Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:46:09.385Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Network relaxation as biological computation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Hon C. Kwan
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
Tet H. Yeap
Affiliation:
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
Donald Barrett
Affiliation:
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Toronto East General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4C 3E7, Canada
Bai C. Jiang
Affiliation:
Shanghai Institute of Physiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, Electronic mail: kwan@utormed.bitnet

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Continuing Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbs, J. H., Gracco, V. L. & Cole, K. J. (1984) Control of multimovement coordination: Sensorimotor mechanisms in speech motor programming. Journal of Motor Behavior 16:195231. [rDMC, RGM]Google Scholar
Abdusamatov, R. M. & Feldman, A. G. (1986) Description of electromyograms by a mathematical model of single joint movements. Biofizika 31:503–05. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Abend, B. E., Bizzi, E. & Morasso, P. (1982) Human arm trajectory formation. Brain 105:331–48. [rDMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albus, [J. S.] (1981) Brains, behavior, and robotics. Byte Books. [RE]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1987) Levels of modeling of mechanisms of visually guided behaviour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10(3):407–65. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berardelli, A., Dick, J. P. R., Rothwell, J. C., Day, B. L. & Marsden, C. D. (1986) Scaling of the size of the first agonist EMG burst during rapid wrist movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 49:1273–79. [rDMC, NT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, N. (1967) The coordination and regulation of movements. Pergamon. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Bizzi, E., Polit, A. & Morasso, P. (1976) Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:435–44. [WGD]Google Scholar
Brown, S. H. C. & Cooke, J. D. (1981) Amplitude– and instruction–dependent modulation of movement–related electromyogram activity in humans. Journal of Physiology (London) 316:97107. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Cole, K. J. & Abbs, J. H. (1986) Coordination of three–joint digit movements for rapid finger–thumb grasp. Journal of Neurophysiology 55:1407–23. [RGM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corcos, D. M. (1991) Strategies underlying the control of disordered movement. Physical Therapy 71:2538. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Corcos, D. M., Gottlieb, G. L. & Agarwal, G. C. (1989) Organizing principles for single joint movements: II. A speed–sensitive strategy. Journal of Neurophysiology 62:358–68. [rDMC, WGD]Google Scholar
Crossman, E. F. R. W. & Goodeve, P. J. (1963) Feedback control of hand–movement and Fitt's Law. Paper presented at the meeting of the Experimental Psychology Society, Oxford, July, 1963. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A:251–78, 1983. [WGD]Google Scholar
Darling, W. G. & Cooke, J. D. (1987) Movement related EMGs become more variable during learning of fast, accurate movements. Journal of Motor Behavior 19:311–31. [WGD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietz, V., Hillesheimer, W. & Freund, H.-J. (1974) Correlation between tremor, voluntary contraction, and firing pattern of motor units in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 37:927–37. [NT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Draper, I. T. & Johns, R. S. (1964). The disorders of movements in Parkinsonism and the effect of drug treatment. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 115:465–80. [rDMC, NT]Google ScholarPubMed
Feldman, A. G. (1966a) Functional tuning of the nervous system during control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture – II. Controllable parameters of the muscles. Biophysics 11:565–78. [WGD]Google ScholarPubMed
Feldman, A. G. (1966b) Functional tuning of the nervous system during control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture – III. Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor tasks. Biophysics 11:766–75. [WGD]Google ScholarPubMed
Feldman, A. G. (1986) Once more on the equilibrium–point hypothesis (λ model) for motor control. Journal of Motor Behavior 18:1754. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Feldman, A. G., Adamovich, S. V., Ostry, D. J. & Flanagan, J. R. (1990) The origin of electromyograms: Explanation based on the equilibrium point hypothesis. In: Multiple muscle systems, ed. Winters, J. M. & Woo, S. L.-Y.. Springer–Verlag. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Flowers, K. A. (1976) Visual “closed loop” and “open loop” characteristics of voluntary movement in patients with Parkinsonism and intention tremor. Brain 99:269310. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Ghez, C. & Gordon, J. (1987) Trajectory control in targeted force impulses. I Role of opposing muscles. Experimental Brain Research 67:225–40. [rDMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M. & Agarwal, G. (1989a) Strategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:189–25. [rDMC, NT, WGD]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M. & Agarwal, G. (1989b) Organizing principles for single–joint movements. I. A speed–insensitive strategy. Journal of Neurophysiology 62:342–68. [rDMC, WGD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M., Agarwal, G. C. & Latash, L. M. (1990a) Organizing principles for single joint movements: III – The Speed–Insensitive strategy as default. Journal of Neurophysiology. [rDMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, G. L., Corcos, D. M., Latash, M. L. & Agarwal, G. C. (1990b) Principles underlying single joint movement strategies. In: Multiple muscle systems: Biomechanics and movement organization, ed. Woo, S. & Winters, J.. Springer–Verlag. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Gutman, S. R. & Gottlieb, G. L. (1990) Nonlinear “inner time” in reaching movement trajectory formation. Abstracts of First World Congress of Biomechanics, San Diego, CA. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Hallett, M. & Khoshbin, S. (1980) A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia. Brain 103:301–14. [rDMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallet, M., Shahani, B. T., & Young, R. R. (1975) EMG analyses of patients with cerebellar deficits. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 37:927–37. [NT]Google Scholar
Hasan, Z. (1986) Optimized movement trajectories and joint stiffness in unperturbed, mertially loaded movements. Biological Cybernetics 53:373–82. [JMW]Google Scholar
Hildreth, E. C. & Hollerbach, J. M. (1985) The computational approach to vision and motor control. A.I. Memo 846, August, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [RE]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1986) Learning and relearning in Boltzmann machines. In: Parallel distributed processing, vol. 1, ed. Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L.. MIT Press. [HCK]Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. S. & Strick, P. L. (1986) Step–tracking movements of the wrist in humans. I. Kinematic analysis. The Journal of Neuroscience 6:3309–18. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. S. & Strick, P. L. (1990) Step–tracking movements of the wrist in humans. II. EMG analysis. The Journal of Neuroscience 10(1):142–52. [rDMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, N. (1984) An organizing principal for a class of voluntary movements. Journal of Neuroscience 11:2745–54. [rDMC, JMW]Google Scholar
Kearney, R. E. & Hunter, I. W. (1982) Systems analysis in the study of the motor–control system: Control theory alone is insufficient. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5(4):553–54. [RE]Google Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S. & Saltzman, E. L. (1982) Motor control: Which themes do we orchestrate? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5(4):554–57. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D. Jr. & Vecchi, M. P. (1983) Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220:671–80. [HCK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohonen, T. (1984) Self–organization and associative memory. Springer. [HCK]Google Scholar
Kwan, H. C. (1988) Network relaxation as behavioral action. Research in Biological and Computational Vision Technical Report No. RBCV-TR-88-26. Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. [HCK]Google Scholar
Kwan, H. C., Yeap, T. H., Jiang, B. C. & Borrett, D. (1990) Neural network control of simple limb movements. Canadian Journal of Physiology, Pharmacology 68:126–60. [rDMC, HCK]Google Scholar
Latash, M. L. (1989) Direct pattern–imposing control or dynamic regulation? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:226–27. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Latash, M. L. & Corcos, D. M. (in press) Kinematic and electromyographic characteristics of single–joint movements in Down syndrome individuals. American Journal of Mental Retardation. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Latash, M. L. & Gottlieb, G. L. (1991) An equilibrium point model for fast, single joint movement: I Emergence of strategy–dependent EMG patterns. Journal of Motor Behavior, in press. [rDMC]Google Scholar
MacKay, W. A. (1989) Braking may be more critical than acceleration. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12(2):227. [NT]Google Scholar
Mackworth, A. K. (1987) What is the schema for a schema? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10(3):443–44. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marteniuk, R. G. & MacKenzie, C. L. (1989) Three–dimensional characteristics of prehension in humans. In: Vision and Action: The Control of Grasping, ed. Goodale, M.. Ablex. [RGM]Google Scholar
Marteniuk, R. G., Leavitt, J. L., MacKenzie, C. L. & Athenes, S. (in press) Functional relationships between grasp and transport components in a prehension task. Human Movement Science. [RGM]Google Scholar
Marteniuk, R. G., MacKenzie, C. L., Jeannerod, M., Athenes, S. & Dugas, C. (1987) Constraints on human arm movement trajectories. Canadian Journal of Psychology 41:365–78. [NT]Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E., Smith, J. E. K. & Wright, C. E. (1982) Models for the speed and accuracy of aimed limb movements. Psychological Review 89:449–82. [WGD]Google Scholar
Milner-Brown, H. S., Fisher, M. A. & Weiner, J. (1979) Electrical properties of motor units in Parkinsonism and a possible relationship with bradykinesia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 42:3541. [NT]Google Scholar
Mustard, B. E. & Lee, R. G. (1987) Relationship between EMG patterns and kinematic properties for flexion movements in the human wrist. Experimental Brain Research 66:247–56. [NT, RGL]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973) You can't play 20 questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers of this symposium. In: Visual Information Processing, ed. Chase, W. C.. Academic Press. [RE]Google Scholar
Paulignon, Y., MacKenzie, C. L., Marteniuk, R. G. & Jeannerod, M. (in press) Visual perturbations during prehension produce rapid and variable adjustments. Experimental Brain Research. [RGM]Google Scholar
Phillips, J., Mueller, F. & Stelmach, G. E. (1989) Movement disorders and the neural basis of motor control. In: Perspectives on the Coordination of Movement, ed. Wallace, S.. North–Holland. [NT]Google Scholar
Polit, L. A. & Bizzi, E. (1979) Characteristics of motor programs underlying arm movements in monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology 42:183–94. [WGD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and Cognition. MIT Press. [RE]Google Scholar
Saltzman, E. (1979) Levels of sensorimotor representation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 20:91–163. [RE]Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., Franks, J. S. & Quinn, J. T. (1979) Motor–output variability: A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review 86:415–51. [WGD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seif-Naraghi, L. A. H. & Winters, J. M. (1988) Variations in neuro–control strategies with scaling of optimization criteria, Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology [JMW]Google Scholar
Seif-Naraghi, L. A. H. & Winters, J. M. (1989) Changes in musculoskeletal control strategies with loading: inertial, isotonic, random, ASME Biomech. Symposium, AMD-98:355358. [JMW]Google Scholar
Soechting, J. F. (1984) Effect of target size on spatial and temporal characteristics of a pointing movement in man. Experimental Brain Research 54:121–32. [rDMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, R. B. (1982) What muscle variable(s) does the nervous system control in limb movements? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5(4):535–41. [RE]Google Scholar
Stelmach, G. E. & Worringham, C. J. (1988) The preparation and production of isometric force in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 26:93103. [NT]Google Scholar
Tang, A. & Rymer, W. Z. (1981) Abnormal force–EMG relations in paretic limbs of hemiparetic subjects. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 44:690–98. [rDMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsotsos, J. K. (1987) Schemas: Not yet an interlingua for the brain sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10(3):447–48. [RE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, P. & Strick, P. L. (1981) Influence of ‘strategy’ on muscle activity during ballistic movements. Brain Research 207:189–94. [NT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkie, D. R. (1954) Facts and theories about muscle. In: Progress in Biophysics, ed. Butler, J. A. V. & Randall, J. T.. Academic Press. [rDMC]Google Scholar
Winter, D. A. (1984) Kinematic and kinetic patterns in human gait: Variability and compensating effects. Human Movement Science 3:5176. [rDMC, RGM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winters, J. M. & Stark, L. (1987) Muscle models: what is gained and what is lost by varying model complexity. Biological Cybernetics, 55:403420. [JMW]Google Scholar
Zheng, Q., Jiang, B. C. & Zhuang, S. L. (1978) A method for searching global minimum. Ada Mathematicae Applagatae Sinica 1:161–74. [HCK]Google Scholar