Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:26:07.932Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social versus reproductive success: The central theoretical problem of human sociobiology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Daniel R. Vining Jr
Daniel R. Vining Jr
Affiliation:
Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The fundamental postulate of sociobiology is that individuals exploit favorable environments to increase their genetic representation in the next generation. The data on fertility differentials among contemporary humans are not cotvietent with this postulate. Given the importance of Homo sapiens as an animal species in the natural world today, these data constitute particularly challenging and interesting problem for both human sociobiology and sociobiology as a whole.

The first part of this paper reviews the evidence showing an inverse relationship between reproductive fitness and “endowment” (i.e. wealth, success, and measured aptitudes) in contemporary, urbanized societies. It is shown that a positive relationship is observed only for those cohorts who bore their children during a unique period of rising fertility, 1935–1960, and that these cohorts are most often cited by sociobiologists as supporting the central postulate of sociobiology. Cohorts preceding and following these show the characteristic inverse relationship between endowment and fertility. The second section reviews the existing so-ciobiological models of this inverse relationship, namely, those of Barkow, Burley, and Irons, as well as more informal responses among sociobiologists to the persistent violation of sociobiology's central postulate, such as those of Alexander and Dawkins. The third section asks whether the goals of sociobiology, given the violation of its fundamental postulate by contemporary human societies, might not be better thought of as applied rather than descriptive, with respect to these societies. A proper answer to this question begins with the measurement of the pace and direction of natural selection within modern human populations, as compared to other sources of change. The vast preponderance of the shifts in human trait distributions, including the IQ distribution, appears to be due to environmental rather than genetic change. However, there remains the question of just how elastic these distributions are in the absence of reinforcing genetic change.

Keywords

adaptationcultureeugenicsevolutionfertilitygene-culture coevolutionintelligenceIQnature/nurture controversysociobiology
Type
Target article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , March 1986 , pp. 167 - 187
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alchian, A. (1950) Uncertainty, evolution, and economic theory. Journal of Political Economy 58:211–21. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, R. (1980) Darwinism and human affairs. Pitman Publishing. [RF, JAK, JS, DRV]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. D., Hoogland, J. L., Howard, R. D., Noonan, K. M. & Sherman, P. W. (1979). Sexual dimorphisms and breeding systems in pinnipeds, ungulates, primates and humans. In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective, ed. N. A. Chagnon & W. Irons. [RD]Google Scholar
Allen, E. et al. , (1975) Against “sodobiology.” New York Review of Books 22 (Nov. 13):43–44. [DRV]Google Scholar
Altmann, S. (1984) What is the dual of the energy-maximization problem? American Naturalist 123:433–41. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anastasi, A. (1956) Intelligence and family size. Psychological Bulletin 53:187–209. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anastasi, A. (1959) Differentiating effect of intelligence and social status. Eugenics Quarterly 6:84–91. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anastasi, A. (1983). Evolving trait concepts. American Psychologist 38:175–84. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angel, J. L. (1973) Paleogeology, paleodemography and health. In: Population, ecology and social evolution, ed. Polgar, S.. Aldine. [DRV]Google Scholar
Austin, C. (1983) Conferees weigh work with genes. New York Times, Aug. 7, p. 27. [DRV]Google Scholar
Bajema, C. (1963) Estimation of the direction and intensity of natural selection in relation to human intelligence by means of the intrinsic rate of natural increase. Eugenics Quarterly 10:175–87. [CJB, RL, DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bajema, C. (1971) Natural selection and intelligence: The relationship between intelligence and completed fertility among third Harvard growth study participants. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31:273. [CJB]Google Scholar
Bajema, C. ed. (1976) Eugenics then and now. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross. [CJB]Google Scholar
Bajema, C. (1978) Genetic implications of population control. In: Encyclopedia of bioethics, vol. 3, ed. Reich, W.. Free Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Baker, P. (1984) The adaptive limits of human populations. Man 19:1–14. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. & Shaie, K. (1976) On the plasticity of intelligence in adulthood and old age. American Psychologist 31:720–25. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkow, J. H. (1975) Prestige and culture: A biosocial interpretation. Current Anthropology 16:553–72. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1977) Conformity to ethos and reproductive success in two Hausa communities: An empirical evaluation. Ethos 5:409–25. [JHB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1980a) Sociobiology: Is this the new theory of human nature? In: Sociobiology examined, ed. Montagu, A.. Oxford University Press. [JHB]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1980b) Biological evolution of culturally patterned behavior. In: The evolution of human social behavior, ed. Lockard, J.. Elsevier. [JHB]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. H. (1984) The distance between genes and culture. Journal of Anthropological Research 40:367–79. [JHB, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H. & Burley, N. (1980) Human fertility, evolutionary biology, and the demographic transition. Ethology and Sociobiology 1:163–80. [RF, WI, JAK, LMVV, DRV, BJW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, S. A. (1983) Humanity and natural selection. Ethology and Sociobiology 4:35–51. [HC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, P. H. (1974) Darwin's early and unpublished notebooks. In: Darwin on man: A psychological study of scientific creativity, ed. Gruber, H. E.. E. P. Dutton. [DS]Google Scholar
Baum, D. (1984) Singapore schools to admit children on basis of their mothers' education. Wall Street Journal, Jan. 30, p. 30. [DRV]Google Scholar
Beall, C. & Goldstein, M. (1981) Tibetan fraternal polyandry: A test of sociobiological theory. American Anthropologist 83:5–12. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. (1981) A treatise on the family. Harvard University Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Ben-Porath, Y. (1982) Economics and the family - match or mismatch? A review of Becker's A treatise on the family. Journal of Economic Literature 20:52–64. [DRV]Google Scholar
Betzig, L. (1982) Despotism and differential reproduction: A cross-cultural correlation of conflict asymmetry, hierarchy, and degree of polygyny. Ethology and Sociobiology 3:209–21. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, J. (1968) Are babies consumer durables? A critique of the economic theory of reproductive motivation. Population Studies 22:5–25. [DRV]Google ScholarPubMed
Bloom, D. & Pebley, A. (1982) Voluntary childlessness: A review of the evidence and implications. Population Research and Policy Review 1:203–24. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, D. & Trussel, J. (1984) What are the determinants of delayed childbearing and permanent childlessness in the United States? Demography 21:591–612. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BlurtonJones, N. G. Jones, N. G. & Sibly, R. M. (1978) Testing adaptiveness of culturally determined behaviour: Do Bushman women maximize their reproductive success by spacing births widely and foraging seldom? In: Human behavior and adaptation, ed. Jones, N. G. Blurton & Reynolds, V.. Taylor and Frances. [WI]Google Scholar
Boas, F. (1913) Influence of heredity and environment upon growth. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 45:622–25. [JS]Google Scholar
Boas, F. (1931) Race and progress. Science 74:1–8. [JS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bock, K. (1980) Human nature and history: A response to Sociobiology. Columbia University Press. [RF, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, R. D. (1974) Review of Educability and group differences by Arthur Jensen. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 18:594–97. [DRV]Google Scholar
Bongaarts, J. (1978) A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review 4:105–32. [RDR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bongaarts, J. (1983) The proximate determinants of natural marital fertility. In: Determinants of fertility in developing countries, vol. 1, ed. Bulatao, R. A. & Lee, R. D.. Academic Press. [RDR]Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. (1976) Genetic factors in intelligence. In: Human behavior genetics, ed. Kaplan, A.. Charles C. Thomas. [DRV]Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. (1982) Twins - nature's twice-told tale. In: 1983 yearbook of science and the future. Encyclopaedia Britannica. [DRV]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. (1981) Culture, biology and the evolution of variation between human groups. In: Science and the question of human inequality, AAAS Selected Symposium 58, ed. Collins, M., Wainer, I. & Bremmer, T.. Westview Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press. [PK]Google Scholar
Brewer, H. (1935) Eutelgenesis. Eugenics Review. 27:121–26. [CJB]Google Scholar
Broadhurst, P., Fulker, D. & Wilcock, J. (1974) Behavioral genetics. Annual Review of Psychology 25:389–415. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brockelman, W. K. (1975) Competition, the fitness of offspring, and optimal clutch size. American Naturalist 109:677–99. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugos, P. E. Jr., & McCarthy, L. M. (1984) Ayoreo infanticide: A case study. In: Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspectives, ed. Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. B.. Aldine. [WI]Google Scholar
Burley, N. (1979) The evolution of concealed ovulation. American Naturalist 114:835–58. [WI, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldwell, J. (1982) Theory of fertility decline. Academic Press. [CJB, DRV]Google Scholar
Calot, G. & Blayo, C. (1982) Recent course of fertility in Western Europe. Population Studies 36:349–72. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, C. (1961) Promising families: Some conclusions. Eugenics Review 52:197–200. [DRV]Google ScholarPubMed
Carter, C. (1962) Changing patterns of differential fertility in Northwest Europe and in North America. Eugenics Quarterly 9:147–50. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattell, R. B. (1937) Fight for our national intelligence. P. S. King. [RL]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1972) A new mortality from science: Beyondism. Pergamon. [DRV]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1981) The inheritance of personality and ability. Academic Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1982) Inflation and business cycles from the standpoint of psychology and Sociobiology. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 7:35–54. [DRV]Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. & Bodmer, W. F. (1971) The genetics of human populations. W. H. Freeman. [SJCG]Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L. & Feldman, M. (1981) Cultural transmission and evolution. Princeton University Press. [PK]Google ScholarPubMed
Chagnon, N. A. (1979). Is reproductive success equal in egalitarian societies? In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, ed. Chagnon, N. A. & Irons, W.. Duxbury Press. [WI]Google Scholar
Chagnon, N. A. (1980) Kin-selection theory, kinship, marriage and fitness among the Yanomamo Indians. In: Sociology: Beyond nature/nature?, ed. Barlow, G. W. & Silverberg, J.. Westview Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Chapais, B. (1983) Reproductive activity in relation to male dominance and the likelihood of ovulation in rhesus monkeys. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12: 215–28. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E. L. (1982) The theory of sex-allocation. Princeton University Press. [MTG]Google ScholarPubMed
Chaunu, P. (1981). Un futur sans avenir. Calmann-Levy. [DRV]Google Scholar
Chinn, S. & Rona, R. (1984) The secular trend in the height of primary school children in England and Scotland from 1972–1980. Annals of Human Biology 11:1–16. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cliquet, R. & Balcaen, J. (1979). Intelligence, Gezinplanning, en Gezinvorming. Bevolking en Gezin 3:311–53. [DRV]Google Scholar
Coale, A. (1965) Comment. Eugenics Quarterly 12:58. [DRV]Google Scholar
Cochrane, S. H. (1979). Fertility and education: What do we really know? Johns Hopkins University Press. [RDR]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1971) Legal abortions, socioeconomic status, and measured intelligence in the United States. Social Biology 18:55–63. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collini, S. (1984) From clerk to guru [review of D. P. Crook, Benjamin Kidd: Portrait of a Social Darwinist]. Times Literary Supplement, Dec., pp. 1435–36. [DRV]Google Scholar
Cooper, G. (1977) A voluntary tax? New perspectives on sophisticated estate tax avoidance. Columbia Law Review 77:161–247. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1978). Sex, evolution, and behavior. Duxbury Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1981) Abuse and neglect of children in evolutionary perspective. In: Natural selection and social behavior, ed. Alexander, R. D. & Tinkle, D. W.. Chiron Press. [SJCG, WI]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1982) Homicide and kinship. American Anthropologist 84:372–78. [WI, JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1983) Sex, evolution, and behavior, 2d Ed.Willard Grant Press. [RD, WI, DRV]Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1984) A sociobiological analysis of human infanticide. In: Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspectives, ed. Hausfater, G. & Hrdy, S. B.. Aldine. [DS]Google Scholar
Darlington, P. (1983) Evolution: Questions for the modern theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 80:1960–63. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, B. (1976) Evolution, human diversity, and society. Zygon 11:80–95. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype: The gene as the unit of selection. W. H. Freeman. [RF, DS, JS, DRV]Google Scholar
Depauw, J. (1976) Illicit sexual activity and society in eighteenth century France. In: Family and society, ed. Forster, E. & Ranum, O.. John Hopkins University Press. [HK]Google Scholar
Dewsbury, D. (1982) Dominance, rank, copulatory behavior, and differential reproduction. Quarterly Review of Biology 57:135–59. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diamond, J. (1985) Everything else you've always wanted to know about sex. Discover 6:70–82. [HK]Google Scholar
Dickemann, M. (1979) The ecology of mating systems in hypergynous dowry societies. Social Science Information 18:162–195. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong-Sheng, S. (1981) Popularizing the knowledge of eugenics and advocating optimal births vigorously. Renkou Yanjiu No. 4, 37–41 (in Chinese), translated in Mankind Quarterly 24 (1984), 167–83. [DRV]Google Scholar
Draper, P. & Harpending, H. (1982) Father absence and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Anthropological Research 38:255–73. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, O. (1952) Is the intelligence of the general population declining? American Sociological Review 17:401–7. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durante, D. (1970) Napoleone corni c gloria, overo l'inclutabile lege del Menga. Abano Terme: Il Gerione. [MTG]Google Scholar
Easterlin, R. A. (1975). An economic framework for fertility analysis. Studies in Family Planning 6:54–63. [RDR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Easterlin, R. A. (1980a) American population since 1940. In: The American economy in transition, ed. Feldstein, M.. University of Chicago Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Easterlin, R. A. (1980b) Birth and fortune. Basic Books. [SJCG]Google Scholar
Ecklund, B. (1967). Genetics and sociology: A reconsideration. American Sociological Review 32:173–93. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgeworth, F. (1881) Mathematical psychics. C. Kegan Paul. [DRV]Google Scholar
Editorial (1984) Eugenics in Singapore. Nature 308:214. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R. & Ehrlich, A. H. (1979) What happened to the population bomb? Human Nature 2:88–92. [HC]Google Scholar
Ehrman, L. & Parsons, P. (1981) Behavior genetics and evolution. McGraw-Hill. [DRV]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1979) Konrad Lorenz. In: International encyclopedia of the social sciences - biographical supplement, Vol. 18, ed. Sills, D.. Free Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Elley, W. B. (1969) Changes in mental ability in New Zealand school children. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies 4:140–55. [RL]Google Scholar
Emlen, S. T. & Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215–23. [RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Espenshade, T. J. (1984) Investing in children: New estimates of parental expenditures. Urban Institute Press. [HK]Google Scholar
Essock-Vitale, S. (1984) The reproductive success of wealthy Americans. Ethology and Sociobiology 5:45–49. [SJCG, HK, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essock-Vitale, S. M. & McGuire, M. T. (1980) Predictions derived from the theories of kin selection and reciprocation assessed by anthropological data. Ethology and Sociobiology 1:233–43. [WI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essock-Vitale, S. M. & McGuire, M. T. (in press) Women's lives viewed from an evolutionary perspective: 1. Sexual histories, reproductive success, and demographic characteristics of a random sample of American women. Ethology and Sociobiology. [HK]Google Scholar
Etkin, W. (1981) A biological critique of sociobiological theory. In: Sociobiology and human politics, ed. White, E.. D. C. Heath. [HC]Google Scholar
Falconer, D. S. (1960) Introduction to quantitative genetics. Ronald. [SJCG]Google Scholar
Falconer, D. S. (1966) Genetic consequences of selection pressure. In: Genetic and environmental factors in human ability, ed. Meade, J. & Parkes, A.. Oliver & Boyd. [DRV]Google Scholar
Falconer, D. S. (1981) Introduction to quantitative genetics, 2d ed.Longman. [DRV]Google Scholar
Feigenbaum, E. & McCorduck, P. (1983) The fifth generation. Artificial intelligence and Japan's computer challenge to the world. Addison-Wesley. [DRV]Google Scholar
Feldman, M. W. & Lewontin, R. C. (1975) The heritability hang-up. Science 190:1163–68. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferri, E. (1904) Socialism and modern science (Darwin-Spencer-Marx), 2d Ed., tr. La Monte, R. R.. New York. [RF]Google Scholar
Fisher, H. E. (1982) The sex contract. William Morrow. [LMVV]Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1929) The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press. [MTG]Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1930) The genctical theory of natural selection. Clarendon Press. [RD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1958) The genetical theory of natural selection. Dover Press. [JAK]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. (1980) Race, IQ, and Jensen. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [DRV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. (1982) Lynn, the Japanese, and environmentalism. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 35:409–13. [DRV]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. (1984a) The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978. Psychological Bulletin 95:29–51. [RL, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flynn, J. (1984b) Banishing the spectre of meritocracy. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 37:256–59. [JRF]Google Scholar
Fortes, M. (1949) The web of kinship among the Tallensi. Oxford University Press. [JHi]Google Scholar
Fox, R. (1982) Inhuman nature and unnatural rights. Society 20:70–76. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, R. (1983) The red lamp of incest: An enquiry into the origins of mind and society. University of Notre Dame Press. [RF]Google Scholar
Frautschi, S. (1982) Entropy in an expanding universe. Science 217:593. [JHa]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, R. (1979) Theories of fertility decline: A reappraisal. In: World population and development: Challenges and Prospects, ed. Hauser, P.. Syracuse University Press. [RDR]Google Scholar
Freedman, R., Freedman, D. & Thornton, A. (1980) Changes in fertility expectations and preferences between 1962 and 1977: Their relation to final parity. Demography 17:365–78. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frisancho, A. R., Cole, P. & Klayman, P. J. (1977) Greater contribution to secular trend among offspring of short parents. Human Biology 44:51–60. [DRV]Google Scholar
Fuller, J. (1983) Sociobiology and behavior genetics. In: Behavior genetics - principles and applications, ed. Fuller, J. & Simmel, E.. Erlbaum Associates. [DRV]Google Scholar
Galbraith, R. (1982) Sibling spacing and intellectual development: A closer look at the confluence model. Developmental psychology 18:151–73. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974) The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. University of California Press. [MTG]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1982) On the mechanisms of cultural evolution, and the evolution of language and the common law. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:11. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godfrey, L. & Jacobs, K. (1981) Gradual, autocatalytic and punctuational models of hominid brain evolution: A cautionary tale. Journal of Human Evolution 10:255–72. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, D. (1974) Natural selection and a cost ceiling on reproductive effort. American Naturalist 108:247–68. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, M. M. (1978) Human nature, class, and ethnicity. Oxford University Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. (1968) Biogenetics of race and class. In: Social class, race, psychological development, ed. Deutsch, M., Katz, I. & Jensen, A.. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. [DRV]Google Scholar
Gould, S. (1983) Genes on the brain. New York Review of Books 30 (June 30): 5–10. [DRV]Google Scholar
Gould, S. (1984) Singapore's patrimony (and matrimony). Natural History 93 (May):22–29. [DRV]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B205:581–598. [MD]Google Scholar
Gray, J. P. (1985) Primate sociobiohgy. Human Relations Area Files Press. [JS]Google Scholar
Hailman, J. P. (1980) Fitness, function, fidelity, fornication, and feminine philandering. Behavioral and Brain Science 3:189. [DS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajnal, J. (1965) European marriage patterns in perspective. In: Population and history, ed. Glass, D. V. & Eversley, D. E. C.. Aldine. [HK]Google Scholar
Haldane, J. (1956) Alfred Kinsey. Hindu Weekly Review (Oct. 8). Reprinted in Kinsey - a Biography, by C. Christenson, pp. 228–30. Indiana University Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Haldane, J. B. S. (1957) The cost of natural selection. Journal of Genetics 55:511–24. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) The genetical evolution of social behavior. journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52. [HC, WI, JDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–48. [CJB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hardin, G. (1972) Genetic consequences of cultural decisions in the realm of population. Social Biology 19:350–61. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harley, S. F. (1975) Illegitimacy. University of California Press. [HK]Google Scholar
Hartung, J. (1984) Heritable IQ - a reason to bother. Nature 311:515–16. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hashimoto, M. (1974) Economics of postwar fertility in Japan: Differentials and trends. Journal of Political Economy 82:S170–94. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayami, A. (1980) Class differences in marriage and fertility among Tokugawa villagers in Mino Province. Keio Economic Studies 17:1–16. [DRV]Google ScholarPubMed
Heath, A. C., Berg, K., Eaves, L. J., Solaas, M. H., Corey, L. A., Sundet, J., Magnus, P. & Nance, W. E. (1985) Education policy and the heritability of educational attainment. Nature 314:734. [JHa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaton, T. (1984) Fertility in a pronatalist religion: The case of Mormons. Unpublished. [DRV]Google Scholar
Heinsohn, G. & Steiger, O. (1979) The economic theory of fertility. An alternative approach for an economic determination of procreation. Metroeconomica 31:271–98. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, N. (1982) Human behavior genetics. Annual Review of Psychology 33:403–40. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, L. (1961) Some data on natural fertility. Eugenics Quarterly 8:81–91. [RDR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J., Reed, E. & Reed, S. (1962) Intelligence and family size: A paradox resolved. Eugenics Quarterly 9:84–90. [CJB, DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, J. (1978) The origin of sociocultural evolution. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 1:377–86. [JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J. (1984a) Human altruism and sociocultural fitness. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 7:17–35. [JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J. (1984b) Prestige and reproductive success in man. Ethology and Sociobiology 5:77–95. [JHi, JAK, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Himmelfarb, G. (1985) From Clapham to Bloomsbury: A genealogy of morals. Commentary 79(2):36–45. [DRV]Google Scholar
Hirschman, A. (1982) Rival interpretations of market society: Civilizing, destructive, or feeble? Journal of Economic Literature 20:1463–84. [DRV]Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. (1977) Economics from a biological viewpoint. Journal of Law and Economics 20:1–52. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. (1980) Privacy: Its origin, function, and future. Journal of Legal Studies 9:649–64. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofferth, S. (1984) Long-term economic consequences for women of delayed childbearing and reduced family size. Demography 21:141–55. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, K. (1983) Death and renewal, sociological studies in Roman history, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, H. S. & Rubenstein, D. I. (1984) Behavioral adaptations and life history. In: Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Sinauer. [HK]Google Scholar
Huntington, E. & Whitney, L. (1927) The builders of America. Morrow. [DRV]Google Scholar
Huxley, J. S. (1936) Eugenics and society, Eugenics Review 28:11–31. Repr. in Bajema 1976. [CJB]Google ScholarPubMed
Irons, W. (1977) Evolutionary biology and human fertility. Paper prepared for the Symposium “Family, Fertility, and Economics” at the 1977 American Antropoligical Association annual meeting. [WI, DRV]Google Scholar
Irons, W. (1979) Cultural and biological success. In: Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective, ed. Chagnon, N. & Irons, W.. Duxbury Press. [JS, DRV]Google Scholar
Irons, W. (1983) Human female reproductive strategies. In: Social behavior of female vertebrates, ed. Wasser, S. K.. Academic Press. [JHB, JHi, WI, JS, DRV]Google Scholar
Jay, A. (1971) Corporation man. Random House. [DRV]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. (1981) Obstacles, problems, and pitfalls in differential psychology. In: Race, social class, and individual differences, ed. Scarr, S.. Erlbaum Associates. [DRV]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. & Reynolds, C. (1982) Race, social class, and ability patterns on the WISC-R. Personality and Individual Differences 3:423–38. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaku, K. (1972) Are physicians sympathetic to superstition? A study of Honoe- Uma. Social Biology 19:60–64. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1974) The science and politics of I.Q. Erlbaum. [JH]Google ScholarPubMed
Karlsson, J. (1978). The inheritance of creative intelligence. Nelson-Hall. [DRV]Google Scholar
Kawasaki, S. (1985) Fertility estimation by own-children method in Japan. Paper presented at the Tenth Population Census Conference,East-West Center, Honolulu. [RDR]Google Scholar
Kevles, D. J. (1985) In the same of eugenics. Knopf. [JH]Google Scholar
Keyfitz, N. (1977) Applied mathematical demography. Wiley. [JHa]Google Scholar
Keyfitz, N. (1982) The limits of population forecasting. Population and Development Review 7:579–94. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keynes, J. (1949) Two Memoirs. Rupert Hart-David. [DRV]Google Scholar
Kirk, D. (1957) The fertility of a gifted group: A study of the number of children of men in Who's Who. In: The nature and transmission of the genetic and cultural characteristics of human populations. Milbank Memorial Fund. [DRV]Google Scholar
Kirk, D. (1969) The genetic implications of family planning. Journal of Medical Education 44 (Supplement 2):80–83. [DRV]Google ScholarPubMed
Kiser, C. (1959) Current mating and fertility patterns and their demographic significance. Eugenics Quarterly 6:65–82. [DRV]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1985) Vaulting ambition: Sociobiology and the quest for human nature. MIT Press. [PK]Google Scholar
Kurland, J. A. & Gaulin, S. J. C. (1984) The evolution of male parental investment: Effects of genetic relatedness and feeding ecology on the allocation of reproductive effort. In: Primate paternalism, ed. Taub, D. M.. Van Nostrand Reinhold. [JAK]Google Scholar
Lack, D. (1954) The natural regulation of animal numbers. Clarendon Press. [RD, WI]Google Scholar
Lack, D. (1966) Population studies of birds. Oxford University Press. [JAK]Google Scholar
Lack, D. (1968) Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. Metheun. [HK]Google Scholar
Laslert, P. (1977) Family life and illicit love in earlier generations. Cambridge University Press. [HK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ledley, F. D., Grenett, H. E., Dilella, A. G., Kwok, S. C. M. & Woo, S. L. C. (1985) Gene transfer and expression of human phenylalanine hydroxylase. Science 228:77. [JHa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leeuw, J. de & Meester, A. C. (1984) Over het intelligente-onderzoek bij de militaire keuringen vanaf 1925 tot heden. Mens en Maatschappij 59:5–26. [JRF]Google Scholar
Leffingwell, A. (1976, 1892) Illegitimacy and the influence of seasons upon conduct. Arno. [HK]Google Scholar
Lerner, B. (1983) Test scores as measures of human capital and forecasting tools. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 11:131–59. [DRV]Google Scholar
Lemer, I. (1968) Heredity, evolution, and society. W. H. Freeman. [DRV]Google Scholar
Levine, E. (1983) Why middle class students aren't learning. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies 8:411–26. [DRV]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1970). Further remarks on race and the genetics of intelligence. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 26:23–25. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1982) Human diversity. W. H. Freeman. [DRV]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. & Cockerham, C. C. (1959) The goodness-of-fit test for detecting natural selection in random mating populations. Evolution 13:561–64. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R., Rose, S. & Kamin, L. (1984) Not in our genes. Pantheon Books. [DRV]Google Scholar
Lightcap, J. L., Kurland, J. A. & Burgess, R. L. (1982) Child abuse: A test of some predictions from evolutionary theory. Ethology and Sociobiology 3:61–67. [SJCC, JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llewellyn-Jones, D. (1974) Human reproduction and society. Pitman. [HK]Google Scholar
Lloyd, J. E. (1979) Mating behavior and natural selection. Florida Entomologist 62:17–34. [DS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lotka, A. (1922) Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8:147–51. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovejoy, C. O. (1981) The origin of man. Science 211:341–50. [LMVV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lumsden, C. (1983). Cultural evolution and the devolution of tabula rasa. Journal of Social and Biological Structure 6:101–14. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumsden, C. & Wilson, E. O. (1981a) Genes, mind, and culture. Harvard University Press. [MTG, PK, DRV]Google Scholar
Lumsden, C. (1981b) Letter to the editor. New York Review of Booh 28 (Sept. 24):73–74. [DRV]Google Scholar
Lumsden, C. (1983) Promethean fire. Harvard University Press. [SJCG, DRV]Google Scholar
Lynn, R. (1982) IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature 297:222–23. [RL, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn, R. & Hampson, S. (in press) The rise of national intelligence: Evidence from Britain, Japan and the United States. Personality and Individual Differences [RL]Google Scholar
MacKenzie, D. (1981) Statistics in Britain - 1865–1930. Edinburgh University Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
MacKinnon, J. (1978) The ape within us. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [LMVV]Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1982) Brain and intelligence in vertebrates. Clarendon Press. [EMM]Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1985) Comparative studies of animal intelligence: Is Spearman's g really Hull's D? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:234–35. [EMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1977). Parental investment: A prospective analysis. Animal Behaviour 25:1–9. [RD]Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. & Warren, N. (1982) Review of Genes, mind, and culture. Evolution 36:620–27. [PK]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1976) Evolution and the diversity of life. Harvard University Press, Belknap. [DRV]Google Scholar
McClearn, G. (1970) Behavioral genetics. Annual Review of Genetics 4:437–68. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medawar, P. (1984) Review of What sort of people should there be? by Jonathan Glover. Times Higher Education Supplement 586 (Jan. 27):16 [DRV]Google Scholar
Meredith, A. (1982) Devolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 96:49–65. [LMVV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meredith, H. (1976) Findings from Asia, Australia, Europe and North America on secular change in mean height of children, youths and young adults. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 44:315–26. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, A. & Corsellis, J. (1977) Evidence for a secular increase in human brain weight during the past century. Annals of Human Biology 4:253–57. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, W. (1983) Chance, choice, and the future of reproduction. American Psychologist 38:1198–1205. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, W. & Wilson, R. M. (1982) The influence of children on the wage rates of married women. Eastern Economic Journal 8:197–210. [DRV]Google Scholar
Mueller, E. & Short, K. (1983) Effects of income and wealth on the demand for children. In: Determinants of fertility in developing countries, vol. 1, ed. Bulatao, R. A. & Lee, R. D.. Academic Press. [RDR]Google Scholar
Muller, H. J. (1934) The dominance of economics over eugenics. In: A decade of progress in eugenics, ed. Perkins, H. et al. Williams & Wilkins. repr. in Bajema 1976. [CJB]Google Scholar
Muller, H. J. (1935) Out of the night: A biologist's view of the future. Vanguard Press. [CJB]Google Scholar
Neel, J. (1980) On being headman. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 23:277–94. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. R. & Winter, S. G. (1982) An evolutionary theory of economic change. Harvard University Press. [MTG]Google Scholar
O'Connell, M. (1981) Regional fertility patterns in the United States: Convergence or divergence. International Regional Science Review 6:1–14. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olneck, M. & Wolfe, B. (1980) Intelligence and family size: Another look. Review of Economics and Statistics 62:241–47. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orians, G. H. (1969). On the evolution of mating systems in birds and mammals. American Naturalist 103:589–603. [RD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega y Gasset, J. (1932). The revolt of the masses. W. W. Norton. [DRV]Google Scholar
Osborn, F. (1940) Preface to eugenics. Harper. [DRV]Google Scholar
Osborn, F. (1968) The future of human heredity - an introduction to eugenics in modern society. Weybright and Talley. [DRV]Google Scholar
Osborn, F. (1973) The human condition. Hugh Laiter Levin Associates. [DRV]Google Scholar
Osborn, F. & Bajema, C. (1972) The eugenic hypothesis. Social Biology 19:337–45. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsons, T. & Harrison, B. (1981) Energy utilization and evolution. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 4:1–5. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, K. (1901) The ethic of freethought, 2d Ed.London. [RF]Google Scholar
Pickens, D. R. (1968) Eugenics and the progressives. Vanderbilt University Press. [RF]Google Scholar
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. & McClearn, G. (1980) Behavioral genetics: A primer. W. H. Freeman. [DRV]Google Scholar
Population Reference Bureau (1983) 1983 world population data sheet. Washington, D.C. [DRV]Google Scholar
Pulliam, H. & Dunford, C. (1980) Prgrammed to learn. Columbia University Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Reed, S. & Palm, J. (1951) Social Rtness versus reproductive fitness. Science 113:294–96. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Retherford, R. D. (1985) A theory of marital fertility transition. Population Studies 39:249–68. [RDR, DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Retherford, R. & Sewell, W. (1985) Family size and intelligence reconsidered. East-West Population Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. [DRV]Google Scholar
Richards, G. (1984) Getting the intelligence controversy knotted. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society 37:77–79. [DRV]Google Scholar
Richerson, P. & Boyd, R. (1981) The search for an alternative to the sociobiological hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:248–49. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rindfuss, R. R. & Sweet, J. A. (1977) Postwar fertility trends and differentials in the United States Academic Press. [HK]Google Scholar
Rist, T. (1982) Det intellektuelle prestasjonsnivaet I befolkningen sett I lys av den samfunns-messige utviklinga. Thesis presented at the Insitiute of Psychology, University of Oslo. [JRF]Google Scholar
Ruoyun, Y. (1983) Paying great attention to eugenics and improving the quality of population. Renkou Yanjiu No. 3, 33–35 (in Chinese), translated in Popuiation and Development Review 9 (1984):757–61. [DRV]Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1982) Is human sociobiology a new paradigm. Philosophical Forum 13:119–43. [DRV]Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. (1976) The use and abuse of biology. University of Michigan Press. [JS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saxonhouse, G. (1974) Comment. Journal of Political Economy 82:S195–99. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarr, S. (1981) Toward a more biological psychology. In: Science and the question of human equality, AAAS Selected Symposium 58, ed. Collins, M., Wainer, I. & Bremner, T.. Westview Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Schecht, L. E. & Gershowitz, H. (1963) Frequency of extra-marital children as determined by blood groups. In: Proceedings of the second international congress of human genetics, 1961, vol. 2. Instituto G. Mendel. [HK]Google Scholar
Schaffer, W. M. (1974). Optimal reproductive effort in fluctuating environments. American Naturalist 108:783–90. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaie, K. W. & Labouvie-Vief, G. (1974) Generational versus ontogenetic components of change in adult cognitive behavior: A fourteen-year cross-sequential study. Developmental Psychology 10:305–20. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiff, M., Duyme, M., Dumaret, A. & Tomkiewicz, S. (1982) How much could we boost scholastic achievement and IQ scores? A direct answer from a French adoption study. Cognition 12:165–96. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schilcher, F. & Tennant, N. (1984) Philosophy, evolution and human nature. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [DRV]Google Scholar
Schultz, T. P. (1983) Review of John C. Caldwell, Theory of fertility decline. Population and Development Review 9:161–68. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumpeter, J. (1950) Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. Harper and Row. [DRV]Google Scholar
Sewell, W. H., Haller, A. O. & Ohlendorf, G. W. (1970) The educational and early occupational attainment process: Replication and revision. American Sociological Review 35:1014–27. [RDR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shorter, F. (1975) The making of the modern family. Basic Books. [HK, DRV]Google Scholar
Silverberg, J. (1980) Sociobiology, the new synthesis? An anthropologist's perspective. In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture? ed. Barlow, G. & Silverberg, J.. Westview Press. [JS]Google Scholar
Simon, J. (1974) The effects of income on fertility. Carolina Population Center. [SJCG, HK]Google Scholar
Simons, G. (1983) Are computers alive? Evolution and new life forms. Harvester. [DRV]Google Scholar
Sly, D. & Richards, S. (1972) The fertility of a sample of American elites. Social Biology 19:393–400. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C. C. & Fretwell, S. D. (1974) The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. American Natuuralist 108:499–506. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spuhler, J. (1962) Empirical studies on quantitative human genetics. In: The use of vital and health statistics for genetic and radiation studies. United Nations. [DRV]Google Scholar
Stearns, S. C. (1976) Life-history tactics: A review of the ideas. Quarterly review of Biology 51:13–47. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, C. (1973) Principles of human genetics, 3d Ed.W. H. Freeman. [DRV]Google Scholar
Stigler, G. & Becker, G. (1977) De gustibus non est disputandum. American Economic Review 67:76–90. [DRV]Google Scholar
Stone, L. (1977) The family, sex and marriage in England: 1500–1800. Harper and Row. [DRV]Google Scholar
Swaab, D. F. & Fliers, E. (1985) A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science 228:1112–15. [DS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweet, K. & Rindfuss, R. (1983) Thos ubiquitous fertility trends: United States, 1945–1979. Social Biology 30:127–39. [DRV]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1979) The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford University Press. [WI, DS]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (in press a) If we're all Darwinians, what's the fuss about? In: Sociobiology and psychology: Ideas, issues, and findings, ed. Crawford, C., Smith, M. & Krebs, D.. Erlbaum Associates. [DS]Google Scholar
Symons, D. (in press b) The evolutionary approach: Can Darwin's view of life shed light on human sexuality? In: Approaches and paradigms of human sexuality, ed. Geer, J. & O'Donohue, W.. Plenum Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Taeuber, I. (1948) The population of Japan. Princeton University Press. [DRV]Google Scholar
Takahashi, E. (1984) Secular trend in milk consumption and growth in Japan. Human Biology 56:427–37. [DRV]Google ScholarPubMed
Tanfer, K. & Horn, M. (1985) Contraceptive use, pregnancy and fertility patterns among single American women in their 20s. Family Planning Perspectives 17:10–19. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, N. M. (1981) On becoming human. Cambridge University Press. [LMVV]Google Scholar
Teasdale, T. W. & Owen, D. R. (1984) Heredity and family environment in intelligence and educational level - a sibling study. Nature 309:620. [JHa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terman, L., Sears, R., Cronbach, L. & Sears, P. (1983) Terman life cycle study of children with high ability, 1922–1982. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR 8092). [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrenato, L. & Ulizzi, L. (1983) Genotype-environmental relationships: An analysis of stature distribution curves during the last century in Italy. Annals of Human Biology 10:335–46. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tien, H. (1981) Demography in China: From zero to now. Population Index 47:683–710. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1985) Social evolution. Benjamin/Cummings. [RD]Google Scholar
Tuddenham, R. D. (1948) Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II. American Psychologist 3:54–56. [RL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udry, J. (1978) Differential fertility by intelligence: The role of birth planning. Social Biology 25:10–14. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1984) Fertility of American women: June 1982, Current population reports, series p-20, No. 387. U.S. Government Printing Office. [HK]Google Scholar
Van Court, M. & Bean, F. (1985) Intelligence and fertility in the United States, 1912–1982. Intelligence 9:23–32. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Valen, L. (1974) Brain size and intelligence in man. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40:417–23. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Valen, L. (1976) Energy and evolution. Evolutionary Theory 1:179–229. [DRV, LMVV]Google Scholar
Veblen, T. (1915) Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution. MacMillan. [DRV]Google Scholar
Vehrencamp, S. L. & Bradbury, J. W. (1984) Mating systems and ecology. In: Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach, 2d Ed., ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Blackwell Scientific Publications. [RD]Google Scholar
Vickers, C. (1983) Human systems are different. Harper and Row. [DRV]Google Scholar
Vining, D. (1982a) On the possibility of the reemergence of a dysgenic trend with respect to intelligence in American fertility differentials. Intelligence 6:241–64. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vining, D. (1982b) Fertility differentials and the status of nations: A speculative essay on Japan and the West. Mankind Quarterly 22:311–53. [DRV]Google Scholar
Vining, D. (1984) Sub-fertility among the very intelligent: An examination of the American Mensa. Personality and Individual Differences 5:725–34. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, D., Harper, P., Newcombe, R. & Davies, K. (1983) Huntington's chorea in South Wales: Mutation, fertility, and genetic fitness. Journal of Medical Genetics 20:12–17. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallace, B. (1958) The comparison of observed and calculated zygotic distributions. Evolution 12:113–15. [JAK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waller, J. (1971) Differential reproduction: Its relation to IQ test score, education, and occupation. Social Biology 18:122–36. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Washburn, S. L. (1978) The evolution of man. Scientific American 239:146–54. [EMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinrich, J. D. (1976) Human reproductive strategy. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1977, 37, 5339–B. University Microfilms No. 77–8, 348. [JDW]Google Scholar
Weinrich, J. D. (1977) Human sociobiology: Pair-bonding and resource predictability (effects of social class and race). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:91–118. [JDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinrich, J. D. (1978a) The author replies [to Lande's letter, “Are humans maximizing reproductive success?”]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3:96–98. [DRV, JDW]Google Scholar
Weinrich, J. D. (1978b) Nonreproduction, homosexuality, transsexualism, and intelligence: 1. A systematic literature search. Journal of Homosexuality 3:275–89. [JDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinrich, J. D. (1980) On a relationship between homosexuality and I. Q. test scores: A review and some hypotheses. In: Medical sexology: The third International congress, ed. Forleo, R. & Pasini, W.. PSG Publishing. [JDW]Google Scholar
Weiss, V. (1980) Inbreeding and genetic distance between hierarchically structured populations measured by surname frequencies. Mankind Quarterly 21:135–49. [DRV]Google Scholar
Westoff, C. (1974) The populations of the developed countries. Scientific American 231 (Sept.):108–21. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelpton, P. (1949) From eugenic abortion and sterilization to control of conception in Japan. Eugenical News 34:44–45. [DRV]Google Scholar
Williams, B. J. (1980) Kin selection and cultural evolution. In: Sociobiology: Beyond nature/nurture? ed. Barlow, G. & Silverberg, J.. Westview Press. [JS]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press. [JAK, DS]Google Scholar
Wilson, D. (1978) A cultural to biological fitness. Evolutionary Theory 3:235–36. [DRV]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press. [JS, DRV, JDW]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1978) On human nature. Harvard University Press. [DRV]Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, E. O. (1980) Comparative social theory. Tanner Foundation. [HC]Google Scholar
Wilson-Davis, K. (1980) Ideal family size in the Irish Republic. Journal of Biosocial Science 12:15–20. [RL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wimperis, V. (1960) The unmarried mother and her child Allen and Unwin. [HK]Google Scholar
Wolfe, L. (1981) The cosmo report Arbor House. [HK]Google Scholar
Wrong, D. (1958) Trends in class fertility in Western nations. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 24:216–29. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wrong, D. (1980) Class fertility trends in Western nations. Arno. [JHi, DRV]Google Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962) Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Oliver & Boyd. [RL]Google Scholar
Wyshak, G. (1983) Secular changes in age at menarche in a sample of US women. Annals of Human Biology 10:75–77. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamamura, K., (1974) A study of Samurai income and entreprencurship. Harvard University Press. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yogev, S. & Vierra, A. (1983) The state of motherhood among professional women. Sex Roles 9:391–96. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A. M. (1985) One quarter of the adult labor force are college graduates. Monthly Labor Review 106:43–46. [HK]Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. (1983) Validating the confluence model. Psychological Bulletin 93:457–80. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajonc, R. & Bargh, J. (1980) Birth orders, family size, and decline of SAT scores. American Psychologist 35:662–68. [DRV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar