Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T05:04:39.427Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cultural learning is cultural

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Bernard Schneuwly
Bernard Schneuwly
Affiliation:
Faculté de Psychologle et des Sciences de l'Education, Université de Genève, CH-1227 Carouge, Switzerland Electronic mail: schneuwl@fapse.unige.ch
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 16 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 534
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abravonal, E. & Gingold, H. (1985) Learning via observation during the second year of life. Developmental Psychology 21:614–23. [aMT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aisner, R. & Terkel, J. (1992) Ontogeny of pine cone opening behavior in the black rat, Rattus rattus. Animal Behaviour 44:327–36. [MDH]Google Scholar
Ames, G. J. & Murray, F. B. (1982) When two wrongs make a right: Promoting cognitive change by social conflict. Developmental Psychology 18:894–97. [aMT]Google Scholar
Argyle, M. & Cook, M. (1976) Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [SB-C]Google Scholar
Astington, J., Harris, P. & Olson, D., eds. (1988) Developing theories of mind. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Azmitia, M. (1988) Peer interaction and problem-solving: When are two heads better than one? Child Development 59:87–96. [aMT]Google Scholar
Azmitia, M. (1989) Constraints on learning through collaboration: The influence of age, expertise, and interaction dynamics. Paper presented at the meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City. [aMT]Google Scholar
Bakeman, R. & Adamson, L. (1982) Coordinating attention to people and objects in mother-infant and peer-infant interactions. Child Development 55:1278–89. [aMT]Google Scholar
Baldwin, D. A. (1991) Infants' contribution to the achievement of joint reference. Child Development 62:875–90. [ASL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986) Social foundations of thought and action. Prentice-Hall. [aMT]Google Scholar
Bard, K. A. (1992a) Intentional behavior and intentional communication in young free-ranging orangutans. Child Development 63:1186–97. [KAB]Google Scholar
Bard, K. A. (1992b) Very early social learning: The effect of neonatal environment on chimpanzees' social responsiveness, (submitted). [KAB]Google Scholar
Bard, K. & Vauclair, J. (1984) The communicative context of object manipulation in ape and human adult-infant pairs, Journal of Human Evolution 13:181–90. [aMT]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1988) Social and pragmatic deficits in autism: Cognitive or affective? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 18:379–401. [aMT, SB-C]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989) Perceptual role-taking and protodoclarative pointing in autism. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 7:113–27. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1991) Precursors to a theory of mind: Understanding attention in others. In: Natural theories of mind, ed. Whiten, A.. Basil Blackwell. [aMT, SBC]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (1993) From attention-goal psychology to belief-desire psychology: The development of a theory of mind and its dysfunction. In: Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism, ed. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohen, D. J.. Oxford University Press. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Campbell, R., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Grant, J. & Walker, J. (1993) Are children with autism blind to the significance of the eyes? Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. & Frith, U. (1985) Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? Cognition 21:37–46. [aMT]Google Scholar
Barresi, J. & Moore, C. (1992) Intentionality and social understanding. Unpublished manuscript. [JBa]Google Scholar
Barlett, F. C. (1932) Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [BMV]Google Scholar
Basalla, G. (1988) The evolution of technology. Cambridge University Press. [aMT, TW]Google Scholar
Bates, E. (1976) Language and context: The acquisition of pragmatics. Academic. [aMT, JCG]Google Scholar
Bates, E. (1979) The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy. Academic. [aMT]Google Scholar
Bates, E. & MacWhinney, B. (1979) A functionalist approach to the acquisition of grammar. In: Developtnental pragmatics, ed. Ochs, E. & Schieflelin, B.. Academic. [aMT]Google Scholar
Bearison, D. J., Magzamen, S. & Filardo, E. (1986) Socio-cognitive conflict and cognitive growth in young children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 32:51–72. [aMT]Google Scholar
Behrend, S. & Resnick, L. (1989) Peer scaffolding of cognitive change in a multiple variable experiment. Paper presented at the meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Kansas City. [aMT]Google Scholar
Besnier, N. (1991) Literacy and the notion of person on Nukulaelae Atoll. American Anthropologist 93:570–87. [BS]Google Scholar
Boesch, C. (1991) Teaching in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 41(3):530–32. [arMT, CB, MDH, BJK]Google Scholar
Boesch, C. (in preparation) Innovation in wild chimpanzees. [CB]Google Scholar
Boesch, C. & Boesch, H. (1989) Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Tai National Park. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:547–73. [aMT, KAB]Google Scholar
Boesch, C. & Boesch, H. (1990) Tool use and tool making in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica 54:86–99. [CB]Google Scholar
Bosch, G. (1970) Infantile autism (Jordan, D. & Jordan, I., translators). Springer Verlag. [RPH]Google Scholar
Boucher, J. (1976) Is autism primarily a language disorder? British Journal of Disorders of Communication 11:135–43. [aMT]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press. [aMT, RLH]Google Scholar
Braten, S. (1986/1988) Consent and dissent: Postulating the virtual other. Paper presented at the Cordon Research Conference on Cybernetics of Cognition, Wolfeboro. Also published in: Between rationality and cognition, ed. Campanella, M.. Albert Meynier. [SB]Google Scholar
Braten, S. (1988) Dialogic mind: The infant and the adult in protoconversation. In: Nature, cognition and system, 1 ed. Carvallo, M.. Kluwer Academic. [SB, CT]Google Scholar
Braten, S. (1992a) The virtual other in infants' minds and social feelings. In: The dialogical alternative, ed. Wold, A. Heen. Scandinavian University Press. [SB]Google Scholar
Braten, S. (1992b) Self-other organization in infant and adult. Paper presented at the King's College Research Centre Workshop on Perception of Subjects and Objects, Cambridge, England. [SB]Google Scholar
Brentano, F. (1874/1973) Psychology from an empirical standpoint (Rancurello, A. C., Terrell, D. B. & McAlister, L. L., translators). Routledge & Kegan Paul. [RPH]Google Scholar
Brownell, C. A. & Carriger, M. S. (1990) Changes in cooperation and selfother differentiation during the second year. Child Development 61:1164–74. [aMT]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1972) The uses of immaturity. American Psychologist 27:1–22. [DRO]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1983) Child's talk. Norton. [aMT, DRO, PR]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1990) Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press. [aMT, JBr, PR]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S., Feldman, C., Kalmar, D. & Renderer, B. (1993) Theories of mind and the problem of autism. In: Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism, ed. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohen, D.. Oxford University Press, [JBr]Google Scholar
Bullock, D. (1987) Socializing the theory of intellectual development. In: Meaning and the growth of understanding, ed. Chapman, M. & Dixon, R.. Springer-Verlag. [aMT]Google Scholar
Burling, R. (1993) Primate calls, human language and nonverbal communication. Current Anthropology 34:25–53. [BJK]Google Scholar
Butterworth, G. & Cochran, E. (1980) Towards a mechanism of joint visual attention in human infancy. International Journal of Behavioral Development 3:253–72. [JBa]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. (1983) Protocol analysis in problem solving. In: Thinking and reasoning: Psychological approaches, ed. Evans, J. St B. T.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [RWB]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. (in press) The evolution of intelligence. In: Behaviour and evolution, ed. Slater, P. J. B. & Halliday, T. R.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [RWB]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Byrne, J. M. E. (1991) Hand preferences in the skilled gathering tasks of mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei). Cortex 27:521–46. [RWB]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Byrne, J. M. E. (in press) Complex leaf-gathering tasks of mountain gorillas (Corilla g. beringei): Variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology. [RWB]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. & Whiten, A., eds. (1988) Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Caro, T. M. (1980) Effects of the mother, object play and adult experience on predation in cats. Behavioral Neural Biology 29:29–51. [aMT]Google Scholar
Caro, T. M. & Hanser, M. D. (1992) Is there evidence of teaching in nonhuman animals? Quarterly Review of Biology 67:151–74. [aMT, MDH]Google Scholar
Cartmill, C. (1990) Human uniqueness and theoretical content in paleoanthropology. International Journal of Primatology 11(3): 173–92. [BJK]Google Scholar
Cassidy, K. W. (1993) There's more to mental states than meets the inner “I.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(1):34–35. [AIG]Google Scholar
Chandler, M., Fritz, A. S. & Hala, S. (1989) Small-scale deceit: Deception as a marker of two-, three-, and four-year-olds' early theories of mind. Child Development 60:1263–77. [aMT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlop, M., Schreibman, L. & Tryon, A. (1983) Learning through observation: The effects of peer modeling on acquisition and generalization in autistic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 11:355–66. [aMT]Google Scholar
Cheney, D. & Seyfarth, R. (1990) How monkeys see the world. University of Chicago Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Clanchy, M. T. (1979) From memory to written record: England 1066–1307. Edward Arnold. [BS]Google Scholar
Clifford, J. (1986) Partial truths. In: Wriling culture: The poetics and politics of ethnography, ed. Clifford, J. & Mareus, G. E.. University of California Press. [RLH]Google Scholar
Cole, M. (1989) Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1989: Cross-cultural perspectives, ed. Herman, J.. University of Nebraska Press. [arMT]Google Scholar
Crawford, M. P. (1937) The cooperative solving of problems by young chimpanzees. Comparative Psychology Monographs 14:1–88. [KAB]Google Scholar
Custance, D., Whiten, A. & Bard, K. (1992) Imitation and self-recognition in child and chimpanzee. Paper presented at the King's College Research Centre Workshop on Perception of Subjects and Objects, Cambridge, England. [SB]Google Scholar
Damon, W. (1984) Peer education: The untapped potential. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 5:331–43. [aMT]Google Scholar
Dasen, P. & Heron, A. (1981) Cross-cultural tests of Piaget's theory. In: Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Development psychology, vol. 4, ed. Triandis, H. & Heron, A.. Allyn & Bacon. [CB]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976a) Hierarchical organisation: A candidate principle for ethology. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [RWB]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976b) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. [LMG]Google Scholar
Dawson, G. & Adams, A. (1984) Imitation and social responsiveness in autistic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 12:209–26. [aMT]Google Scholar
Dawson, G. & Fernald, M. (1987) Perspective taking ability and its relationship to the social behavior of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 12:487–98. [aMT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLoache, J., Sugarman, S. & Brown, A. (1985) The development of error correction strategies in young children's manipulative play. Child Development 56:928–39. [aMT]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–90. [JCG]Google Scholar
de Waal, F. (1982) Chimpanzee politics. Harper & Row. [aMT]Google Scholar
de Waal, F. (1986) Deception in the natural communication of chimpanzees. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W., & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press. [aMT, RWM]Google Scholar
Diaz, R., Neal, C. & Amaya-Williams, M. (1991) The social origins of selfregulation. In: Vygotsky and education, ed. Moll, L.. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (1980) Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [RWB]Google Scholar
Dimant, R. J. & Bearison, D. J. (1991) Development of formal reasons during successive peer interactions. Developmental Psychology 27:277–84. [aMT]Google Scholar
Doise, W. & Mugny, G. (1979) Individual and collective conflicts of centrations in cognitive development. European Journal of Psychology 9:105–8. [aMT, BS]Google Scholar
Donald, M. (1991) Origins of the modern mind: Three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition. Cambridge University Press. [BMV]Google Scholar
Drummond, L. (1980) The cultural continuum: A theory of intersystems. Man 15:352–74. [RLH]Google Scholar
Dunn, J. (1988) The beginnings of social understanding. Harvard University Press. [JBr]Google Scholar
Eckerman, C., Davis, C. & Didow, S. (1989) Toddlers' emerging ways of achieving social coordinations with a peer. Child Development 60:440–53. [aMT]Google Scholar
Eckerman, C. & Stein, M. (1982) The toddler's emerging interactive skills. In: Peer relationships and social skills in childhood, ed. Rubin, K. H. & Ross, H. S.. Springer-Verlag. [aMT]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. (1990) The remembered present. Basic Books. [JBr]Google Scholar
El'konin, D. B. (1972) Toward the development of stages in the mental development of the child. Soviet Psychology 10:225–51. [BVO]Google Scholar
Fernald, A. (1989) Intonation and communicative interest in mother's speech to infants: Is the melody the message? Child Development 60:1497–1510. [CT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, T. (1990) Infancy. Harvard University Press. [SB]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1987) Psychosemantics: The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind. MIT Press. [BMV]Google Scholar
Forman, E. A. (1989) The role of peer interaction in the social construction of mathematical knowledge. International Journal of Educational Research 13:55–70. [EAF]Google Scholar
Forman, E. A. & Kraker, M. J. (1985) The social origins of logic: The contributions of Piaget and Vygotsky. In: Peer conflict and psychological growth, ed. Berkowitz, M. W.. Jossey-Bass. [aMT]Google Scholar
Forman, E. A., Minick, N. & Stone, C. A., eds. (1993) Contexts for learning: Sociocultural dynamics in children's development. Oxford University Press. [EAF]Google Scholar
Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. & Cantfort, T. (1989) The infant Loulis learns signs from cross-fostered chimpanzees. In: Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. Gardner, R., Gardner, T. & Cantfort, T.. SUNY Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Fouts, R. S., Hirsch, A. D. & Fouts, D. H. (1982) Cultural transmission of a human language in a chimpanzee mother-infant relationship. In: Child nurturance, vol. 3: Studies of development in nonhuman primates, ed. Fitzgerald, H. E., Mullins, J. A. & Gage, P.. Plenum. [KAB]Google Scholar
Gabora, L. (1992) Meme and variations: A computational model of cultural evolution (unpublished manuscript). [LMG]Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. (1988) Imitation in animals. In: Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives, ed. Galef, B. & Zentall, T.. Erlbaum. [aMT, RWB]Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. (1990) Tradition in animals: Field observations and laboratory analyses. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior, ed. Beckoff, M. & Jamieson, D.. Westview Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. (1992) The question of animal culture. Human Nature 3:157–78. [aMT, PM]Google Scholar
Galef, B. G., Manzig, L. A. & Field, R. M. (1986) Imitation learning in budgerigars: Dawson and Foss (1965) revisited. Behavioural Processes 13:191–202. [rMT, CMH]Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G. Jr., (1985) Do minds exist in species other than our own? Neurosciences and Biobehavioral Review 9:631–41. [RWM]Google Scholar
Garvey, C., ed. (1992) Talk in the study of socialization and development (special issue). Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 38(1). [RLH]Google Scholar
Gatewood, J. (1985) Actions speak louder than words. In: Direction in cognitive anthropology, ed. Dougherty, J.. University of Illinois Press. [TW]Google Scholar
Gauvain, M. & Rogoff, B. (1989) Collaborative problem solving and children's planning skills. Developmental Psychology 25:139–51. [aMT]Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1973) The interpretation of cultures. Basic Books. [JBr]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin. [TI]Google Scholar
Gibson, K. R. (1990) New perspectives on instinets and intelligence: Brain size and the emergence of hierarchical mental constructional skills. In: “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes, ed. Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R.. Cambridge University Press. [BJK]Google Scholar
Glachan, N. M. & Light, P. H. (1982) Peer interaction and learning: Can two wrongs make a right? In: Social cognition: Studies of the development of understanding, ed. Butterworth, G. E. & Light, P. H.. Harvester. [aMT]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1989) Interpretation psychologized. Mind and Language 4:161–85. [AIG]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1992a) In defense of the simulation theory. Mind and Language 7:104–19. [AIG]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1992b) Empathy, mind, and morals. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 66(3). [AIG]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1993) The psychology of folk psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(1):15–28. [AIG]Google Scholar
Gómez, J. C. (1990) The emergence of intentional communication as a problem-solving strategy in the gorilla. In: “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives, ed. Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R.. Cambridge University Press. [JCG]Google Scholar
Gómez, J. C. (1991) Visual behavior as a window for reading the mind of others in primates. In: Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading, ed. Whiten, A.. Blackwell. [aMT, JCG]Google Scholar
Gómez, J. C. (1992) El desarrollo de la comunicación intencional en el gorila. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. [JCC]Google Scholar
Gómez, J. C., Sarriá, E. & Tamarit, J. (1993) The comparative study of early communication and theories of mind: Ontogeny, phylogeny and pathology. In: Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism, ed. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohen, D.. Oxford University Press. [JCG]Google Scholar
Goneu, A. & Rogoff, B. (1987) Adult guidance and children's participation in learning. Paper presented at the meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore, MD. [aMT]Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1968) The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream area. Animal Behavior Monographs 1:161–311. [KAB]Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1986) The chimpanzees of Combe. Harvard University Press. [aMT, CB]Google Scholar
Goodman, S. (1984) The integration of verbal and motor behavior in preschool children. Child Development 52:280–89. [aMT]Google Scholar
Gopnik, A. (1993) How we know our minds: The illusion of first-person knowledge and intentionality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(1):1–14. [aMT, AC, AIG]Google Scholar
Gopnik, A. & Wellman, H. (1992) Why the child's theory of mind really is a theory. Mind and Language 7 (1&2):145–72. [AG]Google Scholar
Gordon, R. (1986) Folk psychology as simulation. Mind and Language 1(2):158–71. [aMT]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1992) Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior. Oxford University Press. [rMT]Google Scholar
Goudena, P. P. (1987) The social nature of private speech of preschoolers during problem solving. International Journal of Behavioral Development 10:187–206. [aMT]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1982) Changes in developmental timing as a mechanism of macroevolution. In: Evolution and development, ed. Bonner, J.. Springer-Verlag. [aMT]Google Scholar
Greenfield, P. & Lave, J. (1982) Cognitive aspects of informal education. In: Cultural perspectives in child development, ed. Wagner, D. & Stevenson, H.. Freeman. [aMT]Google Scholar
Guillaume, P. (1926/1971) Imitation in children, 2nd ed.University of Chicago Press. [RWM, ICU]Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D., eds. (1986) Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. Basil Blackwell. [RLH]Google Scholar
Hammes, J. & Langdell, T. (1981) Precursors of symbol formation and childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 11:331–46. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hannah, A. & McGrew, W. (1987) Chimpanzees using stones to crack open oil palm nuts in Liberia. Primates 28:31–46. [aMT]Google Scholar
Harris, P. (1991) The work of the imagination. In: Natural theories of mind, ed. Whiten, A.. Blackwell. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hauser, M. D. (in press) Ecological, social and cognitive constraints on foraging development in nonhuman primates. In: Ontogeny and social transmission of food preferences in mammals: Basic and applied research, ed. Galef, B. G. & Mainardi, M.. Harwood Academic. [MDH]Google Scholar
Hayes, K. & Hayes, C. (1952) Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 45:450–59. [aMT]Google Scholar
Heath, S. B. (1983) Ways with words: Language, life, and work in communities and classrooms. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [BR]Google Scholar
Heber, M. (1981) Instruction versus conversation as opportunities for learning. In: Communications in development, ed. Robinson, W. P.. Academic. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hermelin, B. & O'Conner, N. (1970) Psychological experiments with autistic children. Pergamon. [aMT]Google Scholar
Heyes, C. M. (1992) Imitation, culture and cognition. Animal Behaviour (in press). [CMH]Google Scholar
Heyes, C. M. & Dawson, G. R. (1990) A demonstration of observational learning using a bidirectional control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 42B:9–71. [CMH]Google Scholar
Heyes, C. M., Dawson, G. R. & Nokes, T. (1992) Imitation in rats: Initial responding and transfer evidence. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 45B:1–92. [CMH, AW]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. (1987) Individuals, relationships, and cultures. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hobson, P. (1984) Early childhood autism and the question of egocentrism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 14:85–104. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hobson, P. (1987) On acquiring knowledge about people and the capacity for pretense: Response to Leslie (1987). Psychological Review 97:114–21. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hobson, P. (1990) On the origins of self and the case of autism. Development and Psychopathology 2:163–81. [SB]Google Scholar
Hobson, P. (in press) Understanding persons: The role of affect. In: Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism, ed. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohen, D.. Oxford University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1977) Empathy, its development and prosocial implications. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 25: Social cognitive development, ed. Keasey, C. B.. University of Nebraska Press. [JBa]Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1981) The woman that never evolved. Harvard University Press. [JC]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Hutchins, E. & Hazelhurst, B. (1992) Learning in the cultural process. In: Artificial Life 11, ed. Langton, C. G.. Addison-Wesley. [LMG]Google Scholar
Ingold, T.(1991) Becoming persons: Consiousness and sociality in human evolution. Cultural Dynamics 4(3):355–78. [TI]Google Scholar
Jones, U., & Prior, M. (1985) Motor imitation abilities and neurological signs in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 15:37–49. [aMT]Google Scholar
Kanner, L. (1943) Autistic disturbance of affective contact. Nervous Child 2:217–50. (Reprinted in Kanner, L. [1973] Childhood psychosis: Initial studies and new insights. Wiley.) [SB-C]Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1986) From meta-process to conscious access: Evidence from children's metalinguistic and repair data. Cognition 23:95–147. [aMT]Google Scholar
Kawamura, S. (1950) The process of subeultural propagation among Japanese macaques. Primates 2:43–60. [aMT, JBr]Google Scholar
Kaye, K. (1982) The mental and social life of babies. Halstead. [aMT]Google Scholar
Keesing, R. M. (1981) Theories of culture. In: Language, culture, and cognition: Anthropological perspectives, ed. Casson, R. W.. Macmillan. [RLH]Google Scholar
Keller, J. & Keller, C. (1991) Thinking and acting with iron. Beckman Institute Cognitive Science Technical Report. [TW]Google Scholar
King, B. J. (1991a) Evolution of social information transfer in primates. Paper presented at the November meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, IL. [BJK]Google Scholar
King, B. J. (1991b) Social information transfer in monkeys, apes, and hominids. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34:97–115. [BJK]Google Scholar
Kohler, W. (1927) The mentality of apes. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [aMT]Google Scholar
Kontos, S. (1983) Adult-child interaction and the origins of metacognition. Journal of Educational Research 77:43–54. [aMT]Google Scholar
Kozulin, A. (1990) Vygotsky's psychology: A biography of ideas. Harvard University Press. [PR]Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. (1952) The nature of culture. University of Chicago Press. [JBr]Google Scholar
Kruger, A. C. (1990) Coming to consensus with peers and adults: A microanalysis of problem-solving processes. Paper presented at the meetings of the Conference on Human Development, Richmond, VA. [aMT]Google Scholar
Kruger, A. C. (1992) The effect of peer and adult-child transaction discussions on moral reasoning. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 38:191–211. [arMT]Google Scholar
Kruger, A. C. & Tomasello, M. (1986) Transactive discussions with peers and adults. Developmental Psychology 22:681–85. [aMT]Google Scholar
Kugiumutzakis, G. (1993) Intersubjective vocal imitation in early mother-infant interaction. In: New perspectives in early communicative development, ed. Nadel, J. & Camaioni, L.. Routledge. [CT]Google Scholar
Kummcer, H., & Goodall, J. (1985) Conditions of innovative behavior in primates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 308:203–14. [aMT]Google Scholar
Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (1983)Culture and cognitive development. In: Handbook of child psychology, vol. 1: History, theory, and methods, ed. Kessen, W.. Wiley. [RLH]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms in behavior: The Hixon symposium, ed. Jeffress, L. A.. Wiley. [RWB]Google Scholar
Lave, J. (1990) The culture of acquisition and the practice of understanding. In: Cultural psychology: Essays in comparative human development, ed. Stigler, J. W., Shweder, R. A. & Herdt, C.. Cambridge University Press. [TI]Google Scholar
Lave, J. (1991) Situating learning in communities of practice. In: Perspectives on socially shared cognition, ed. Resnick, L. B., Levine, J. M. & Teasley, S. D.. American Psychological Association. [EAF]Google Scholar
Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (1991) Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press. [EAF]Google Scholar
Leekam, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Perret, D. & Brown, S. (1993) Geometry and joint attention: Evidence from autism. Unpublished manuscript, University of Kent, Canterbury, England. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Lefebvre, L. & Palameta, B. (1990) Mechanisms, ecology, and population diffusion of socially learned, food-finding behavior in feral pigeons. In: Social learning: Psychological and biological perspective, ed. Galef, B. & Zentall, T.. Erlbaum. [PM]Google Scholar
Leont'iev, A. N. (1975) Dejatel'nost', soznanie, lichnost' (Activity, consciousness, personality). Izdatel'stvo Politicheskoj Literatury. [BMV]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. (1987) Pretense and representation: The origins of “theory of mind.” Psychological Review 94:412–26. [aMT]Google Scholar
Leslie, A. (1991) Dissociations in acquiring a “theory of mind.” Paper presented to the Conference on the Mental Architecture, Center for Cognitive Studies, Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ. [BMV]Google Scholar
Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., Stanger, C. & Weiss, M. (1989) Self-development and self-conscious emotions. Child Development 60:146–56. [JBa, RWM]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1984) The biology and evolution of language. Harvard University Press. [RWB]Google Scholar
Lieberman, P. (1991) Uniquely human: The evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior. Harvard University Press. [BJK]Google Scholar
Lisina, M. I. (1982) The development of interaction in the first seven years of life. In: Review of child development research, ed. Hartup, W.. University of Chicago Press. [BVO]Google Scholar
Lisina, M. I., & Kapčel'ja, G. I. (1987) Obščenie so vzrozlemi i psichotogičeskaja podgotovka detej v škole (Communication with adults and the psychological preparation of children for school). Kisinev: Stiinca. [BVO]Google Scholar
Little, D. (1991) Varieties of social explanation: An introduction to the philosophy of social science. Westeview. [RLH]Google Scholar
Lord, C. (1984) The development of peer relations in children with autism. In: Advances in applied developmental psychology, ed. Morrison, F., Lord, C. & Keating, D.. Academic. [aMT]Google Scholar
Lovejoy, C. O. (1981) The origin of man. Science 211:341–50. [JC]Google Scholar
Loveland, K. (1991) Social affordances and interaction II: Autism and the affordances of the human environment. Ecological Psychology 3:99–120. [aMT, SB-C]Google Scholar
Loveland, K. & Landry, S. (1986) Joint attention in autism and developmental language delay. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 16:335–49. [aMT, SB-C]Google Scholar
Loveland, K., McEvoy, R., Tunali, B. & Kelley, M. (1990) Narrative story telling in autism and Down syndrome. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 8:9–23. [aMT]Google Scholar
Loveland, K., Tunali, B., Jaedicke, N. & Brelsford, A. (1991) Rudimentary perspective taking in lower functioning children with autism and Down syndrome. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA. [aMT]Google Scholar
Ludwig, O. (1988) Der Schulfausatz: Seine Geschichte in Dcutschland. De Gruyter. [BS]Google Scholar
Luria, A. (1961) The role of speech in the regulation of normal and abnormal behavior. Boni and Liveright. [aMT]Google Scholar
Macmurray, J. (1961) Persons in relation. Faber & Faber. [ICU]Google Scholar
Masur, E. & Ritz, E. (1984) Patterns of gestural, vocal, and verbal imitation performance in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 30:369–92. [aMT]Google Scholar
McCall, R., Parke, R. & Kavanaugh, R. (1977) Imitation of live and televised models by children one to three years of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 42(173). [aMT]Google Scholar
McGrew, W. C. (1992) Chimpanzee material culture: Implications for human evolution. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aMT, RWB]Google Scholar
McGrew, W. C. & Tutin, C. (1978) Evidence for a social custom in wild chimpanzees? Man 13:234–51. [aMT]Google Scholar
Mead, G. (1934) Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press. [aMT, RLH]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1988a) Infant imitation and memory: Nine-month-olds in immediate and deferred tests. Child Development 59:217–25. [aMT]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1988b) Infant imitation after a one week delay: Long term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology 24:470–76. [aMT]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1990) Foundations for developing a concept of self: The role of imitation in relating self to other and the value of social mirroring, social modeling and self practice in infancy. In: The self in transition: Infancy to childhood, ed. Cicchetti, D. & Beeghly, M.. University of Chicago Press. [AG]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Gopnik, A. (1993) The role of imitation in understanding persons and developing theories of mind. In: Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism, ed. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohen, D.. Oxford University Press. [aMT, AC]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1977) Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science 198:75–78. [KAB, AG]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1983) Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development 54:702–9. [AG]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1989) Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms. Developmental Psychology 25:954–62. [aMT, CMH]Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1992) Early imitation within a functional framework: The importance of person identity, movement, and development. Infant Behavior and Development 15:479–505. [AG]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. M. (1971) Communication about the environment in a group of young chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica 15:220–32. [aMT]Google Scholar
Menzel, E. M. (1974) A group of young chimpanzees in a one-acre field. In: Behavior of nonhuman primates: Modern research trends, vol. 5, ed. Schrier, A. M. & Stollnitz, F.. Academic [KAB]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [RWB]Google Scholar
Millikan, R. G. (1984) Language, thought, and other biological categories. MIT Press. [RWM]Google Scholar
Mirenda, P., Donnellan, A. & Yoder, D. (1983) Gaze behavior: A new look at an old problem. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 13:397–409. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Mischel, W. (1968) Personality and assessment. Wiley. [RLH]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1986) A framework for discussing deception. In: Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. Mitchell, R. W. & Thompson, N. S.. SUNY Press. [RWM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1987) A comparative-developmental approach to understanding imitation. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 7: Alternatives, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum. [RWM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1990) A theroy of play. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives, ed. Bekoff, M. & Jamieson, D.. Westview. [RWM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1992) Developing concepts in infancy: Animals, self-perception, and two theories of mirror-self-recognition. Psychological Inquiry 3:127–30. [RWM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1993a) Mental models of mirror-self-recognition: Two theories. New Ideas in Psychology 11 (in press). [RWM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1993b) Deception and lying in everyday life. In: Lying in everyday life, ed. Lewis, M. & Saarni, C.. Guilford. [RWM]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1993c) The evolution of primate cognition: Simulation, self-knowledge, and knowledge of other minds. In: Hominid culture in primate perspective, ed. Quiatt, D. & Itani, J.. University Press of Colorado, (in press). [RWM]Google Scholar
Moore, B. R. (1993) Avian movement imitation and a new form of mimiery: Tracing the evolution of a complex form of learning. Behaviour 122:231–63. [AW]Google Scholar
Moore, C. & Barresi, J. (1993) Knowledge of the psychological states of self and others is not only theory-laden but also data-driven. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16(1):61–62. [JBa]Google Scholar
Moore, C. & Corkum, V. (1992) Social understanding at the end of the first year of life. Unpublished manuscript. [JBa]Google Scholar
Morikawa, H., Shand, N. & Kosawa, Y. (1988) Maternal speech to prelingual infants in Japan and the United States: Relationships among functions, forms and referents. Journal of Child Language 15:237–56. [ICU]Google Scholar
Moro, C. & Rodriguez, C. (1991) Porque el niño tiende el objecto hacía el adulto? La construcción social de la significación de los objectos. Infancia y Apprendizaje 53:99–118. [BS]Google Scholar
Morss, J. R. (1990) The biologising of childhood: Developmental psychology and the Darwinian myth. Erlbaum. [RLH]Google Scholar
Mugny, G. & Doise, W. (1978) Sociocognitive conflict and the structure of individual and collective performances. European Journal of Social Psychology 8:181–92. [aMT]Google Scholar
Mundy, P., Sigman, M. & Kasari, C. (1990) A longitudinal study of joint attention and language development in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 20:115–28. [aMT]Google Scholar
Murie, A. (1942) The wolves of Mount McKinley. National Park Service, Fauna Series, no. 5. [aMT]Google Scholar
Murray, L. (1991) Intersubjectivity, object relations theory, and empirical evidences from mother-infant interactions. Infant Mental Health Journal 12:219–32. [SB]Google Scholar
Murray, L. (1992) The impact of postnatal depression on infant development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33(3):543–61. [CT]Google Scholar
Mussen, P. (1967) Early socialization: Learning and identification. New Directions in Psychology 3:51–110. [RWM]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1969/1979) Sexual perversion. Mortal questions. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [RWM]Google Scholar
Nagell, K., Olguin, R. & Tomasello, M. (in press) Imitative learning of tool use by children and chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology. [arMT]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1988) Five kinds of self-knowledge. Philosophical Psychology 1:35–59. [SB]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1991) The ecological and social roots of cognition. American Psychological Association's Division 24 Presidential Address. [aMT]Google Scholar
Newson, J. (1979) The growth of shared understandings between infant and caregiver. In: Before speech: The beginning of interpersonal communication, ed. Bullowa, M.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [ICU]Google Scholar
Ninio, A. (1985) The meaning of children's first words: Evidence from the input. Journal of Pragmatics 9:527–46. [aMT]Google Scholar
Ninio, A. & Bruner, J. (1978) The achievement and antecedents of labelling. Journal of Child Language 5:1–15. [JBr]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports as mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [RWB]Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1980) The leaf-clipping display: A newly discovered expressive gesture in wild chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 9:117–28. [aMT]Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1987) Local traditions and cultural transmission. In: Primate societies, ed. Smuts, B., Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R., Wrangham, R. & Struhsaker, T.. University of Chicago Press. [aMT, CB]Google Scholar
Nishida, T., Wrangham, R., Goodall, J. & Uehara, S. (1983) Local differences in plant feeding habits of chimpanzees between the Mahale Mountains and the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 12:467–80. [aMT]Google Scholar
Nissen, H. & Crawford, M. (1936) A preliminary study of food sharing behavior in young chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology 12:283–419. [aMT]Google Scholar
Oakley, K. P. (1981) The emergence of higher thought 3.0 to 0.2 MA B.P. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 292:205–11. [BMV]Google Scholar
Ochs, E. (1988) Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [BR]Google Scholar
Ochs, E. & Schieffelin, B. B., eds. (1986) Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge University Press. [RLH]Google Scholar
Oden, D., Thompson, R. & Premack, D. (1990) Infant chimpanzees spontaneously perceive both concrete and abstract same/different relations. Child Development 61:621–31. [aMT]Google Scholar
Olson, D. R., Torrance, N. & Hildyard, A., eds. (1985) Literacy, language and learning. The nature and consequences of reading and writing. Cambridge University Press. [BS]Google Scholar
Opie, I. & Opie, P. (1969) Children's games in street and playground. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [SB-C]Google Scholar
Palincsar, A. & Brown, A. (1984) Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction 1:117–75. [aMT]Google Scholar
Papoušek, H. & Papoušek, M. (1977) Mothering and the cognitive head-start: Psychobiological considerations. In: Studies in mother-infant interaction, ed. Schaffer, H. R.. Academic. [ICU]Google Scholar
Papoušek, H. & Papoušek, M. (1987) Intuitive parenting: A dialectic counterpart to the infants' integrative capacities. In: Handbook of infant development, 2nd ed., ed. Osofsky, J. D.. Wiley. [KAB]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. (1992) Imitation, teaching, and self-awareness as adaptations for apprenticeship in foraging and feeding. Paper presented at International Primatological Society meeting, Strasbourg, France. [RWM]Google Scholar
Parker, S. & Gibson, K., eds. (1990) “Language” and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives. Cambridge University Press. [aMT, KAB]Google Scholar
Patterson, F.(1978) The gestures of a gorilla: Language acquisition in another pongid. Brain and Language 5:72–97. [JCG]Google Scholar
Pepperberg, I. (1990) Referential mapping. Applied Psycholinguistics 11:23–44. [aMT]Google Scholar
Perlmutter, M., Behrend, S. D., Kuo, F. & Muller, A. (1989) Social influences on children's problem solving. Developmental Psychology 25:744–54. [aMT]Google Scholar
Perner, J. (1988) Higher order beliefs and intentions in children's understanding of social interaction. In: Developing theories of mind, ed. Astington, J., Harris, P. & Olson, D.. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Perner, J. (1991) Understanding the representational mind. MIT Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Perret-Clermont, A.-N. & Brossard, A. (1985) On the interdigitation of social and cognition processes. In: Social relationships and cognitive development, ed. Hinde, R. A., Perret-Clermont, A.-N. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Clarendon. [aMT, BS]Google Scholar
Phelps, E. & Damon, W. (1989) Problem solving with equals: Peer collaboration as a context for learning mathematics and spatial concepts. Journal of Educational Psychology 81:639–46. [aMT]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1926) The language and thought of the child. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [PR]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1932) The moral judgment of the child. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [aMT]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1962) Play, dreams, and imitation. Norton. [rMT]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1985) The equilibration of cognitive structures. University of Chicago Press. [aMT, BS]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1966) La psychologie de l'enfant. Presses Universitaires de France. [BS]Google Scholar
Plooij, F. X. (1984) The behavioral development of free-living chimpanzee babies and infants. Ablex. [KAB]Google Scholar
Povinelli, D. & deBlois, S. (1992) Young children's (Homo sapiens) understanding of knowledge formation in themselves and others. Journal of Comparative Psychology 106:228–38. [AIG]Google Scholar
Povinelli, D., Nelson, K. & Boysen, S. (1990) Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology 104:203–10. [aMT]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1988) “Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?” revisited. In: Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans, ed. Byrne, R. & Whiten, A.. Oxford University Pres. [aMT]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1991) The aesthetic basis of pedagogy. In: Cognition and symbolic processes: Applied and ecological perspectives, ed. R. R. Hoffman and D. S. Palermo. [BMV]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Premack, A. J. (1983) The mind of an ape. Norton. [JCG]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:515–26. [aMT]Google Scholar
Quine, W. (1960) Word and object. MiT Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Ratner, H. (1984) Memory demands and the development of young children's memory. Child Development 55:2173–91. [aMT]Google Scholar
Ratner, H. & Hill, L. (1991) Regulation and representation in the development of children's memory. Paper presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA. [aMT]Google Scholar
Reddy, V. (1990) Playing with others' expectations: Teasing and mucking about in the first year. In: Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading, ed. Whiten, A.. Blackwell. [CT]Google Scholar
Rogoff, B. (1990) Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. Oxford University Press. [aMT, EAF, BR, DRO, CT, ICU] (in press) Observing sociocultural activity on three planes: Participatory appropriation, guided participation, apprenticeship. In: Perspectives on sociocultural research, ed. A. Alvarez, P. del Rio & J. V. Wertsch. Cambridge University Press. [BR]Google Scholar
Rogoff, B., Mosier, C., Mistry, J., Y Göncü, A. (in press) Toddlers' guided participation with their caregivers in cultural activity. In: Contexts for learning: Sociocultural dynamics in children's development, ed. Forman, E., Minick, N. & Stone, A.. Oxford University Press. [BR]Google Scholar
Sarriá, E. & Rivière, A. (1991) Desarrollo cognitive y comunicación intencional preverbal: Un estudio longitudinal multivariado. Estudios de Psicología 46:35–52. [JCG]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., McDonald, K., Sevcik, R., Hopkins, W. & Rupert, E. (1986) Spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy champanzee (Pan paniscus). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115:211–35. [aMT]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Pate, J. L., Lawson, J., Smith, S. T. & Rosenbaum, S. (1983) Can a chimpanzee make a statement? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112:457–92. [JCG]Google Scholar
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. & Boysen, S. (1978) Linguistic mediated tool use and exchange by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:539–54. [aMT]Google Scholar
Saxe, G. (1991) Culture and cognitive development: Studies in mathematical understanding. Erlbaum. [aMT]Google Scholar
Scaife, M. & Bruner, J. (1975) The capacity for joint visual attention in the human infant. Nature 253:265. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Schieffelin, B. B. (1991) The give and take of everyday life: Language socialization of Kaluli children. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [BR]Google Scholar
Schnenwly, B. (1992) Which tools to master writing: Historical glimpses. Paper presented at the First Conference for Socio-Cultural Research, Madrid, Spain, 09 15–18. [BS]Google Scholar
Schnenwly, B. (in press) Lernen. In: Kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus, ed. F. Hang & W. F. Haug. Argument. [BS]Google Scholar
Schopler, E. & Mesibov, G., eds. (1986) Social behavior in autism. Plenum. [aMT]Google Scholar
Schwartz, T. (1981) The acquisition of culture. Ethos 9(1):4–17. [TI]Google Scholar
Scribner, S. & Cole, M. (1981) The psychology of literacy. Harvard University Press. [BMV]Google Scholar
Seeley-Brown, J., Collins, A. & Duguid, P. (1988) Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher 18:32–42. [JBr]Google Scholar
Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W. & Poortinga, Y. H. (1990) Human behavior in global perspective: An introduction to cross-cultural psychology. Pergamon. [RLH]Google Scholar
Selfe, L. (1977) Nadia: A case of extraordinary drawing ability in an autistic child. Academic. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Shatz, M., Wellman, H. & Silber, S. (1983) The acquisition of mental verbs: A systematic investigation of the first reference to mental state. Cognition 14:301–21. [aMT]Google Scholar
Shmeliov, A. G. (1984) Vvedenie v experimentalnuju psikhosemantiku (An introduction to experimental psychosemantics). Moscow University Press. [BMV]Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (1990) Cultural psychology – what is it? In: Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development, ed. Stigler, J. W., Shweder, R. A. & Herdt, G.. Cambridge University Press. [aMT, EAF, RLH]Google Scholar
Sigman, M., Mundy, P., Ungerer, J. & Sherman, T. (1986) Social interactions of autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children, and their caregivers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 27:647–56. [SB-C]Google Scholar
Sigman, M. & Ungerer, J. (1984) Cognitive and language skills in autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. Developmental Psychology 20:293–302. [aMT]Google Scholar
Smiley, P. & Huttenlocher, J. (1989) Young children's acquisition of emotion concepts. In: Children's understanding of emotions, ed. Saarni, C. & Harris, P.. Cambridge University Press. [AIG]Google Scholar
Snow, C. E. (1977) The development of conversation between mothers and babies. Journal of Child Language 4:1–22. [ICU]Google Scholar
Sodinn, B., Taylor, C., Harris, P. L. & Perner, J. (1991) Early deception and the child's theory of mind: False trails and genuine markers. Child Development 62:468–83. [aMT]Google Scholar
Spence, K. W. (1937) Experimental studies of learning and higher mental processes in infra-human primates. Psychological Bulletin 34:806–50. [RWB]Google Scholar
Stammbach, E. (1988) Group responses to specially skilled individuals in a Macaca fascicularis group. Behaviour 1207:241–66. [MDH]Google Scholar
Stern, D. N. (1985) The interpersonal world of the infant. Basic Books. [SB, AG]Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. (1955) Theory of culture change: The methodology of multilinear evolution. University of Illinois Press. [RLH]Google Scholar
Stocking, G. W. J., ed. (1984) Functionalism historicized: Essays on British social anthropology. University of Wisconsin Press. [RLH]Google Scholar
Stone, C. A. (1983) What is missing in the metaphor of scaffolding? In: Contexts for learning: Sociocultural dynamics in children's development, ed. Forman, E., Minick, N. & Stone, C. A.. Oxford University Press. [aMT, EAF]Google Scholar
Stone, W., Lemaneck, K., Fishel, P., Fernandez, M. & Attmeier, W. (1990) Play and imitation skills in the diagnosis of autism in young children. Pediatrics 86:267–72. [aMT]Google Scholar
Super, C. M. & Harkness, S. (1986) The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioral Development 9:545–69. [RLH]Google Scholar
Tager-Flusberg, H. (1993) What language reveals about the understanding of minds in children with autism. In: Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism, ed. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H. & Cohesn, D.. Oxford University Press. [aMT, SB-C].Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1956) Learning and instinct in animals. Methuen. [aMT, CMH]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1988) The role of joint attentional processes in early language development. Language Sciences 10:69–88. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1990) Cultural transmission in the tool use and communicatory signaling of chimpanzees? In: Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives, ed. Parker, S. & Gibson, K.. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1992a) First verbs: A case study in early grammatical development. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (1992b) The social bases of language acquisition. Social Development 1:67–87. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (in press) On the interpersonal origins of self concept. In: Ecological and interpersonal aspects of self knowledge, ed. U. Neisser. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Call, J., Nagell, C., Olguin, R. & Carpenter, M. (1992) The learning and use of gestural signals by young chimpanzees: A trans-generational study (submitted). [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Davis-Dasilva, M., Camak, L. & Bard, K. (1987) Observational learning of tool use by young chimpanzees. Human Evolution 2:175–83. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. & Farrar, J. (1986) Joint attention and early language. Child Development 57:1454–63. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., George, B., Kruger, A., Farrar, J. & Evans, E. (1985) The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 14:175–86. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Gust, D. & Frost, T. (1989) A longitudinal investigation of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Primates 30:35–50. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. & Kruger, A. (1992) Joint attention on actions: Acquiring verbs in ostensive and nonostensive contexts. Journal of Child Language 19:311–34. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Savage-Rumbaugh, S. & Kruger, A. (in press) Imitation of object related actions by chimpanzees and human infants. Child Development. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. & Todd, J. (1983) Joint attention and lexical acquisition style. First Language 4:197–212. [aMT]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1989) Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, Part I. Ethology and Sociobiology 10:29–49. [aMT]Google Scholar
Toren, C. (1990) Against the motion (2). In: The concept of society is theoretically obsolete, ed. Ingold, T.. Group for Debates in Anthropological Theory, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Manchester, England. [TI]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1979a) Communication and cooperation in early infancy: A description of primary intersubjectivity. In: Before speech: The beginning of interpersonal communication, ed. Bullowa, M.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [ICU]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1979b) Instincts for human understanding and for cultural cooperation: Their development in infancy. In: Human ethology: Claims and limits of a new discipline, ed. von Cranach, M., Foppa, K., Lepenies, W. & Ploog, D.. Cambridge University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1980) The foundations of intersubjectivity: Development of interpersonal and cooperative understanding. In: The social foundation of language and thought: Essays in honor of Jerome Bruner, ed. Olson, D.. Norton. [AG]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1983) Interpersonal abilities of infants as generators for transmission of language and culture. In: The behaviour of human infants, ed. Oliverio, A. & Zapella, M.. Plenum. [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1987) Sharing makes sense: Intersubjectivity and the making of an infant's meaning. In: Language topics: Essays in honour of Michael Halliday, ed. Steele, R. & Threadgold, T.. John Benjamins. [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. Les relations entre autisme et développement socioculturel normal: Arguments en faveur d'un trouble primaire de la régulation du développement cognitif par les émotions (The relation of autism to normal sociocultural development: The case for a primary disorder in regulation by emotions of cognitive growth). In: Autisme et troubles du développement global de l'enfant, ed. G. Lelord, J. P. Muh, M. Petit & D. Sauvage. Expansion Scientifique Française. [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1990a) Signs before speech. In: The semiotic web, ed. Sebeok, T. D. & Umiker-Sebeok, J.. Mouton de Gruyter. [SB]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1990b) Growth and education of the hemispheres. In: Brain circuits and functions of the mind: Essays in honour of Roger W. Sperry, ed. Trevarthen, C.. Cambridge University Press. [SB]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1992) An infant's motives for speaking and thinking in the culture. In: The diaglogical alternative (Festschrift for Ragnar Rommetveit), ed. Wold, A. H.. Scandanavian University Press/Oxford University Press (in press). [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1993a) The function of emotions in early infant communicatsion and development. In: New perspectives in early communicative development, ed. Nadel, J. & Camaioni, L.. Routledge & Kegan Paul (in press). [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1993b) The self born in intersubjectivity: An infant communicating. In: Ecological and interpersonal knowledge of the self, ed. Neisser, U.. Cambridge University Press (in press). [CT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. & Hubley, P. (1978) Secondary intersubjectivity: Confidence, confiding and acts of meaning in the first year. In: Action, gesture and symbol: The emergence of language, ed. Lock, A.. Academic. [aMT]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. & Logotheti, K. (1987) First symbols and the nature of human knowledge. In: Symbolisme et connaissance/symbolism and knowledge (Cahiers de la Fondation Archives Jean Piaget, No. 8), ed. Montagnero, J., Tryphon, A. & Dionnet, S., Foundation Archives Jean Piaget. [CT]Google Scholar
Užgiris, I. Č. (1989) Infants in relation: Performers, pupils, and partners. In: Child development today and tomorrow, ed. Damon, W.. Jossey-Bass. [ICU]Google Scholar
Užgiris, I. Č. (1991) The social context of infant imitation. In: Social influences and socialization in infancy, ed. Lewis, M. & Feinman, S.. Plenum. [ICU]Google Scholar
Užgiris, I. Č. & Kruper, J. C. (1992) The links between imitation and social referencing. In: Social referencing and the social construction of reality in infancy, ed. Feinman, S.. Plenum. [aMT]Google Scholar
Valentine, C. W. (1930) The psychology of imitation with special reference to early childhood. British Journal of Psychology 21:105–32. [RWM]Google Scholar
Van Cennep, A. (1960) The rites of passage. University of Chicago Press. [JBr]Google Scholar
van Oers, B. (in press) The dynamics of school learning. In: The structure of learning, ed. J. Valsiner & H.-G. Voss. Ablex. [BVO]Google Scholar
van Rijt-Plooij, H. H. C. & Plooij, F. X. (1987) Growing independence, conflict and learning in mother-infant relations in free-ranging chimpanzees. Behaviour 101:1–86. [KAB]Google Scholar
Velichkovsky, B. M. (1990) The vertical dimension of mental functioning. Psychological Research 52:282–89. [BMV]Google Scholar
Velichkovsky, B. M., Chudova, N. V. & Pokhilko, V. I. (1992) The types of interpersonal expertise in superprogrammers and other human beings. In: Mental models and intelligent environment for learning programming, ed. Lemut, E.. Springer. [BMV]Google Scholar
Visalberghi, E. & Fragaszy, D. (1990) Dos monkeys ape? In: Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative developmental perspectives, ed. Parker, S. & Gibson, K.. Cambridge University Press. [AMT]Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962) Thought and language. MIT Press. (Original work published in 1934.) [AC, BMV]Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978) Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes, ed. Cole, M., John-Steiner, V., Scribner, S. & Souberman, E.. Harvard University Press. [aMT, EAF, RLH]Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1982) Myšlenie i reč. In: Sobrannye sočinenij (T.l). Translation: Thinking and speech. In: Collected works, vol. 1. Plenum. [BVO]Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1985) Pensée et langage. Editions Sociales. [BS]Google Scholar
Ward, M. C. (1971) Them children: A study in language learning. Holt, Reinhart & Winston. [BR]Google Scholar
Wellman, H. (in press) Early understanding of mind: The normal case. In: Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism, ed. S. Baron-Cohen, H. Tager-Flusberg & D. Cohen. Oxford University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Wertsch, J. V., ed. (1981) The concept of activity in Soviet psychology. M. E. Sharpe. [EAF]Google Scholar
Wertsch, J. V., ed. (1985a) Culture, communication and cognition: Vygotskian perspectives. Cambridge University Press. [EAF]Google Scholar
Wertsch, J. V., ed. (1985b) Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Harvard University Press. [aMT, EAF, PR]Google Scholar
Wertsch, J. V., ed. (1991) Voices of the mind: A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Harvard University Press. [aMT, EAF, PR]Google Scholar
Whiten, A., ed. (1991) Natural theories of mind: Evolution, simulation, and development of everyday mindreading. Basil Blackwell. [aMT, JBr]Google Scholar
Whiten, A., ed. (1992) Mindreading, pretence and imitation in monkeys and apes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:170–71. [AW]Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. W. (1991) The emergence of metarepresentation in human ontogeny and primate phytogeny. In: Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading, ed. Whiten, A.. Basil Blackwell. [AW]Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Ham, R. (1992) On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. In: Advances in the study of behavior, ed. Slater, P., Rosenblatt, J. & Beer, C.. Academic. [aMT, AW]Google Scholar
Whiting, B. B. (1980) Culture and social behavior: A model for the development of social behavior. Ethos 8:95–116. [BR]Google Scholar
Whiting, B. B. & Whiting, J. W. M. (1975) Children of six cultures: A psycho-cultural analysis. Harvard University Press. [RLH]Google Scholar
Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. (1983) Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition 13:103–28. [aMT, JBa]Google Scholar
Winnicott, D. W. (1986) The theory of the infant-parent relationship. In: Essential papers on object relations, ed. Buckley, P.. New York University Press. [SB]Google Scholar
Wood, D. (1989) Social interaction as tutoring. In: Interaction in human development, ed. Bornstein, M. & Bruner, J.. Erlbaum. [aMT]Google Scholar
Wood, D. & Middleton, D. (1975) A study of assisted problem-solving. British Journal of Psychology 66:181–91. [aMT]Google Scholar
Wood, D., Wood, H. & Middleton, D. (1978) An experimental evaluation of four face-to-face teaching strategies. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2:131–47. [aMT]Google Scholar
Woodruff, G. & Premack, D. (1979) Intentional communication in the chimpanzee: The development of deception. Cognition 7:333–62. [aMT]Google Scholar
Woolfenden, C. E. & Fitzpatrick, J. W. (1984) The Florida scrub joy: Demography of a cooperative-breeding bird. Princeton University Press. [PM]Google Scholar
Wulff, S. (1985) The symbolic and object play of children with autism: A review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 15:139–48. [aMT]Google Scholar
Wynn, T. (1991) Tools, grammar, and the archaeology of cognition. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1:191–206. [TW]Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. (1943) Chimpanzees: A laboratory colony. Yale University Press. [aMT]Google Scholar
Zelazo, P. D., Palfai, T. & Frye, D. (1992) Embedded-rule use in sorting, causality, and theory of mind. Infant Behavior and Development 15 (Special ICIS Issue): 782. [BMV]Google Scholar