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Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Jaak Panksepp
Jaak Panksepp
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
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Abstract

Emotions seem to arise ultimately from hard-wired neural circuits in the visceral-limbic brain that facilitate diverse and adaptive behavioral and physiological responses to major classes of environmental challenges. Presumably these circuits developed early in mammalian brain evolution, and the underlying control mechanisms remain similar in humans and “lower” mammals. This would suggest that theoretically guided studies of the animal brain can reveal how primitive emotions are organized in the human brain. Conversely, granted this cross-species heritage, it is arguable that human introspective access to emotional states may provide direct information concerning operations of emotive circuits and thus be a primary source of hypotheses for animal brain research. In this article the possibility that emotions are elaborated by transhypothalamic executive (command) circuits that concurrently activate related behavior patterns is assessed. Current neurobehavioral evidence indicates that there are at least four executive circuits of this type – those which elaborate central states of expectancy, rage, fear, and panic. The manner in which learning and psychiatric disorders may arise from activities of such circuits is also discussed.

Keywords

affectbrain theorycommand circuitsemotionexpectancyfearhypothalamuspanicpsychiatric disordersragereinforcement
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , September 1982 , pp. 407 - 422
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1982

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