Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:58:19.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Expectancy: The endogenous source of anticipatory activities, including “pseudoconditioned” responses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Patrick J. Sheafor
Patrick J. Sheafor
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , September 1982 , pp. 387 - 389
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, J. R. (1976) Language, memory and thought. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [RL]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1978) Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. Psychological Review 85:249–77. [AWL, tarHLR, WRU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. R. & Bower, G. H. (1973) Human associative memory. Washington, D.C.: Winston. [RL, CPS, HST]Google Scholar
Beals, R., Krantz, D. H. & Tversky, A. (1968) Foundations of multidimensional scaling. Psychological Review 75:127–42. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beatty, W. W. & Shavalia, D. A. (1980) Rat spatial memory: Resistance to retroactive interference at long retention intervals. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:550–52. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, R. C. & Hunter, J. E. (1981) Periodic majority receding and reverberatory memory, Journal of Theoretical Biology 88:323–32. [rHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkeley, G. (1709) Essay towards a new theory of vision. In: The works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, ed. Luce, A. A. & Jessup, T. E.. London: Nelson. 1948–1957. [ACD]Google Scholar
Bever, T. G., Straub, R. O., Terrace, H. S. & Townsend, D. J. (1980) The comparative study of serially integrated behavior in humans and animals. In: The nature of thought: Essays in honor of D. O. Hebb, ed. Jusczyk, P. & Klein, R., pp. 51–93. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, [taHLR]Google Scholar
Bitgood, S. C., Segrave, K. & Jenkins, H. M. (1976) Verbal feedback and the feature-positive effect in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 21:249–55. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blough, D. S. (1959) Delayed matching in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2:151–60. [RE, taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blough, D. S. (1975) Steady state data and a quantitative model of operant generalization and discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 1:3–21. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobrow, D. G. (1975) Dimensions of representation. In: Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science, ed. Bobrow, D. G. & Collins, A.. New York: Academic Press. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Bobrow, D. G. & Collins, A., eds. (1975) Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science. New York: Academic Press. [EMS]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1972). Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning. Psychological Review 79: 394–409. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1975) Learning, motivation, and cognition. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, ed. Estes, W. K., pp. 249–80. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Branch, M. N. (1977) On the role of “memory” in the analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 28:171–79. [CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brewer, W. F. (1981). Review of G. Bower, ed., The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. Contemporary Psychology, 26:761–62. [EMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1969) Modalities of memory. In: The pathology of memory, ed. Talland, G. A. & Waugh, N. C., pp. 253–59. New York: Academic Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Capaldi, E. J. (1966) Partial reinforcement: A hypothesis of sequential effects. Psychological Review 73:459–77. [EJC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capaldi, E. J., Blitzer, R. D. & Molina, P. (1979) Serial anticipation pattern learning in two-element and three-element series. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 14:22–4. [WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, E. J. & Molina, P. (1979) Element discriminability as a determinant of serial pattern learning. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:318–22. [EJC, WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, E. J., Nawrocki, T. M. & Verry, D. R. (in press) Difficult serial anticipation pattern learning in rats: Rule encoding vs. memory. Animal Learning and Behavior. [EJC]Google Scholar
Capaldi, E. J. & Verry, D. R. (1981) Serial anticipation learning in rats: Memory for multiple hedonic events and their order. Animal Learning and Behavior 9:441–53. [EJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, E. J., Verry, D. R. & Davidson, T. L. (1980a) Memory, serial anticipation pattern learning and transfer in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:575–85. [EJC, tarHLR, WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capaldi, E. J., Verry, D. R. & Davidson, T. L. (1980b) Why rule encoding by animals in serial learning remains to be established. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:691–92. [WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carew, T. J., Walters, E. T. & Kandel, E. R. (1981) Associative learning in Aplysia: Cellular correlates supporting a conditioned fear hypothesis. Science 211:501–4. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, D. E. (1971) Acquisition of a conditional discrimination: A comparison of matching-to-sample and symbolic matching. Ph.D. thesis. New York: Columbia University. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Carter, D. E. & Eckerman, D. A. (1975) Symbolic matching by pigeons: Rate of learning complex discriminations predicted from simple discriminations. Science 187:662–64. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, D. E. & Werner, T. J. (1978) Complex learning and information processing by pigeons: A critical analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29:565–601. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. C. (1979) Learning. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [ACC]Google Scholar
Charnov, E. L. (1976a) Optimal foraging: The marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129–36. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charnov, E. L. (1976b) Optimal foraging: Attack strategy of a mantid. American Naturalist 110:141–51. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claparède, E. (1911) Recognition et moiite. Archives de Psychologie 11:79–90. [JCM]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. R., Looney, T. A., Brady, J. H. & Acuella, A. F. (1976) Differential sample response schedules in the acquisition of conditional discriminations by pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 26:301–14. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, R. S., Feyerabend, P. K. & Wartofsky, M. W. (1976) Boston studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 39: Essays in memory of Imre Lakatos. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel. [rHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collingwood, R. C. (1978) An autobiography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [CPS]Google Scholar
Conrad, R. (1964) Acoustic confusions in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology 55:78–84. [taHLR, WAR]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. A. (1975) Mental rotation of random two-dimensional shapes. Cognitive Psychology 7:20–43. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, L. A. & Shepard, R. N. (1973) Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W. G.. New York: Academic Press. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Cowey, A. & Dewson, J. H. (1972) Effects of unilateral ablation of superior temporal cortex on auditory sequence discrimination in Macaca mulatta. Neuropsychologia 10:279–89. [MW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cumming, W. W. & Berryman, R. R. (1965) Stimulus generalization. In: Stimulus generalization, ed. Mostofsky, D. I.. Stanford: Stanford University Press. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Cumming, W. W., Berryman, R. & Cohen, L. R. (1965) Acquisition and transfer of zero-delay matching. Psychological Reports 17:435–45. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dale, R. H. I. & Staddon, J. E. R. (1981) A theory of spatial memory. Unpublished manuscript. [JERS]Google Scholar
D'Amato, M. R. (1973) Delayed matching and short-term memory in monkeys. The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory 7:227–69. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Amato, M. R. & Cox, J. K. (1976) Delay of consequences and short-term memory in monkeys. In: Processes in animal memory, ed. Medin, D. L., Roberts, W. A. & Davis, R. T., pp. 49–78. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR]Google Scholar
D'Amato, M. R. & Worsham, R. W. (1972) Delayed matching in the capuchin monkey with brief sample durations. Learning and Motivation 3:304–12. taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M. (1958). Computability and unsolvability. New York: McGraw-Hill. [RJN]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology. Montgomery, Vt.: Bradford. [JERS]Google Scholar
Devine, J. D., Burke, M. W. & Rohack, J. J. (1979) Stimulus similarity and order as factors in visual short-term memory in nonhuman primates. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5:335–54. [taHLR]Google ScholarPubMed
Eccles, J. C. (1981) The modular operation of the cerebral neocortex considered as the material basis of mental events. Neuroscience 6:1839–56. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, R. (1981) On pigeons and people: A preliminary look at the Columban Simulation Project. Behavior Analyst 4:43–55. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epstein, R. & Skinner, B. F. (1981) The spontaneous use of memoranda by pigeons. Behavior Analysis Letters 1:241–46. [RE]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. (1972) An associative basis for coding and organization in memory. In: Coding processes in human memory, ed. Melton, A. W. & Martin, E., pp. 161–90. Washington, D.C.: V.H. Winston & Sons. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. ed. (1975) Handbook of learning and cognitive processes: Conditioning and behavior theory, Vol. 2. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PJS]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K. (1976) Structural aspects of associative models for memory. In: The structure of human memory, ed. Cofer, C. N., pp. 31–53. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Feldman, C. F. & Toulmin, E. S. (1975) Theoretical problems in structural psychology. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, ed. Arnold, W. S., pp. 409–75. Lincoln: Nebraska University Press. [RL]Google Scholar
Flaherty, C. F. & Largen, J. (1975) Within subjects positive and negative contrast effects in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88:653–64. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, J. A. (1965) Could meaning be an rm? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 4:73–81. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. New York: Crowell.[JERS]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1980) Methodological solipsism considered as a research strategy in cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:63–72. [WWR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1895/1966) Project for a scientific psychology. In: The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 1 (1886–1899), ed. Strachey, J., pp. 295–387. London: Hogarth Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Gaffan, D. (1977) Response coding in recall of colours by monkeys. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:597–605. [WAR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallistel, C. R. (1980) The organization of action: A new synthesis. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR, PJS]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1975) The shattered mind. New York: Knopf. [JCM]Google Scholar
Garner, W. R., Hake, H. W. & Eriksen, C. W. (1956) Operationism and the concept of perception. Psychological Review 63:149–59. [RL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1977) The theory of affordances. In: Perceiving, acting and knowing: Towards an ecological psychology, ed. Shaw, R. & Bransford, J., pp. 67–82. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PJS]Google Scholar
Gormezano, I. (1972) Investigations of defense and reward conditioning in the rabbit. In: Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F., pp. 151–81. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PJS]Google Scholar
Gormezano, I. & Kehoe, J. E. (1975) Classical conditioning: Some methodological-conceptual issues. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, Vol. 2. Basic learning and conditioning processes, ed. Estes, W. K., pp. 143–79. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PJS]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1978) Morton's ranking of races by cranial capacity. Science 200:503–9. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, S. J. (1981) Quaggas, coiled oysters, and flimsy facts. Natural History 90:16. [PJS]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. New York: Oxford University Press. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Green, D. M. (1976) An introduction to hearing. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1976) The question of animal awareness: Evolutionary continuity of mental experience. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [GPS, PJS]Google Scholar
Grether, W. F. (1938) Pseudo-conditioning without paired stimulation encountered in attempted backward conditioning. Journal of Comparative Psychology 25:91–6. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1975) A neural model of attention, reinforcement and discrimination learning. In: International Review of Neurobiology, Vol. 18, ed. Pfeitfer, C. C., pp. 263–327. New York: Academic Press. [PJS]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review 87:1–51. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haggbloom, S. J. (1980) Reward sequence and reinforcement level as determinants of S-behavior in differential conditioning. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:424–28. [EJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halgren, C. R. (1974) Latent inhibition in rats: Associative or nonassociative? Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86:74–8. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, N. R. (1969) Perception and discovery: An introduction to scientific inquiry. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper. [CPS]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1982) Neoconstructivism: A unifying theme for the cognitive sciences. In Language, brain and mind, ed. Simon, T. & Sholes, R.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Harzem, P. and Miles, T. R. (1978) Conceptual issues in operant psychology. Chichester: Wiley. [CPS]Google Scholar
Hayes-Roth, F. (1979) Distinguishing theories of representation: A critique of Anderson's “Arguments concerning mental imagery.” Psychological Review 86:376–82. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearst, E. (1978) Stimulus relationships and feature selection in learning and behavior. In: Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K., pp. 51–88. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Hearst, E. & Jenkins, H. M. (1974). Sign-tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action. Austin, Texas: Psychonomic Society. [taHLR, PJS]Google Scholar
Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation-level theory. New York; Harper & Row, [MW]Google Scholar
Herman, L. M. & Gordon, J. A. (1974) Auditory delayed matching in the bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:19–26. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebb, D. O. (1955) Drives and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System). Psychological Review 62:243–54. [MW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J., Loveland, D. H. & Cable, C. (1976) Natural concepts in pigeons, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2:285–302. [taHLR, TRZ]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. & Marquis, D. G. (1940) Conditioning and learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PJS]Google Scholar
Hitzing, E. W. & Safar, T. (1970) Auto-shaping: The conditions necessary for its development and maintenance. Psychological Record, 20:347–51. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holton, G. (1975) On the role of themata in scientific thought. Science 188:328–34. [RL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honig, W. K. (1978) Studies of working memory in the pigeon. In: Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K., pp. 211–48. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Honig, W. K. (1982) Working memory and the temporal map. In: Information processing animals: Memory mechanisms, ed. Speak, N. E. & Miller, R. R.. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Honig, W. K. & Wasserman, E. A. (1981) Performance of pigeons on delayed simple and conditional discriminations under equivalent training procedures. Learning and Motivation 12:149–70. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horridge, G. A. (1962) Learning of leg position by the ventral nerve cord in headless insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society Bulletin 157:33–52. [JJ]Google Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1937) Mind, mechanism, and adaptive behavior. Psychological Review 44:1–32. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of Behavior. New York: Appleton. [AWL, taHLR, TRZ]Google Scholar
Hulse, S. H. (1978) Cognitive structure and serial pattern learning by animals. In: Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K., pp. 311–40. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Hulse, S. H. (1980) The case of the missing rule: Memory for reward vs. formal structure in serial-pattern learning by rats. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:689–90. [EJC, WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulse, S. H. & Campbell, C. E. (1975) “Thinking ahead” in rat discrimination learning. Animal Learning and Behavior 3:305–11. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulse, S. H. & Dorsky, N. P. (1977) Structural complexity as a determinant of serial pattern learning. Learning and Motivation 8:488–506. [EJC, taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulse, S. H. & Dorsky, N. P. (1979) Serial pattern learning by rats: Transfer of a formally defined stimulus relationship and the significance of nonreinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:211–20. [taHLR, WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K. (1978) Cognitive processes in animal behavior. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [SHH, rHLR]Google Scholar
Hunter, W. S. (1913) The delayed reaction in animals and children. Behavior Monographs 2:1–86. [ACD, taHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Hunter, W. S. (1920) The temporal maze and kinaesthetic sensory processes in the white rat. Psychobiology 2:1–17. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. New York: H. Holt. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Jarrard, L. E. & Moise, S. L. (1971) Short-term memory in the monkey. In: Cognitive processes of nonhuman primates, ed. Jarrard, L. E., pp. 1–24. New York: Academic Press. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Jaynes, J. (1976) The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. [JJ]Google Scholar
Johnston, T. D. (1981) Contrasting approaches to a theory of learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:125–39. [rHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1968) Attention-like processes in classical conditioning. In: Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior: Aversive stimulation, ed. Jones, M. R.. Miami: University of Miami Press. [PJS]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1969) Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In: Punishment and aversive behavior, ed. Church, R. and Campbell, B., pp. 279–98. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PJS]Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1974) The science and politics of IQ. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [PJS]Google Scholar
Kendler, H. H. (1952) What is learned? A theoretical blind alley. Psychological Review 59:269–77. [EJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimble, G. A. (1961) Hilgard and Marquis' conditioning and learning, 2nd ed.New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [rHLR, PJS]Google Scholar
Koch, S. (1976) More verbal behavior from Dr. Skinner. Contemporary Psychology 21:453–57. [RL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolers, P. A. and Perkins, D. N. (1975) Spatial and ordinal components of form and perception literacy. Cognitive Psychology 7:228–67. [RJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konorski, J. (1967) Integrative activity of the brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [PJS]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1981) The medium and the message in mental imagery: A theory. Psychological Review 88:46–66. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krechevsky, I. (1932) “Hypotheses” in rats. Psychological Review 39:516–32. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. 2nd ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [MNB, tarHLR, CPS, PJS]Google Scholar
Lachman, R., Lachman, J. L. & Butterfield, E. R. (1979) Cognitive psychology and information processing. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [RL]Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1970) Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programs. In: Criticism and the growth of knowledge, ed. Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A., pp. 91–196. London: Cambridge University Press. [rHLR, CPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Land, E. (1964) The retinex. American Scientist 52:247–64. [JJ]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1929) Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [taHLR, PJS]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1950) In search of the engram. In: Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology, vol. 4, pp. 454–483. New York: Plenum. [PJS]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms in behavior, ed. Jeffress, L. A., pp. 112–45. New York: Wiley. [SHH]Google Scholar
Lawrence, D. H. (1963) The nature of a stimulus: Some relationships between learning and perception. In: Psychology: A study of a science, vol. 5, ed. Koch, S., pp. 179–212. New York: McGraw-Hill. [taHLR, HST, TRZ]Google Scholar
Lettvin, J. Y., Maturana, H., McCulloch, W. S. & Pitts, W. H. (1959) What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 47:1940–951. [RJN]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (in press a) The origins of behaviorism. In: Points of view in the modern history of psychology, ed. Buxton, C.. New York: Academic Press. [AWL]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (in press b) The growth of behaviorism. In: Points of view in the modern history of psychology, ed. Buxton, C.. New York: Academic Press. [AWL]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1973) Visual stability and voluntary eye movements. In: Central visual information, vol. 7. Handbook of sensory physiology, ed. Jung, R., pp. 307–31. New York: Springer-Verlag. [MW]Google Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1929) Reasoning in white rats. Comparative Psychology Monographs 6:1–93. [MNB, taHLR, EMS]Google Scholar
Maki, W. S. Jr., & Leith, C. R. (1973) Shared attention in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19:345–49. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maki, W. S. Jr., Brokofsky, S. & Berg, B. (1979) Spatial memory in rats: Resistance to retroactive interference. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:25–30. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maki, W. S., Gillund, G., Hauge, G. & Siders, W. A. (1977) Matching to sample after extinction of observing responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3:285–96. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Maki, W. J., Moe, J. C. & Bierley, C. M. (1977) Short-term memory for stimuli, responses and reinforcers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3:156–77. [EJC]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1979) Disorders of language and memory. In: Applied problems in memory, ed. Gruneberg, M. & Morris, P., pp. 249–67. London: Academic Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Marx, M. H. & Hillix, W. A. (1979) Systems and theories in psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Mason, M. & Wilson, M. (1974) Temporal differentiation and recognition memory for visual stimuli in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103:383–90. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A. (1981) Review of Perspectives in cognitive science, ed. by D. A. Norman, Science 214:57. [HST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [AWL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1970) Memory and the medial temporal regions of the brain. In: Biology of memory, ed. Pribram, K. H. & Broadbent, D. E., pp. 29–50. New York: Academic Press. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishkin, M. & Delacour, J. (1975) An analysis of short-term visual memory in the monkey. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1:326–34. [taHLR]Google ScholarPubMed
Moore, E. F. (1956) Gedanken-experiments on sequential machines. In: Automata studies, ed. Shannon, C. E. & McCarthy, J., pp. 129–53. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [rHLR, WRV]Google Scholar
Moore, J. W. (1979) Brain processes and conditioning. In: Mechanisms of learning and motivation: A memorial volume to Jerzy Konorski, ed. Dickinson, A. & Boakes, R. A., pp. 111–42. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PJS]Google Scholar
Murdock, B. B. (1976) Item and order information in short-term serial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105:191–216. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadel, L. and MacDonald, L. (1980) Hippocampus: Cognitive map or working memory? Behavioral and Neural Biology 29:405–09. [LN, rHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and reality. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [HST]Google Scholar
Nelson, R. J. (1975) On machine expectation. Synthese 39:129–39. [RJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. J. (1976) On mechanical recognition. Philosophy of Science 43:24–52. [RJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, A. (1980) Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science 4:117–33. [EMS]Google Scholar
Newell, A. & Simon, H. A. (1972) Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [RE]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A., Rumelhart, D. E. & the LNR Research Group (1975) Explorations in cognition. San Francisco: Freeman. [RL]Google Scholar
Oatley, K. (1978) Perceptions and representations. New York: Free Press. [taHLR]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [JCM, rHLR, MW]Google Scholar
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1979) Précis of O'Keefe & Nadel's The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:487–94. [rHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1978) Characteristics of spatial memory. In: Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K., pp. 341–73. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. (1979) Mazes, maps and memory. American Psychologist 34:588–96. [HST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olton, D. S. & Collison, C. (1979) Intramaze cues and “odor trails” fail to direct choice behavior on an elevated maze. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:221–23. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olton, D. S., Collison, C. & Werz, W. A. (1977) Spatial memory and radial arm maze performance by rats. Learning and Motivation, 8:289–314. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olton, D. S., Handelmann, G. E. & Walker, J. A. (1981) Spatial memory and food searching strategies. In: Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches, ed. Kamil, A. C. & Sargent, T. D., pp. 333–54. New York: Garland STPM. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Olton, D. S. & Papas, B. C. (1979) Spatial memory and hippocampal function. Neuropsychologia 17:669–82. [rHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olton, D. S. & Samuelson, R. J. (1976) Remembrance of places past: Spatial memory in rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2:97–116. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Paivio, A. (1975) Neomentalism. Canadian Journal of Psychology 29:263–91. [ACC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, S. E. (1978) Fundamental aspects of cognitive representation. In: Cognition and categorization, ed. Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B., pp. 259–303. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [SHH, RL, taHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned rseflexes, Anrep, G. V., Trans. London: Oxford University Press. [PJS]Google Scholar
Perdeck, A. C. (1958) Two types of orientation in migrating starlings Sturnus vulgaris and chaffinches Fringilla coelebs as revealed by displacement experiments. Ardea 46:1–37. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Peterson, G. B. & Trapold, M. A. (1980) Effects of altering outcome expectancies on pigeons' delayed conditional discrimination performance. Learning and Motivation 11:267–88. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. P. (1962) Conjectures and refutations. New York: Harper and Row. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H. (1958) Neocortical function in behavior. In: Biological and biochemical bases of behavior, ed. Harlow, H. F. & Woolsey, C. N., pp. 151–72. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. [MW]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1978) Imagery and Artificial Intelligence. In: Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 9, Perception and cognition: Issues in the foundations of psychology, ed. Savage, C. W., pp. 20–22. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [RJN]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1979) Validating computational models: A critique of Anderson's indeterminacy of representation claim. Psychological Review 86:383–94. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1980) Computation and cognition: Issues in the foundations of cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:111–69. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1980) Behaviorism in everyday life. Englewood Cliff's, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [AWL]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J. & Green, L. (1981) Mazimization theory in behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:371–417. [AWL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radnitzky, G. & Andersson, G. (1978) Boston studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 58: Progress and rationality in science. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1967) Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review 74:71–80. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. & Solomon, R. L. (1967) Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review 74:151–82. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F., pp. 64–99. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PJS]Google Scholar
Riley, D. A. (1968) Discrimination learning. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Riley, D. A., Cook, R. G. & Lamb, M. R. (1981) A classification and analysis of short term retention codes in pigeons. Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory 15. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, D. A. & Roitblat, H. L. (1978) Selective attention and related cognitive processes in pigeons. In: Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K.. Hillsdale, N.J.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. A. (1972) Short-term memory in the pigeon: Effects of repetition and spacing. Journal of Experimental Psychology 94:74–83. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, W. A. and Dale, R. H. I. (1981) Remembrance of places lasts: Proactive inhibition and patterns of choice in rat spatial memory. Learning and Motivation 12:261–81. [LN, tarHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, W. A. & Grant, D. S. (1974) Short term memory in the pigeon with presentation time precisely controlled. Learning and Motivation 5:393–408. [tarHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, W. A. & Grant, D. S. (1976) Studies of short-term memory in the pigeon using the delayed matching to sample proceedure. In: Processes of animal memory, ed. Medin, D. L., Roberts, W. A. & Davis, R. T., pp. 79–112. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Roberts, W. A. & Smythe, W. E. (1979) Memory lists for spatial events in the rat. Learning and Motivation 10:313–36. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1980) Codes and coding processes in pigeon short-term memory. Animal Learning and Behavior 8:341–51. [tarHLR, WAR, HST, MW, TRZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1982, in press) Discrete vs. graded processes in pigeon working memory. In: Harvard symposium in the quantitative analysis of behavior, ed. Commons, M. L. & Wagner, A. R.. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. & Scopatz, R. M. Sequential effects in delayed matching to sample. Submitted for publication. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Roitblat, H. L., Tham, W. & Golub, L. (1982) Performance of Betta splendens in a radial arm maze. Animal Learning and Behavior 9. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorty, R. (1979) Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [CPS]Google Scholar
Rozeboom, W. W. (1979) On behavioral theories of reference. Philosophy of Science 46:175–203. [WWR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sands, S. F. & Wright, A. A. (1980) Serial probe recognition performance by a Rhesus monkey and a human with 10- and 20-item lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavioral Processes 6:386–96. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Scandrett, J. & Gormezano, I. (1980) Microprocessor control and A/D data acquisition in classical conditioning. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 12:120–25. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sechenov, I. M. (1965) Reflexes of the brain: An attempt to establish the physiological basis of psychical processes. Trans. Belsky, S.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [PJS]Google Scholar
Segal, E. M. & Lachman, R. (1972) Complex behavior or higher mental process: Is there a paradigm shift. American Psychologist, 27:46–55. [taHLR, EMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shavalia, D. A., Dodge, A. A. & Beatty, W. W. (1981) Time-dependent effects of ECS on spatial memory in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 31:261–73. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheafor, P. J. (1975) “Pseudoconditioned” jaw movements of the rabbit reflect associations conditioned to contextual background cues. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 104:245–60. [PJS]Google Scholar
Sheafor, P. J. & Gormezano, I. (1972) Conditioning the rabbit's jaw-movement response: US magnitide effects on URs, CRs, and pseudo-CRs. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 81:449–56. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheafor, P. J. & Rowland, V. (1974) Dissociation of cortical steady potential shifts from mass action potentials in cats awaiting food rewards. Physiological Psychology 2:471–80. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimp, C. P. (1976a) Organization in memory and behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 26:113–30. [CPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimp, C. P. (1976b) Short-term memory in the pigeon: Relative recency. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 25:55–61. [taHLR, HST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimp, C. P. (1981) How objective is behavioral language? Talk given at a symposium at the 1981 annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles. [CPS]Google Scholar
Shimp, C. P. & Moffitt, M. (1974) Short-term memory in the pigeon: Stimulus-response associations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 22:507–12. [HST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, H. A. (1978) On the forms of mental representation. In: Perception and cognition issues in the foundations of psychology, ed. Savage, C. Wade, pp. 3–18Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1945) The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review 52:270–77; 291–4. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216. [HST]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan. [ACC, AWL]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1966) An operant analysis of problem-solving. In: Problem solving, ed. Kleinmuntz, B.. New York: Wiley. [ACC]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1969) Notes. In: Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis, ed. Skinner, B. F., pp. 157–71. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [ACC]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1974) About behaviorism. New York: Knopf. [rHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1977) Why I am not a cognitive psychologist. Behaviorism 5:1–10. [RE]Google Scholar
Spence, K. W. (1937) The differential response of animals to stimuli differing within a single dimension. Psychological Review 44:430–44. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starr, A. & Phillips, L. (1970) Verbal and motor memory in the amnestic syndrome. Neuropsychologia 8:75–80. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternberg, S. (1975) Memory scanning: New findings and current controversies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 27:1–32. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratton, G. M. (1927) Theophrastus and the Greek physiological psychology before Aristotle. New York: Macmillan. [ACC]Google Scholar
Straub, R. O. (1979) Serial learning and representation of a sequence in the pigeon. Ph.D. thesis. New York: Columbia University. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Straub, R. O., Seidenberg, M. S., Bever, T. G. & Terrace, H. S. (1979) Serial learning in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32:137–48. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straub, R. O. & Terrace, H. S. (1982) Generalization of serial learning in the pigeon. Animal Learning and Behavior 9:454–68. [AWL, taHLR, HST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, S., Augerinos, G. & Black, A. H. (1980) Stimulus control of spatial behavior on the eight-arm maze in rats. Learning and Motivation 11:1–18. [tarHLR, WAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1982, in press) Simultaneous chaining: The problem it poses for traditional chaining theory. In: Harvard symposium on the quantitative analysis of behavior, ed. Commons, M. L. & Wagner, A. R.. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. [taHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Terrace, H. S. & Straub, R. O. (1981) Generalization of serial learning in the pigeon. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, N.Y. [AWL]Google Scholar
Teyler, T. J., Baum, W. M. & Patterson, M. M. (1975) Behavioral and biological issues in the learning paradigm. Physiological Psychology 3:65–72. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. F. (1976) The search for the engram. American Psychologist, 31:209–27. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. F. (1980) The search for the engram, II. In: Neural mechanisms in behavior, ed. McFadden, D., pp. 172–222. New York: Springer-Verlag. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, C. R. & Church, R. M. (1980) An explanation of the language of a chimpanzee. Science 208:313–14. [SHH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorndike, E. L. (1911) Animal intelligence. New York: Macmillan. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1950) A note on detour behavior with Ammophila pubescens Curt. Behaviour 2:257–64. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N. & Kruyt, W. (1938) Über die Orientierung des Bienenwolfes (Philanthus triangulum Fabr.) I, II. Die Bevorzugung bestimmter Wegmarken, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 25:292–334. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1932) Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Centory. [taHLR, CPS, PJS, MW, TRZ]Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1948) Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review 55:189–208. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolman, E. C. (1959) Principles of purposive behavior. In: Psychology: A study of science, ed. Koch, S.. New York: McGraw-Hill. [rHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972) Episodic and semantic memory. In: Organization of memory, ed. Tulving, E. & Donaldson, W., pp. 381–403. New York: Academic Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1978) The psychobiology of mind. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PJS]Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (1981) A taxonomy of visual processes. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. [WRV]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J. & Maturana, H. R. (1981) Living ways of sense-making. Presented at the International Symposium “Disorder and Order,” Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, September 13–15. [JJ]Google Scholar
Von Uexkull, J. (1957) Stroll through the worlds of animals and man. In: Instinctive behavior, ed. Schiller, C. H., pp. 5–80London: Methuen; orig. publ. 1934. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R. (1976) Priming in STM: An information-processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. In: Habituation, ed. Tighe, T. J. and Leaton, R. N., pp. 95–128. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CPS]Google Scholar
Walker, J. A. & Olton, D. S. (1979) The role of response and reward in spatial memory. Learning and Motivation 10:73–84. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walters, E. T., Carew, T. J. & Kandel, E. R. (1981) Associative learning in Aplysia: Evidence for conditioned fear in an invertebrate. Science 211:504–6. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, E. A. (1981) Response evocation in autoshaping: Contributions of cognitive and comparative-evolutionary analyses to an understanding of directed action. In: Autoshaping and conditioning theory, ed. Locurto, C. M., Terrace, H. S. & Gibbon, J., pp. 21–54. New York: Academic Press. [PJS]Google Scholar
Wasserman, E. A., Nelson, K. R. & Larew, M. B. (1980) Memory for sequences of stimuli and responses. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:49–60. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, J. (1978) The Popperian approach to scientific knowledge. In: Progress and rationality in science, ed. Radnitzky, G. and Andersson, G.. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1913) Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20:158–77. [AWL, CPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1914) Behavior: An introduction to comparative psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [EMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1916) The place of the conditioned-reflex in psychology. Psychological Review 23:89–116. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1920) Is thinking merely the action of the language mechanism? British Journal of Psychology 11:86–104. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1970) Behaviorism. Reprinted. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. [AWL, PJS, TRZ]Google Scholar
Weimer, W. B. (1973) Psycholinguistics and Plato's paradoxes of the Meno. American Psychologist 28:15–33. [ACC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimer, W. B. (1979) Notes on the methodology of scientific research. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [rHLR]Google Scholar
Weimer, W. B. & Palermo, D. S. (1973) Paradigms and normal science in psychology. Science Studies 3:211–14. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisman, R. G. & DiFranco, M. P. (1981a) Memory and recognition in delayed sequence discrimination. In: Harvard Symposium in the Quantitative Analysis of Behavior, ed. Commons, M. L. & Wagner, A. R.. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Weisman, R. G. & DiFranco, M. P. (1981b) Testing models of delayed sequence discrimination in pigeons: Delay intervals and stimulus durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 7:413–24. [HST]Google Scholar
Weisman, R. G. & Dodd, P. W. D. (1979) The study of association: Methodology and basic phenomena. In: Mechanisms of learning and motivation: A memorial volume to Jerzey Konorksi, ed. Dickinson, A. & Boakes, R. A., pp. 337–63. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Weisman, R. G., Wasserman, E. A., Dodd, P. W. & Larew, M. B. (1980) Representation and retention of two-event sequences in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6:312–25. [taHLR, HST]Google Scholar
Wickelgren, W. A. (1968) Sparing of short-term memory in an amnesic patient: Implications for strength theory of memory. Neuropsychologia 6:235–44. [MW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. (1978). Visual system: Pulvinar-extrastriate cortex. In: Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, ed. Masterton, R. B., pp. 208–47. New York: Plenum Press. [MW]Google Scholar
Wilson, M., Kaufman, H. M., Zieler, R. E. & Lieb, J. P. (1972) Visual identification and memory in monkeys with circumscribed inferotemporal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78:173–83. [MW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winograd, E. (1971) Some issues relating animal memory to human memory. In: Animal memory, ed. Honig, W. K. & James, P. H. R.. New York: Academic Press. [taHLR]Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1968) Philosophical investigations. New York: Macmillan. [CPS]Google Scholar
Worsham, R. W. (1975) Temporal discrimination factors in the delayed matching-to-sample task in monkeys. Animal Learning and Behavior 3:93–7. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A. A., Santiago, H. C., Urcuioli, P. J. & Sands, S. F. (1982, in press) Monkey and pigeon acquisition of same/different concept using pictorial stimuli. In: Harvard Symposium in the Quantitative Analysis of Behavior, ed. Commons, M. L. & Wagner, A. R.. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. [tarHLR]Google Scholar
Young, K. K. (1962) Tests of three hypotheses about the effective stimulus in serial learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 63:307–13. [EJC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zener, K. (1937) The significance of behavior accompanying conditioned salivary secretion for theories of the conditioned response. American Journal of Psychology 50:384–403. [PJS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zentall, T. R., Edwards, C. A., Moore, B. S. & Hogan, D. E. (1981) Identity: The basis for both matching and oddity learning in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 7:70–86. [taHLR, TRZ]Google Scholar
Zentall, T. R. & Hogan, D. E. (1978) Same/different concept learning in the pigeon: The effect of negative instances and prior adaptation to transfer stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 30:177–86. [taHLR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed