Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:51:29.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Implicit learning: What does it all mean?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

David R. Shanks  and
Mark F. St. John
David R. Shanks
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; david.shanks@psychol.ucl.ac.uk;
Mark F. St. John
Affiliation:
Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. mstjohn@cogsci.ucsd.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the original target article (Shanks & St. John 1994), one of our principal conclusions was that there is almost no evidence that learning can occur outside awareness. The continuing commentaries raise some interesting questions, especially about the definition of learning, but do not lead us to abandon our conclusion.

Type
Author's Responses
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 19 , Special Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 557 - 558
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baer, P. E. & Fuhrer, M. L. (1982) Cognitive factors in the concurrent differential conditioning of eyelid and skin conductance responses. Memory and Cognition 10: 135–140. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bechtel, W. (1988) Philosophy of mind: An overview for cognitive science. Erlbaum. [DES]Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1974) There is no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans. In: Cognition and the symbolic processes, ed Weimer, W. B. & Palermo., D. S. Erlbaum.[JJF]Google Scholar
Dawson, M. E. (1973) Can classical conditioning occur without contingency learning? A review and evaluation of the evidence. Psychophysiology 10: 82–86. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, M. E. & Furedy, J. J. (1976) The role of awareness in human differential autonomic classical conditioning: The necessary-gate hypothesis. Psychojihysiology 13: 50–53. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. (1973) Some limits on the cognitive control of conditioned autonomie behavior. Psychophysiology 10: 108–111. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, J. J. (1988) Arguments for and proposed tests of a revised S-R contiguity-reinforcement theory of human Pavlovian autonomic conditioning Some contra-cognitive claims. Biological Psychology 27: 77–78. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. (1990) Sharing a common language about conditioning requires accurate characterizations of each others’ positions: Reply to Shanks. Biological Psychology 30: 181–187. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. (1991) Alice-in-Wonderland terminological usage in, and communicational concerns about, that peculiarly American flight of technological fancy: The CQT polygraph. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 26: 241–247. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. (1992) Reflections on human Pavlovian decelerative heart-rate conditioning with negative tilt as US: Alternative approaches. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 27: 347–355. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. Arabian, J. M. Thiels, E. & George, L. (1982) Direct and continuous measurement of relational learning in human Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 17: 69–79. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furedy, J. J. & Poulos, C. X. (1976) Heart-rate decelerative Pavlovian conditioning with tilt as UCS: Towards behavioral control of cardiac dysfunction. Biological Psychology 4: 93–106. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, J. J. & Riley, D. M. (1987) Human Pavlovian autonomic conditioning and the cognitive paradigm. In: Conditioning in humans, G. Davey, Wiley & Sons. [JJF]Google Scholar
Furedy, J. J. & Schiffmann, K. (1973) Concurrent measurement of autonomic and cognitive processes in a test of the traditional discriminative control procedure for Pavlovian electrodermal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 100: 21–217. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, J. E. (1962) Contiguity and reinforcement in relation to CS-UCS intervals in classical aversive conditioning. Psychological Review 69: 176–186. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirsh, D. (1990) When is information explicitly represented? In: Hanson, P. P. (ed.), Information, language, and cognition, University of British Columbia Press. [DES]Google Scholar
Lovibond, P. F. (1992) Tonic and phasic electrodermal measures of human aversive conditioning with long duration stimuli. Psychophysiology 29: 621–632. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marinkovic, K. Schell, A. M. & Dawson, M. E. (1989) Awareness of the CS-UCS contingency and classical conditioning of skin conductance responses with olfactory CSs. Biological Psychology 29: 39–60. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1967) Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review 74: 71–80. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1988) Pavlovian conditioning: It's not what you think it is. American Psychologist 43: 151–160. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement. In: Classical conditioning, (vol. 2), eds., Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [JJF]Google Scholar
Schiffmann, K. & Furedy, J. J. (1977) The effect of CS-US contingency variation on GSR and on subjective CS/US relational awareness. Memory and Cognition 5: 273–277. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanks, D. R. (1990) On the cognitive theory of conditioning. Biological Psychology 30: 171–179. [DRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanks, D. R. & St. John, M. F. (1994) Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17: 367–395. [JJF, PK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, M. Stem, J. A. Winokur, G. & Frcdman, S. (1961) An analysis of GSR conditioning. Psycliological Review 687: 60–67. [JJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turing, A. M. (1936). On computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 42: 230–265. [PK]Google Scholar