Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T13:15:25.332Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Functions of play: First steps toward evolutionary explanation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

C. M. Berman
C. M. Berman
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y. 14261
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , March 1982 , pp. 157 - 158
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamee, R. E., Stark-Adamec, C. & Livingston, K. E. (1980) The development of predatory aggression and defense in the domestic cat (Felis catus). 11. Development of aggression and defense in the first 164 days of life. Behavioral and Neural Biology 30:410–34. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldis, O. (1975) Play fighting. New York: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Altmann, J. (1979) Age cohorts as paternal sibships. Behavioral Ecology and Sociohiology 6:161–64. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altmann, J. (1980) Baboon mothers and infants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [CMB]Google Scholar
Aslin, H. (1974) The behavior of Dasyroides byrnei (marsupialia) in captivity. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 35:187–200. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. (1981) The evolution of cooperation. Science 211:1390–96. [FEP, PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babcock, B. A. (1978) The reversible world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. [BS-S]Google Scholar
Bacon, K. S. (1980) Curiosity in the American black bear. In: Bears – Their biology and management, ed. Martinka, C. J. & McArthur, K. L., pp. 153–57. Bear Biology Association: U.S. Government Printing Office. [GMB]Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. (1969) The ontogeny of social behavior of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in a seminatural environment. Folia Primatologica 11:35–79. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. & Baldwin, J. I. (1973) Interactions between adult female and infant howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Folia Primatologica 20:27–71. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, J. D. & Baldwin, J. I. (1974) Exploration and social play in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri). American Zoologist 14:303–15. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. & Baldwin, J. I. (1977) The role of learning phenomena in the ontogeny of exploration and play. In: Primate bio-social development, ed. Chavalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E., pp. 343–406. New York: Garland Publishing. [JDB, MF, HBS, PKS]Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. & Baldwin, J. I. (1981) Beyond sociolnology. New York: Elsevier. [JDB]Google Scholar
Bally, G. (1945) Vom Ursprung und von den Crenzen der Freiheit, eine Deutung des Spieles bei Tier und Mensch. Basel: Birkhäuser. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Barash, D. P. (1973) The social biology of the Olympic marmot. Animal Behaviour Monographs 6:171–245. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. (1978) Culture and sociobiology. American Anthropologist 8:5–20. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, P. & Bateson, P. (1978) The development of play in cats. Behaviour 66:106–20. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, G. (1955) A theory of play and fantasy. Psychiatric Research Reports 2:39–51. [BS-S, HBS, PKS]Google Scholar
Bateson, G. (1956) The message “This is play.” In: Group processes: Transactions of the second conference. New York: Josiah Macy Foundation. [HBS, PKS]Google Scholar
Bateson, P. & Young, M. (1981) Separation from the mother and the development of play in cats. Animal Behaviour 29:173–80. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, P. P. G. (1976a) Rules and reciprocity in behavioral development. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A., pp. 401–21. Cambridge University Press. [BF]Google Scholar
Bateson, P. P. G. (1976b) Specificity and the origins of behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 6:1–20. [RF, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, F. A. (1945) Current concepts of play in animals. American Naturalist 79:523–41. [MF, BS-S]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, B. B. (1974) Baboons, chimpanzees, and tools. Journal of Human Evolution 3:509–16. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, B. B. (1980) Animal tool behavior: The use and manufacture of tools by animals. New York: Garland STPM Press. [GMB]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1974) Social play and play-soliciting by infant canids. American Zoologist 14:323–40. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1975) The communication of play intention: Are play signals functional? Semiotica 15:231–40. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1976a) Animal play: Problems and perspectives. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 2. ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H., pp. 165–88. New York: Plenum Press. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1976b) The social deprivation paradigm: Who's being deprived of what? Developmental Psychobiology 9:497–98. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bekoff, M. (1977) Socialization in mammals with an emphasis on nonprimates. In: Primate Ińo-social development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E., pp. 603–36. New York: Garland Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1977) Mammalian dispersal and the ontogeny of individual behavioral phenntyprs. American Naturalist 111:715–32. [MB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekoff, M. (1978) Social play: Structure, function, and the evolution of a cooperative social behavior. In: The development of behavior: Comparative and evolutionary aspects, ed. Burghardt, G. M. & Bekoff, M., pp. 367–83. New York: Garland Press. [CMB, PKS]Google Scholar
Bekoff, M. & Byers, J. A. (1981) A critical reanalysis of the ontogeny and phytogeny of mammalian social and locomotor play: An ethological hornet's nest. In: Issues in behavioral development: The Bielefeld interdisciplinary conference, ed. Immelmann, K., Barlow, G., Main, M. & Petrinovich, L.. Cambridge University Press. [MB]Google Scholar
Bennett, E. L.; Rosenzweig, M. R.; Morimoto, H. & Hebert, M. (1979) Maze training alters brain weights and cortical RNA/DNA ratios. Behavioral and Neural Biology 26:1–22. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlyne, D. E. (1950) Novelty and curiosity as determiners of exploratory behaviour. British Journal of Medical Psychology 41:68–80. [DPW]Google Scholar
Berlyne, D. E. (1969) Laughter, humor, and play. In: Handbook of social psychology, ed. Lindzey, G. & Aronson, E., vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 795–852. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. [HBS]Google Scholar
Berlyne, D. E. (1971) Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PEM]Google Scholar
Berman, C. M. (1978) Social relationships among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Cambridge, England. [CMB]Google Scholar
Berman, C. M. (1980) Early agonistic experience and rank acquisition among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys. International Journal of Primatology 1:153–70. [CMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, I. S. (1962) Response to nesting materials of wild born and captive born chimpanzees. Animal Behavior 10:1–6. [GMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, I. S. (1964) The integration of rhesus monkeys introduced to a group. Folia Primatologica 2:50–63. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, I. S. (1967) Age and experience in chimpanzee nest building. Psychological Reports 20:1106. [GMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, I. S. (1980) Activity patterns in a stumptail macaque group (Macaca arctoides). Folia Primatologica 33:20–45. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, I. S. & Schusterman, R. J. (1964) The activity of gibbons in a social group. Folia Primatologica 2:161–70. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertram, B. C. B. (1976) Kin selection in lions and in evolution. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A., pp. 287–301. Cambridge University Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Biben, M. (1979) Predation and predatory play behaviour of domestic cats. Animal Behaviour 27:81–94. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, H. G. (1945) The relation of previous experience to insightful problem solving. Journal of Comparative Psychology 38:267–83. [BV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boelkins, R. C. & Wilson, R. P. (1972) Intergroup social dynamics of the Cayo Santiago rhesus (Macaca mulatto) with special reference to changes in group membership by males. Primates 13:125–40. [CMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradbury, J. W. (1977) Social organization and communication. In: Biology of Bats vol. III, ed. Wimsatt, W. A., pp. 1–72. New York: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Bramblett, C. A. (1978) Sex differences in the acquisition of play among juvenile vervet monkeys. In: Social play in primates, ed. Smith, E. O., pp. 33–68. New York: Academic Press. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breuggeman, J. A. (1978) The function of adult play in free-ranging Macaca mulatta. In: Social play in primates, ed. Smith, E. O., pp. 169–91. New York: Academic Press. [MF, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, A. (1954) Play in domestic cattle: An analysis of its nature. British Veterinary Journal 110:48–68. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1972) The nature and uses of immaturity. American Psychologist 27:687–708. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1973) Organisation of early skilled action. Child Development 44:1–11. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchmann, O. L. K. & Guiler, E. R. (1977) Behaviour and ecology of the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii. In: The biology of marsupials, ed. Stonehouse, B. & Gilmore, D., pp. 155–68. London: Macmillan. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1975) Behavioral research on common animals in small zoos. In: Research in zoos and aquariums, pp. 103–133. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. [GMB]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1977) Of iguanas and dinosaurs: Social behavior and communication in neonate reptiles. American Zoologist 17:177–90. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1978) Behavioral ontogeny in reptiles: Whence, whither, and why? In: The development of behavior: Comparative and evolutionary aspects, ed. Burghardt, G. M. & Bekoff, M., pp. 149–74. New York: Garland STPM Press. [GMB]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. & Burghardt, L. S. (1972) Notes on the behavioral development of two female black bear cubs: The first eight months. In: Bears – Their biology and management, ed. Herrero, S., pp. 255–73. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (I.U.C.N.) No. 23, Morges, Switzerland. [GMB]Google Scholar
Byers, J. A. (1977) Terrain preferences in the play behavior of Siberian ibex kids (Capra ibex sibirica). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 45:199–209. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byers, J. A. (1980) Play partner preferences in Siberian ibex, Capra ibex sibirica. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 53:23–40. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, R. B. (1972) Fighting and punishment from a developmental perspective. Nebraska symposium on motivation 20:59–124. [MB]Google ScholarPubMed
Caldwell, D. K.; Caldwell, M. C. & Rice, D. W. (1966) Behavior of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon L. In: Whales, dolphins and porpoises, ed. Norris, K. S., pp. 677–717. Berkeley: University of California Press. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, B. G. (1974) Human evolution. Chicago: Aldine. [PKS]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1975) On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist 30:1103–26. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caro, T. M. (1979) Relations between kitten behaviour and adult predation. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 51:158–68. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caro, T. M. (1980a) Effects of the mother, object play, and adult experience on predation in cats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 29:29–51. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caro, T. M. (1980b) The effects of experience on the predatory patterns of cats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 29:1–28. [CMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Case, T. J. (1978) Endothermy and parental care in the terrestrial vertebrates. American Naturalist 112:861–74. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, J. (1981) A journey to freedom. Smithsonian 12:90–101. [GMB]Google Scholar
Cavallo, D. (1976) Social reform and the movement to organise children's play during the progressive era. History of Childhood Quarterly 3:509–22. [PKS]Google ScholarPubMed
Chalmers, N. (1979) Social behaviour in primates. London: Edward Arnold. [PKS]Google Scholar
Chalmers, N. (1980) The ontogeny of play in feral olive baboons (Papio anubis). Animal Behaviour 28:570–85. [CMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamove, A. S.; Hosenblum, L. A. & Harlow, H. F. (1973) Monkeys (Macaca mulatto) raised only with peers: A pilot study. Animal Behaviour 21:316–25. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. L. (1977) The acquisition of rank and the development of reciprocal alliances among free-ranging immature baboons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:303–18. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. L. (1978) The play partners of immature baboons. Animal Behaviour 26:1038–50. [CMB. PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chepko, B. D. (1971) A preliminary study of the effects of play deprivation on young goats. Zeilschrift für Tierpsychologie 28:517–26. [PKS]Google Scholar
Cherry, L. (1980) How the mind affects our health. New York Times Magazine, 11 23. [ML]Google Scholar
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1977) A Piagetian model for describing and comparing socialization in monkey, ape, and human infants. In: Primate bio-social development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E., pp. 159–87. NewYork: Garland Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Chivers, D. J. (1979) The siamang and the gibbon in the Malay Peninsula. In: Primate ecology: Problem-oriented field studies, ed. Sussman, R. W., pp. 285–373. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [PKS]Google Scholar
Cloak, F. T. (1975) Is a cultural ethology possible? Human Ecology 3:161–82. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H.; Albon, S. D.; Gibson, R. M. & Guinness, F. E. (1979) The logical stag: Adaptive aspects of fighting in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) Animal Behaviour 27:211–25. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975) Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jos-sey-Bass. [HBS]Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1981) Some paradoxes in the definition of play. In: Play as context, ed. Cheska, A. T., pp. 14–25. New York: Leisure Press. [HBS]Google Scholar
Dansky, J. L. (1980) Make believe: A mediator of the relationship between play and associative fluency. Child Development 51:576–79. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dansky, J. L. & Silverman, I. W. (1973) Effects of play on associative fluency in preschool aged children. Developmental Psychology 9:38–44. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dansky, J. L. (1975) Play: A general facilitator of associative fluency. Developmental Psychology 11:104. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of the Environment (1973) Children at play: Design bulletin 27. London: H.M.S.O. [PKS]Google Scholar
Durham, W. H. (1976) The adaptive significance of cultural behavior. Human Ecology 4:89–121. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1950) Uber die Jugendentwicklung des Verhaltens eines männlichen Dachses (Meles meles L.) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spieles. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 7:327–55. [IE-E]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1951) Zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie und Jugendentwicklung des Eichhörnchens. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 8:370–400. [IE-E]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1958) Das Verhalten der Nagetiere. Handbuch der Zoologie, Berlin 8:1–88. [PKS]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1963) Angeborenes und Erworbenes im Verhalten einiger Säuger, Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20:705–54. [IE-E]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1964) The bird that uses a tool for food-gathering. Animal Kingdom 67:11–13. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1975) Ethology, the biology of behavior 2nd ed.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1976) Mens henforschung auf Neuen Wegen. Wien: Molden. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Einon, D. F. & Morgan, M. J. (1977) A critical period for social isolation in the rat. Developmental Psychobiology 10:123–32. [RF, PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einon, D. F.; Morgan, M. J. & Kibbler, C. C. (1978) Brief periods of socialisation and later behaviour in the rat. Developmental Psychobiology 11:213–25. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einstein, A. (1935) The world as I see it. London: Bodley Head. [MC]Google Scholar
Ellefson, J. O. (1967) A natural history of the gibbon of the Malay Peninsula. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley. [PKS]Google Scholar
Ellis, M. J. (1973) Why people play. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [PKS]Google Scholar
Espmark, Y. (1971) Mother-young relationship and ontogeny of behaviour in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 29:42–81. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etaugh, C. & Happach, A. (1979) Effect of aggressive play on children's subsequent aggressive behavior. Psychological Reports 45:656–58. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewer, R. F. (1966) Juvenile behavior in the African ground squirrel, Xerus erythropus (E. Geoff.). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 23:190–216. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewer, R. F. (1971) The biology and behaviour of a free-living population of black rats (Ratttts rattus). Animal Behaviour Monographs 4:125–74. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewer, R. F. (1968) A preliminary survey of the behaviour in captivity of the dasyurid marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 25:319–65. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewer, R. F. (1973) The carnivores. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Fady, J.-C. (1969) Les jeux sociaux: Le compagnon de jeux chez les jeunes. Observations chez Macaca trus. Folia Primatologica 11:134–43. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1974) Selective and evolutionary aspects of animal play. American Naturalist 108:850–58. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1976a) Exercise, play, and physical training in animals. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 2. ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. pp. 189–219. New York: Plenum Press. [GMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1976b) Modelling how and why play works. In: Play – Its role in development and evolution, ed. Bruner, J. S., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K., pp. 96–115. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. [PKS]Google Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1977) Selection for optimal age-dependent schedules of play behavior. American Naturalist 111:395–414. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1978) Evolutionary biological models of animal play behavior. In: Development of behavior, ed. Burghardt, G. M. & Bekoff, M., pp. 385–404. New York: Garland Press. [FEP, PKS]Google Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1980) Ontogeny of play behaviour: Bimodal age schedules. Animal Behaviour 28:1290. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagen, R. M. (1981) Animal play behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. [GMB, MB, MC, RF, BS-S]Google Scholar
Fagen, R. M. & George, T. K. (1977) Play behavior and exercise in young ponies (Equus caballus L.). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:267–69. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farentinos, R. C. (1971) Some observations on the play behavior of the steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubata). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 28:428–38. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fedigan, L. (1972) Social and solitary play in a colony of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) Primates 13:347–64. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fein, G. G. (1981) The physical environment: Stimulation or evocation. In: Individuals as producers of their development, ed. Lerner, R. M. & Busch-Rosnagel, N. A.. Academic Press. [GGF]Google Scholar
Fein, G. G. (in press) Pretend play in childhood: An integrative review. Child Development. [GGF, PKS]Google Scholar
Ferchmin, P. A.; Bennett, E. L. & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1975) Direct contact with enriched environment is required to alter cerebral weight in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88:360–67. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferchmin, P. A. & Eterovié, V. A. (1977) Brain plasticity and environmental complexity: Role of motor skills. Physiology and Behavior 18:455–61. [PAF, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferchmin, P. A. & Eterovié, V. A. (1979) Mechanism of brain growth by environmental stimulation. Science 205:522. [PAF, PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferchmin, P. A.; Eterovié, V. A. & Caputto, R. (1970) Studies of brain weight and RNA content after short periods of exposure to environmental complexity. Brain Research 20:49–57. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferchmin, P. A.; Eterovié, V. A. & Levin, L. E. (1980) Genetic learning deficiency does not hinder environment-dependent brain growth. Psychology and Behavior 24:45–50. [PAF, RF]Google Scholar
Floeter, M. K. & Greenough, W. T. (1979) Cerebellar plasticity: Modification of Purkinje cell structure by differential rearing in monkeys. Science 206:227–29. [PAF, PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forman, G. (1981) The construction of vacant space. Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [DPW]Google Scholar
Frame, L. H. & Frame, G. W. (1976) Female African wild dogs emigrate. Nature (London) 263:227–29. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaines, M. S. & McClenaghan, L. R. (1980) Dispersal in small mammals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11:163–96. [MB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garvey, C. (1977) Play. London: Fontana/Open Books. [PKS]Google Scholar
Garvey, C. (1977) Play Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [HBS]Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1973) The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books. [MC, BS-S]Google Scholar
Geist, V. (1971) Mountain sheep: A study in behavior and evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Geist, V. (1978) Life strategies, human evolution, environmental design: Toward a biological theory of health. New York: Springer Verlag. [RF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentry, R. L. (1974) The development of social behavior through play in the steller sea lion. American Zoologist 14:391–403. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974) The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. Berkeley: University of California Press. [MTG, PKS]Google Scholar
Glickman, S. E. & Sroges, R. W. (1966) Curiosity in zoo animals. Behaviour 27:151–88. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, J. P.; Harlow, H. K. & Schlitz, K. A. (1973) Differential effect of early enrichment and deprivation on learning in the rhesus monkey (Macaco mulatto). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 84:598–604. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ever since Darwin: Reflections in natural history. New York: Norton. [ML]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [HF, PKS]Google Scholar
Greenough, W. T. (1981) Enriched environments and brain anatomy: The results and the assumptions. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston, 04, 1981. [SJS]Google Scholar
Groos, K. (1898) The play of animals. New York: D. Appleton [PKS]Google Scholar
Guyot, G. W.; Bennett, T. L. & Cross, H. A. (1980) The effects of social isolation on the behavior of juvenile domestic cats. Developmental Psychobiology 13:317–29. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halliday, T. R. (1978) Sexual selection and mate choice. In: Behavioural ecology, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B., pp. 180–213. Oxford: Blackwell. [PKS]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. J. III, Buskirk, R. E. & Buskirk, W. H. (1977) Environmental determinants of object manipulation by chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in two southern African environments. Journal of Human Evolution 7:205–16. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handelman, D. (1977) Work and play among the aged: Interaction, replication and emergence in a Jerusalem setting, Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. [HRS]Google Scholar
Happold, M. (1976) The ontogeny of social behavior in four conilurine rodents (Muridae) of Australia. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 40:265–78. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harcourt, A. H. & Stewart, K. J. (1981) Gorilla male relationships: Can differences during immaturity lead to contrasting reproductive tactics in adulthood? Animal Behaviour 19:206–10. [MB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harcourt, A. H.; Stewart, K. J. & Fossey, D. (1976) Male emigration and female transfer in wild mountain gorilla. Nature (London) 263:226–27. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, H. (1949) The formation of learning sets. Psychological Review 56:51–65. [HBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harlow, H. F. & Harlow, M. K. (1966) Learning to love. American Scientist 54:224–72. [BV]Google ScholarPubMed
Harlow, H. F.; Harlow, M. K.; Dodsworth, R. O. & Arling, G. L. (1966) Maternal behavior of rhesus monkeys deprived of mothering and peer associations in infancy. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 110:58–66. [PKS]Google Scholar
Harrington, J. E. (1978) Development of behavior in Lemur macaco in the first nineteen weeks. Folia Primatologica 29:107–28. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassenstein, R. (1980) Instinkt, Lenten, Spielen, Einsicht. Einführung in die Verhaltensbiologie. München: Piper. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Hausfater, G. (1972) Intergroup behavior of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto). Folia Primatologica 18:78–107. [CMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, C. (1976) The imaginary pull-toy. In: Play: Its role in development and evolution, ed. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K., pp. 534–36. New York: Basic Books. [DPW, PKS]Google Scholar
Henry, J. D. & Herrero, S. M. (1974) Social play in the American Black Bear: Its similarity to canid social play and an examination of its identifying characteristics. American Zoologist 14:371–89. [GMB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, E. H. (1964) On anthropomorphism. In: Unfinished tasks in the behavioral sciences, ed. Abrams, A., Garner, H. H. & Tolman, J. E. P., pp. 174–80. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. [GMB]Google Scholar
Hetherington, E. M.; Cox, M. & Cox, R. (1979) Play and social interaction in children following divorce. Journal of Social Issues 35:26–49. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, H. L. & Bekoff, M. (1977) The variability of some motor components of social play and agonistic behaviour in infant eastern coyotes, Canis latrans var. Animal Behaviour 25:907–9. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinde, R. A. (1975) The concept of function. In: Function and evolution in behavior, ed. Raerends, G., Beer, C. & Manning, A., pp. 3–15. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [MF, PKS]Google Scholar
Hoffman, H. S. & DePaulo, P. (1977) Behavioral control by an imprinting stimulus. American Scientist 65:58–66. [JDB]Google ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, H. S. & Ratner, A. M. (1973) Effects of stimulus and environmental familiarity on visual imprinting in newly hatched ducklings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 85:11–19. [JDB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holst, E. v. & Saint Paul, U. v. (1960) Das Wirkungsgefüge der Triebe. Die naturwissenschaften 18:409–22. [IE-E]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopson, J. A. (1973) Endothermy, small size and the origin of mammalian reproduction. American Naturalist 107:446–51. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horr, D. A. (1977) Orangutan maturation: Growing up in a female world. In: Primate bio-social development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E., pp. 289–321. New York: Garland Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Horwich, R. H. (1972) The ontogeny of social behavior in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, Suppl. 8. [PKS]Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1977) The langurs of Abu. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Huizinga, J. (1950) Homo ludens. Boston: Beacon Press. [MC]Google Scholar
Humphreys, A. P. & Einon, D. F. (1981) Play as a reinforcer for maze-learning in juvenile rats. Animal Behaviour 29:259–70. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphries, N. (1976) The social function of intellect. In: Growing points in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Hinde, R. A., pp. 303–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Hunsaker, D. II & Shupe, D. (1977) Behavior of new world marsupials. In: The biology of marsupials, ed. Hunsaker, D. II, pp. 279–347. New York: Academic Press. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J. McV. (1976) Environmental programming to foster competence and prevent mental retardation in infancy. In: Environments as therapy for brain dysfunction, ed. Walsh, R. N. & Greenough, W. T.. pp. 201–55. New York: Plenum Press. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutt, C. (1976) Exploration and play in children. In: Play – Its role in development and evolution, ed. Bruner, J., Jolly, A., & Sylva, K.. New York: Basic Books. [DPW]Google Scholar
Hutt, C. (1979a) Exploration and play. In: Play and learning, ed. Sutto-Smith, B., pp. 175–194. New York: Gardner Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Hutt, C. (1979b) Play in the under-fives: Form, development and function. In: Modern perspectives in the psychiatry of infancy, ed. Howells, J. G.. New York: Brunner/Mazel. [PKS]Google Scholar
Hutt, C. & Hutt, S. J. (1978) Heart rate variability: The adaptive consequences of individual differences and state changes. In: Human behaviour and adaptation, ed. Jones, N. Blurton & Reynolds, V., pp. 171–89. London: Taylor and Francis. [PKS]Google Scholar
Isaac, G. (1978) The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids. Scientific American 238:90–108. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenni, D. A. (1974) Evolution of polyandry in birds. American Zoologist 14:129–44. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, K. D. (1975) People versus object orientation, social behavior, and intellectual abilities in preschool children. Developmental Psychology 11:511–19. [DPW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juraska, J. M.; Greenough, W. T.; Elliot, C.; Mack, K. J. & Berkowilz, R. (1980) Plasticity in adult rat visual cortex: An examination of several cell populations after differential rearing. Behavioral and Neural Biology 29:157–67. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, J. (1977) Some behavioral observations of surrogate- and mother-reared squirrel monkeys. In: Primate bio-social development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E., pp. 501–11. New York: Garland Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Kaufmann, J. H. (1974) Social ethology of the whiptail wallaby, Macropus parryi, in north-eastern New South Wales. Animal Behaviour 22:281–369. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawai, M. (1965) Newly acquired precultural behavior of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima islet. Primates 6:1–30. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawai, M. (1965) On the system of social rank in a natural group of Japanese monkeys. I. Basic rank and dependent rank. In: Japanese monkeys, a collection of translations, ed. Altmann, S. A.. Atlanta: S. H. Altmann. [CMB]Google Scholar
Klinger, E. (1971) Structure and functions of fantasy. New York: Wiley. [HBS]Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1921) Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen. Berlin: Springer, reprint 1963. [IE-E]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konner, M. J. (1972) Aspects of the developmental ethology of a foraging people. In: Ethological studies of child behaviour, ed. Jones, N. Blurton, pp. 285–304. Cambridge University Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [MC]Google Scholar
Kummer, H. (1971) Primate societies. Chicago: Aldine. [FEP]Google Scholar
Kurland, J. A. (1977) Kin selection in the Japanese monkey. Karger: Basel. [PKS]Google ScholarPubMed
Lancaster, J. B. (1971) Play-mothering: The relations between juvenile females and young infants among free-ranging vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Folia Primatologica 15:161–82. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancy, D. F. (1974) Work, play and learning in a Kpelle town. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Pittsburgh. [DFL, PKS]Google Scholar
Lancy, D. F. (1980) Play in species adaptation. Annual Review of Anthropology 9:471–95. [DFL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, E. (1974) Wertzeuggebrauch beim Brillenbären (Ursus ornatus). Zoologischer Garten 4:324–28. [GMB]Google Scholar
Langer, J. (1981) The origins and early development of logic. Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. [DPW]Google Scholar
Lawick-Goodall, J. van (1968) The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs 1:161–311. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazar, J. W. & Beckhorn, G. D. (1974) Social play or the development of social behavior in ferrets (Mustela Putorius)? American Zoologist 14:405–14. [HBS, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazell, J. D. Jr & Spitzer, N. C. (1977) Apparent play behavior in the American alligator. Copeia 1977:188. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, P. C. & Oliver, J. I. (1979) Competition, dominance and the acquisition of rank in juvenile yellow balboons (Papio cynocephalus). Animal Behavior 27:576–85. [CMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, J. W. (1978) Discussion note. In: Recent advances in primatotogy, vol. I: Behaviour, ed. Chivers, D. J. & Herbert, J., p. 15. London: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Leresche, L. A. (1976) Dyadic play in hamadryas baboons. Behaviour 57:190–205. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lester, D., ed. (1969) Explorations in exploration: Stimulation seeking. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. [GMB]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. & Michalson, L. (1982) Children's emotions and moods: Theory and measurement. New York: Plenum. [ML]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1978) Adaptation. Scientific American 239:156–69. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leyhausen, P. (1965) The communal organization of solitary mammals. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 14:249–63. [GMB]Google Scholar
Linsdale, J. M. & Tomich, P. Q. (1953) A herd of male deer. Berkeley: University of California Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Lockwood, J. L. & Roll, S. (1980) Effects of fantasy behavior, level of fantasy predisposition, age, and sex on direction of aggression in young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology 136:255–64. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loizos, C. (1967) Play behaviour in higher primates: A review. In: Primate ethology, ed. Morris, D., pp. 176–218. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. [PKS]Google Scholar
Lumsden, C. J. & Wilson, E. O. (1981) Genes, mind, and culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [RF]Google Scholar
Marshall, L. (1976) The Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [HBS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1965) The social development of monkeys and apes. In: Primate behavior, ed. DeVore, I., pp. 514–43. New York: Hold, Rinehart and Winston. [PKS]Google Scholar
Mason, W. A. (1970) Motivational factors in psychosocial development. In: Nebraska symposium in motivation, vol. 18, ed. Arnold, W. J. & Page, M. M., pp 35–67. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
McCall, R. B. & McGhee, P. E. (1977) The discrepancy hypothesis of attention and affect in infants. In: The structuring of experience, ed. Uzgiris, I. C. & Weizmann, F., pp. 179–210. New York: Plenum. [PEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonuld, D. L. (1977) Play and exercise in the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus heecheyi). Animal Behaviour 25:782–84. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGhee, P. E. (1979) Humor: Its origin and development. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [PEM, PKS]Google Scholar
McCrew, W. C. (1977) Socialization and object manipulation of wild chimpanzees. In: Primate bio-social development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E.. pp. 261–88. New York: Garland Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
McCrew, W. C. & Tutin, C. E. G. (1978) Evidence for social custom in wild chimpanzees? Man (N.S.) 13:234–51. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrew, W. C.; Tutin, C. E. G. & Baldwin, P. J. (1979) Chimpanzees, tools, and termites: Cross-cultural comparisons of Senegal, Tanzania, and Rio Muni. Man (N.S.) 14:185–214. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meaney, M. J. & Stewart, J. (1981) A descriptive study of social development in the rat. Animal Behaviour 29:34–45. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mergen, B. (1975) The discovery of children's play. American Quarterly 27:399–420. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer-Holzapfel, M. (1956) Das Spiel bei Säugetieren. In: Handbuch der Zoologie, ed. Kükenthal, W., pp. 1–36. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Miller, S. N. (1973) Ends, means, and galumphing: Some leitmotifs of play. American Anthropologist 75:87–98. [HBS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montessori, M. (1912) The Montessori method. London: William Heinemann. [PKS]Google Scholar
Moreau, R. E. & Moreau, W. M. (1946) Do young birds play? Ibis 88:93–94. [PKS]Google Scholar
Morris, D. (1962) The biology of art. London: Methuen. [PKS]Google Scholar
Müller-Schwarze, D. (1968) Play deprivation in deer. Behaviour 31:144–62. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller-Schwarze, D. (1978) Play activities in birds. In: Evolution of play behavior, ed. Müller-Schwarze, D., pp. 368–70. Stroudsburg, Penn.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross. [PKS]Google Scholar
Müller-Schwarze, D. & Müller-Schwarze, C. (1969) Spielverhalten und allgemeine Aktivität bei Schwarzwedelhirschen. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 10:282–89. [PKS]Google Scholar
Murphy, R. F. (1971) The dialectics of social life. New York: Basic Books. [BS-S]Google Scholar
Nadler, R. D. & Braggio, J. T. (1974) Sex and species differences in captive-reared juvenile chimpanzees and orang-utans. Journal of Human Evolution 3:541–50. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, L. T. (1978) Kin preference in the behaviour of young baboons. In: Recent advances in primatology, vol. I: Behaviour, ed. Chivers, D. J. & Herbert, J., pp 71–3. London: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Neill, S. R. St. J. (1976) Aggressive and non-aggressive fighting in twelve-to-thirteen year old pre-adolescent boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 17:213–20. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niemitz, C. (1974) A contribution to the postnatal behavioral development of Tarsius bancanus, Horsfield. 1821. studied in two cases. Folia Primatologica 21:250–76. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nighswander, J. K. & Mayer, G. R. (1969) Catharsis: A means of reducing elementary school students' aggressive behaviors? Personnel and Guidance Journal 47:461–65. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T. & Kawanaka, K. (1972) Inter-unit-group relationships among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali mountains. Kyoto University African Studies 7:131–69. [PKS]Google Scholar
Norikoshi, K. & Koyama, N. (1975) Group shifting and social organisation among Japanese macaques. In: Contemporary primatology, ed. Kondo, S., Kawai, M. & Ehara, A., pp 43–62. Basel: S. Karger. [PKS]Google Scholar
Novak, M. A., & Harlow, H. F. (1975) Social recovery of monkeys isolated for the first year of life. I. Rehabilitation and therapy. Developmental Psychology 11:453–65. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheimer, J. R. & Oppenheimer, E. C. (1973) Preliminary observations of Cebus nigrivittatus (Primates: Cebidae) on the Venezuelan Llanos. Folia Primatologica 19:409–36. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oswald, I. (1969) Human brain protein, drugs and dreams. Nature (London) 223:893–97. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, N. W. (1975a) Social play in free-living baboons, Papio anubis. Animal Behaviour 23:387–408. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, N. W. (1975b) A comparison of aggressive play and aggression in free-living baboons, Papio anubis. Animal Behaviour 23:757–65. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packer, C. (1975) Male transfer in olive baboons. Nature (London) 255:219–20. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Packer, C. (1977) Reciprocal altruism in olive baboons. Nature 265:441–43. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panksepp, J. & Beatty, W. W. (1980) Social deprivation and play in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 30:197–206. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, S. T. (1977) Piaget's sensorimotor series in an infant macaque: A model for comparing unstereotyped behavior and intelligence in human and nonhuman primates. In: Primate bio-social development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E., pp 43–112. New York: Carland Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R. (1977) Object manipulation, tool use, and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in cebus monkeys and great apes. Journal of Human Evolution 6:623–41. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, S. T. & Gibson, K. R. (1979) A developmental model for the evolution of language and intelligence in early hominids. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:367–407. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1951) Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. London: Rout ledge and Kegan Paul. [PKS]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1952) The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press. [PEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1962) Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. Norton. [GGF]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Rowe, D. C. (1979) Genetic and environmental etiology of social behavior in infancy. Developmental Psychology 15:62–72. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poirier, F. E. (1969) The Nilgiri langur troop: Its composition, structure, function and change. Folio Primatologica 10:20–47. [FEP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poirier, F. E. (1970) Nilgiri langur ecology and social behavior. In: Primate behavior: Developments in field and laboratory research, vol. I., ed. Rosenblum, L. A., pp. 251–383. New York: Academic Press. [FEP, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poirier, F. E. (1972) Introduction. In: Primate socialization, ed. Poirier, F. E.. New York: Random House. [FEP]Google Scholar
Poirier, F. E. (1973) Socialization and learning among nonhuman primates. In: Learning and culture, ed. Kimball, S. & Burnett, J.. Seattle: University of Washington Press. [FEP]Google Scholar
Poirier, F. E. (1977) Introduction. In: Primate bio-social development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. & Poirier, F. E., pp 1–39. New York: Garland Press. [FEP, PKS]Google Scholar
Poirier, F. E.; Bellisari, A. & Haines, L. (1978) Functions of primate play. In: Social play in primates, ed. Smith, E. O.. New York: Academic Press. [FEP]Google Scholar
Poirier, F. E. & Hussey, L. K. (in press) Nonhuman primate learning: The importance of learning in an evolutionary scheme. [FEP]Google Scholar
Poirier, F. E. & Smith, E. O. (1974) Socializing functions of primate play behavior. American Zoologist 14:275–87. [FEP, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, T. B. (1966) Aggressive play in polecats. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 18:23–44. [MB, PKS]Google Scholar
Poole, T. B. (1978) Social play in polecats. Animal Behaviour 26:36–49. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, T. B. & Fish, J. (1975) An investigation of playful behaviour in Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus (Mammalia). Journal of Zoology (London) 175:61–71. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, T. B. & Fish, J. (1976) An investigation of individual, age and sexual differences in the play of Rattus norvegicus (Mammalia: Rodentia). Journal of Zoology (London) 179:249–60. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pough, H. H. (1977) Ontogenetic change in blood oxygen capacity and maximum activity in garter snakes. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 116:337–45. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, D. M. & Anderson, V. H. (1979) Giraffe cow-calf relationships and social development of the calf in the Serengeti. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 51:233–51. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pruitt, C. H. (1974) Social behavior of young captive black bears. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Tennessee, Knoxville. [GMB]Google Scholar
Purton, A. L. (1978) Ethological categories of behavior and some consequences of their conflation. Animal Behavior 26:653–70. [MF, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pysh, J. J. & Weiss, G. M. (1979) Exercise during development induces an increase in Purkinje cell dendritic tree size. Science 206:230–32. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajeeki, D. W., Lamb, M. E. & Obmascher, P. (1978) Toward a general theory of infantile attachment: A comparative review of aspects of the social bond. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:417–64. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasa, O. A. E. (1971) Social interaction and object manipulation in weaned pups of the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 29:82–102. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasa, O. A. E. (1977) The ethology and sociology of the dwarf mongoose [Helogale undulata rufula). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 47:337–406. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, P. (1976) Play, language and human evolution. In: Play: Its role in development and evolution, ed. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K., pp 621–35. New York: Basic Books. [HBS]Google Scholar
Redshaw, M. (1978) Cognitive development in human and gorilla infants. Journal of Human Evolution 7:133–41. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rheingold, H. L.; Hay, D. F. & West, M. J. (1976) Sharing in the second year of life. Child Development 47:1148–58. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rimland, B. (1964) Infantile autism: The syndrome and its implications for a neural theory of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DPW]Google Scholar
Roffwarg, H. P.; Muzio, J. N. & Dement, W. C. (1966) Ontogenetic development of the human sleep-dream cycle. Science 152:604–19. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rood, J. P. (1972) Ecological and behavioural comparisons of three genera of Argentine cavies. Animal Behaviour Monographs 5:1–83. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblum, L. A. & Bromley, L. J. (1978) The effects of gonadal hormones on peer interactions. In: Recent advances in primatalogy, vol. I: Behaviour, ed. Chivers, D. J. & Herbert, J., pp 161–64. London: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R. & Bennett, E. L. (1977) Effects of environmental enrichment or impoverishment on learning and on brain values in rodents. In: Genetics, environment and intelligence, ed. Oliverio, A., pp 163–96. Elsevier. [PAF]Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R. & Bennett, E. L. (1978) Experiential influences on brain chemistry in rodents. In: Studies on the development of behavior and the nervous system. ed. Gottlieb, G., pp 289–327, vol. 4, Early influences. New York. [PAF, PKS]Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R.; Bennett, E. L., Hebert, M. & Morimoto, H. (1978) Social grouping cannot account for cerebral effects of enriched environments. Brain Research 153:563–76. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenzweig, M. R., Love, W. & Bennett, E. L. (1968) Effect of a few hours a day of enriched experience on brain chemistry and brain weights. Physiology and Beliavior 3:819–25. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Routh, D. K., Schroeder, C. S. & O'Touma, L. A. (1974) Development of activity level in children. Developmental Psychology 10:163–68. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, B. D. & Harris, V. S. (1978) Sex differences and developmental changes in selected juvenile activities (play) of domestic lambs. Animal Behaviour 26:678–84. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackett, G. P. (1966) Monkeys reared in visual isolation with pictures as visual input: Evidence for an innate releasing mechanism. Science 154:1468–72. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sade, D. S. (1967). Determinants of dominance in a group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys, with a discussion of grooming. In: Social communication among primates, ed. Altmann, S. A., pp 99–111. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [CMB]Google Scholar
Sade, D. S. (1968) Inhibition of son-mother mating among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Science and Psychoanalysis 12:18–38. [CMB]Google Scholar
Sbrzesny, H. (1976) Die Spiele der Ko Buschleute. München: Piper. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Scarlett, W. G. (1980) Social isolation from agemates among nursery school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 21:231–40. [DPW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaller, G. B. (1972) The Serengeti lion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Schenkel, R. (1966) Play, exploration and territoriality in the wild lion. In: Play, exploration and territory in mammals, ed. Jewell, P. A. & Loizos, C., pp 11–22. London: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Schlosberg, H. (1947) The concept of play. Psychological Review 54:229–31. [HBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schroder, H. M.; Driver, M. J. & Streufert, S. (1967) Human information processing. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. [PEM]Google Scholar
Schwartzman, H. B. (1978) Transformations: The anthropology of children's play. New York: Plenum Press. [BS-S, HBS, PKS]Google Scholar
Schultz, T. R. (1979) Play as arousal modulation. In: Play and learning, ed. Sutton-Smith, B., pp 7–22. New York: Gardner Press. [GGF, PKS, DPW]Google Scholar
Singer, J. L. (1966) Daydreaming. New York: Random House. [HBS]Google ScholarPubMed
Singer, J. L. (1973) The child's world of make-believe. New York: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Singer, J. L. (1976) Daydreaming and fantasy. London: George Allen and Unwin. [PKS]Google Scholar
Sluckin, A. M. (1979) Avoiding violence in the playground. Educational Research 21:83–88. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. K. (1977) Social and fantasy play in young children. In: Biology of play, ed. Tizard, B. & Harvey, D., pp 123–45. London: S.I.M.P./Heine-mann. [PKS]Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. (1980) Play and its role in education. Educational Analysis 2:15–24. [PKS]Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. & Connolly, K. (1972) Patterns of play and social interaction in pre-school children. In: Ethological studies of child behaviour, ed. Jones, N. Blurton, pp 65–95. Cambridge University Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Smith, P. K. & Dutton, S. (1979) Play and training in direct and innovative problem solving. Child Development 50:830–36. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. K. & Hagan, T. (1980) Effects of deprivation on exercise play in nursery school children. Animal Behaviour 28:922–28. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorenson, M. W. & Conaway, C. H. (1966) Observations on the social behavior of tree shrews in captivity. Folia Primatologica 4:124–45. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiro, M. (1979) Gender and culture: Kibbutz – woman revisited. Duke University Press. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Standing, E. M. (1957) Maria Montessori: Her life and work. London: Hollis and Carter. [PKS]Google Scholar
Steiner, A. L. (1971) Play activity of Columbian ground squirrels. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 28:247–61. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, M. F. (1978) The ontogeny of playful behaviour in family groups of the common marmoset. In: Recent advances in primatology, vol. I: Behaviour, ed. Chivers, D. J. & Herbert, J., pp 139–63. London: Academic Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Stevenson, M. F. & Poole, T. B. (1976) An ethogram of the common marmoset (Calithrix jacchus jacchus): General behavioural repertoire. Animal Behaviour 24:428–51. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugiyama, Y. (1976) Life history of male Japanese monkeys. In: Advances in the study of behavior, vol. 7. ed. Rosenblatt, J. S., Hinde, R. A., Shaw, E. & Beer, C., pp 255–84. New York: Academic Press. [CMB, PKS]Google Scholar
Suomi, S. J. (1979) Peers, play, and primary prevention in primates. In: Primary prevention of psychopathology, vol. 3. ed. Kent, M. W. & Rolf, J. E., pp 127–49. Hanover, N. H.: University Press of New England. [SJS]Google Scholar
Suomi, S. J. & Harlow, H. F. (1972) Social rehabilitation of isolate-reared monkeys. Developmental Psychology 6:487–95. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton-Smith, B. (1967) The role of play in cognitive development. Young Children 22:361–70. [HBS]Google Scholar
Sutton-Smith, B. (1975) The useless made useful: Play as variability training. School Review 83:197–215. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton-Smith, B. (1978) Die Dialektik des Spiels. Schorndorf: Hoffman. [MB, BS-S]Google Scholar
Sutton-Smith, B. (1979) Epilogue: Play as performance. In: Play and learning, ed. Sutton-Smith, B., pp 295–322. New York: Gardner Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Sylva, K. (1977) Play and learning. In: Biology of play, ed. Tizard, B. & Harvey, D., pp 59–73. London: S.I.M.P./Heinemann. [PKS]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1974) Aggressive play and communication in rhesus monkeys (Macaco mulatto). American Zoologist 14:317–22. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, D. (1978a) Play and aggression: A study of rhesus monkeys. New York: Columbia University Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1978b) The question of function: Dominance and play. In: Social play in primates, ed. Smith, E. O., pp 193–230. New York: Academic Press. [FEP, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tartabini, A.; Genta, M. L. & Bertacchini, P. A. (1979) Mother-infant interaction and rank order in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto). Journal of Human Evolution 9:139–46. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1963) On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20:410–33. [MF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tizard, B. (1977) Play: The child's way of learning. In: Biology of play, ed. Tizard, B. & Harvey, D., pp 199–208. London: S. I. M. P./Heinemann. [PKS]Google Scholar
Tonkinson, R. (1978) The Mardudjara aborigines. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [PKS]Google Scholar
Tower, R. B. & Singer, J. L. (1980) Imagination, interest, and joy in early childhood: Some theoretical considerations and empirical findings. In: Children's humour, ed. McGhee, P. E. & Chapman, A. J., pp 27–57. Chichester, England: Wiley. [PEM]Google Scholar
Trevarthen, C. (1979) Infant play and the creation of culture. New Scientist 81:566–69. [PKS]Google Scholar
Turner, V. (1978). Comments and conclusions. In: The reversible world, ed. Babcock, B. A., pp 276–96. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. [BS-S, PKS]Google Scholar
Tyler, S. J. (1972) The behaviour and social organisation of the New Forest ponies. Animal Behaviour Monographs 5:85–196. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberg, B. (1978) The role of play and personality factors in the development of insightful tool using abilities in children four to ten years of age. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Rochester University. [PKS]Google Scholar
Vandenberg, B. (1978) Play and development from an ethological perspective. American Psychologist 11:724–38. [BV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberg, B. (in press) Play: Dormant issues and new perspectives. Human Development. [BV]Google Scholar
Vincent, L. E. & Bekoff, M. (1978) Quantitiative analyses of the ontogeny of predatory behaviour in coyotes, Canis latrans. Animal Behaviour 26:225–31. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volkmar, F. R. & Greenough, W. T. (1972) Rearing complexity affects branching of dendrites in the visual cortex of the rat. Science 176:1445–47. [PAF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, E. L. (1964) Psychological complexity as a basis for a theory of motivation and choice. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 12, ed. Levine, D., pp 47–97. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [PEM]Google Scholar
Wandrey, R. (1975) Contribution to the study of the social behaviour of captive golden jackals (Canis aureus L). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 39:365–402. [MB, PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, J. M. (1976) Tool use in mammals. In: Evolution of brain and behavior in vertebrates, ed. Masterton, R. B.; Bitterman, M. E.; Campbell, C. B. G. & Hotton, N., pp 607–24. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PKS]Google Scholar
Watanabe, K. (1979) Alliance formation in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques. Primates 20:459–74. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wemmer, C. & Fleming, M. J. (1974) Ontogeny of playful contact in a social mongoose, the meerkat, Suricata suricata. American Zoologist 14:415–26. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, M. (1974) Social play in the domestic cat. American Zoologist 14:427–36. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiting, B. B. (1974) Folk wisdom and child rearing. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 20:9–19. [PKS]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Wilson, S. (1973) The development of social behaviour in the vole (Microtus agrestix). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 52:45–62. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, S. (1974) Juvenile play of the common seal Phoca vitulina vitulina with comparative notes on the grey seal halichoerus grypus. Behaviour 48:37–60. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, S. C., & Kleiman, D. G. (1974) Eliciting play: A comparative study. American Zoologist 14:341–70. [PKS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, D. & Gardner, H. (1979) Style and sequence in early symbolic play. In: Symbolic functioning in childhood, ed. Smith, N. R. & Franklin, M., pp 111–38. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [DPW]Google Scholar
Wolfenstein, M. (1955) Fun morality: An analysis of recent American child-training literature. In: Childhood in contemporary cultures, ed. Mead, M. & Wolfenstein, M., pp 168–78. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [PKS]Google Scholar
Wolff, J. R. (1981) Some morphogenetic aspects of the central nervous system development. In: Issues in behavioral development: The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Conference, ed. Immelmann, K., Barlow, G., Main, M. & Petrinovich, L.. Cambridge University Press, in press. [SJS]Google Scholar