Wiley. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Sechehaye, M. 91970) Autobiography of a schizophrenic girl. New American Library. [AC]Google Scholar
Sesack, S. R. & Pickel, V. M. (1990) In the medial nucleus aecumbens, hippocampal and catecholaminergic terminals converge on spiny neurons and are in apposition to each other. Brain Research 527:266–79. [NRS]Google Scholar
Shakow, D. (1963) Psychological deficit in schizophrenia. Behavioral Science 8:275–305. [AC]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [AC, CF]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: 2. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [JDS]Google Scholar
Sidman, M., Stoddard, L. T. & Mohr, J. P. (1968) Some additional quantitative observations of immediate memory in a patient with bilateral hippocampal lesions. Neuropsychologia 6:245–54. [SD]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan. [HR]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [NAS]Google Scholar
Smart, J. J. C. (1959) Sensations and brain processes. Philosophical Review 68:141–56. [TJL-J, rJAC]Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. & Bolam, J. P. (1990) The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurons. Trends in Neurosdence 13:259–65. [NRS]Google Scholar
Smith, B. H. (1994) Doing without meaning (adapted from Belief and resistance: Dynamics of theoretical controversy, a work in progress). Presented at Systems Theory and the Postmodern Condition, Indiana University, 09 22–25, 1994. [NAS]Google Scholar
Smith, J. D.Schull, J., Strote, J., McGee, K., Egnor, R. & Erb, L. (in press) The uncertain response in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. [JDS]Google Scholar
Sokolov, E. N. (1960) Neuronal models and the orienting reflex. In: The central nervotis system and behaviour (transactions of the 3d conference), ed. Brazier, M. A. B.. Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Solomon, P. R., Crider, A., Winkelman, J. W., Turi, A., Kamer, R. M. & Kaplan, L. J. (1981) Disrupted latent inhibition in the rat with chronic amphetamine or haloperidol-induced supersensitivity: Relationship to schizophrenic attention disorder. Biological Psychiatry 16: 519–37. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Solomon, P. R. & Staton, D. M. (1982) Differential effects of microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus aecumbens or the eaudate-putamen on the rats ability to ignore an irrelevant stimulus. Biological Psychiatry 17:742–56. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1993) Behaviorism: Mind, mechanism and society. Duckworth. [HR]Google Scholar
Stevens, J. R. & Gold, J. M. (1991) What is schizophrenia? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:50–51. [AC]Google Scholar
Suddath, R. L., Christison, G. W., Torrey, E. F., Casanova, M. F. & Weinberger, D. R. (1990) Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 322: 789–94. [AC]Google Scholar
Swanson, L. W. & Cowan, W. M. (1977) An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 172:48–49. [MK]Google Scholar
Swerdlow, N. R., Braff, D. L., Taaid, N. & Geyer, M. A. (1994) Assessing the validity of an animal model of deficient sensorimotor gating in schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychology 51:139–54. [AC]Google Scholar
Swerdlow, N. R., Caine, S. B., Braff, D. L. & Geyer, M. A. (1992) Neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: A review of recent findings and their implications. Journal of Psychopharmacology 6:176–90. [NRS]Google Scholar
Swerdlow, N. R. & Koob, G. F. (1987) Dopamine, schizophrenia, mania and depression: Toward a unified hypothesis of cortico-striato-pallidothalamic function. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:197–245. [arJAG, NRS]Google Scholar
Tai, C.-T., Cassaday, H. J., Feldon, J. & Rawlins, J. N. P. (in press) Both electrolytic and excitotoxic lesions of nucleus aecumbens disrupt latent inhibition in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology.Google Scholar
Talbot, J. D., Marrett, S., Evans, A. C., Meyer, E., Bushnell, M. C. & Duncan, G. H. (1991) Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex. Science 251:1355–58. [HM]Google Scholar
Tarrasch, R., Weiner, I., Rawlins, J. N. P. & Feldon, J. (1992) Disruption of latent inhibition by interrupting the subicular input to nucleus aecumbens and its antagonism by haloperidol. Psychopharmacology (abstract) 6:111. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1963) Learning and instinct in animals. Methuen. [NAS]Google Scholar
Toates, F. (1994a) Hierarchies of control: Changing weightings of levels. In: Perceptual control theory, ed. Rodrigues, M. A. & Lee, M. H.. The University of Wales, Aberystwyth. [FT]Google Scholar
Toates, F. (1994b) What is cognitive and what is not cognitive? In: From animals to animats 3, ed. Cliff, D., Husbands, P., Meyer, J.-A. & Wilson, S.. MIT Press. [FT]Google Scholar
(in press) Cognition and evolution: An organization of action perspective. Behavioural Processes. [FT]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1932/1967) Purposive behavior in animals and men. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [JDS]Google Scholar
Tononi, G., Sporns, O. & Edelman, G. M. (1992) Reentry and the problem of integrating multiple cortical areas: Simulation of dynamic integration in the visual system. Cerebral Cortex 2:310–35. [GNR]Google Scholar
Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. R. (1985) Knowledge without awareness: An autonomic index of facial recognition by prosopagnosics. Science 228:1453–54. [VAS]Google Scholar
Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L. & Stark, H. A. (1982) Priming effects in wordfragment completion are independent of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental. Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 8:336–42. [VAS]Google Scholar
Umiltà, C. & Moscovitch, M., eds. (1994) Attention and performance 15. MIT/Bradford. [CU]Google Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (1991) Consciousness may still have a processing role to play. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4):699–700. [MV]Google Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (1995) Deficit studies and the function of phenomenal consciousness. In: Philosophical psychopathology, ed. Graham, G. & Stephens, G. L.. MIT Press. [GLS]Google Scholar
Van Hoesen, G. W., Rosene, D. L. & Mesulam, M. (1979) Subicular input from temporal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Science 205:608–10. [DRH]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1990) Consciousness, brain, and the physical world. Philosophical Psychology 3(1):77–99. [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1991) Is human information processing conscious? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:651–726. [arJAG, GNR, MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1993a) A reflexive science of consciousness. In: Exiterimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, ed. Marsh, J.. Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 174. Wiley. [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1993b) Consciousness, causality, and complementarity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(2):404–16. [MV]Google Scholar
Velmans, M., ed. (in press) The science of consciousness: Psychological, neuropsychological and clinical reviews. Routledge. [MV]Google Scholar
Voom, P., Gerfen, C. R. & Groenewegen, H. J. (1989) Compartmental organization of the ventral striatum of the rat: Immunohistoehemical distribution of enkephalin, substance P, dopamine, and calciumbinding protein. Journal of Comparative Neurology 289:189–201. [NRS]Google Scholar
Wan, F. J., Geyer, M. A. & Swerdlow, N. R. (in press) Presynaptic dopamineglutamate interactions in the nucleus aecumbens regulate sensorimotor gating. Psychopharmacology. [NRS]Google Scholar
Wang, J. K. T. (1991) Presynaptic glutamate receptors modulate dopamine release from striatal synaptosomes. Journal of Neurochemistry 57:819–22. [NRS]Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F. & Zee, R. F. (1986) Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: 1. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 43:114–25. [rj AG]Google Scholar
Weiner, I., Lubow, R. E. & Feldon, J. (1981) Chronic amphetamine and latent inhibition. Behavioural Brain Research 2:285–86. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1986) Blindsight: A case study and implications. Oxford University Press. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1988) Some contributions of neuropsychology of vision and memory to the problem of consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Clarendon. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Williams, C. W. (1986) Learning and problem solving with multilayer connectionist systems. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts. [SD]Google Scholar
Williams, J. H., Wellman, N. A., Rawlins, J. N. P., Geaney, D. P., Cowen, P. J. & Feldon, J. (1994) Haloperidol increases latent inhibition in high schizotypal subjects. [Abstract of paper given at 6th Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Les Diablerets] Schizophrenia Research 11:162. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Wilson, B. A., Baddeley, A. D. & Kapur, N. (1995) Dense amnesia in a professional musician following herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 17:1–14. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Wilson, B. A. & Wearing, D. (in press) Prisoner of consciousness: A state of just awakening following herpes simplex encephalitis. In: Broken memories, ed. Campbell, R. & Conway, M.. Blackwell. [rJAG]Google Scholar
Winocur, G. (1981) The amnesic syndrome: A deficit in cue utilization. In: Human memory and amnesia, ed. Cermak, L.. Erlbaum. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1976) Philosophical investigations. Blackwell. [RI, rJAG]Google Scholar
Yee, B. K., Feldon, J. & Rawlins, J. N. P. (1995) Latent inhibition in rats is abolished by NMDA-induced neuronal loss in the retrohippocampal region but this lesion effect can be prevented by systemic haloperidol treatment. Behavioral Neurosdence 109:227–40. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Young, A. M. J., Joseph, M. H. & Gray, J. A. (1993) Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens. Neurosdence 54:5–9. [aJAG]Google Scholar
Zeki, S. (1978) Functional specialisation in the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. Nature 274:423–28. [aJAG, CF]Google Scholar
Zeki, S. (1993) A vision of the brain. Blackwell. [TJL-J]Google Scholar