Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:14:38.846Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Recent Advances in Work with People with Learning Difficulties

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2009

Janet Carr
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital Medical School, London

Extract

“Of all the contributions made by psychologists to the education and training of the mentally retarded in recent years, pride of place must surely be accorded to behaviour modification” (Clarke and Clarke, 1987). This is a significant claim and one that may be disputed by those who work in other areas (as indeed do the Clarkes themselves) but there is little doubt that behavioural methods have made a major contribution to the teaching and management of people with learning difficulties. This paper will divide the, necessarily selective, review of recent research into two main areas: first, that concerned with skill development and second, that concerned with behaviour reduction and the management of what has become known as Challenging Behaviour.

Type
Overviews of Significant Recent Developments
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, A. M. and Shapiro, E. S. (1984). Self-monitoring and work productivity with mentally retarded adults. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 403407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bird, F., Dores, P. A., Moniz, D. and Robinson, J. (1989). Reducing severe aggressive and self-injurious behaviors with functional communication training. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94 (1), 3748.Google ScholarPubMed
Butterfield, E. C. (1989). Treatment of mentally retarded people with severe behavior problems. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94 (1), 15.Google ScholarPubMed
Carr, E. G. and Durand, V. M. (1985). Reducing behavior problems through communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 13, 101107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, J. (1988). Continuous reinforcement to facilitate extinction to counter exhaustion. Behavioral Psychotherapy 16, 6468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, J. and Wilson, B. (1987). Self-help skills: feeding, washing and dressing. In Yule, W. and Carr, J.. Behaviour Modification for People with Mental Handicaps (2nd edn). Beckenham: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Clarke, A. D. B. and Clarke, A. M. (1987). Research on mental handicap, 1957–1987: a selective review. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 31, 317328.Google ScholarPubMed
Cole, C. L., Gardner, W. I. and Karan, O. C. (1985). Self management training of mentally retarded adults presenting severe conduct difficulties. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 6, 337347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deitz, D. E. D., Rose, E. and Repp, A. C. (1986). The Task Demonstration Model for Teaching Severely Handicapped Persons. DeKalb, Il: Educational Research & Services Centre, Inc. (Cited in Repp et al., 1990).Google Scholar
Doyle, P. M., Wolery, M., Gast, D. L., Ault, M. J. and Wiley, K. (1990). Comparison of constant time delay and the system of least prompts in teaching pre-schoolers with developmental delays. Research in Developmental Disabilities 11, 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, K. (1987). The competition of autistic stereotyped behavior with usual and specially-assessed reinforcers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities 8, 607626.Google ScholarPubMed
Emerson, E. and McGill, P. (1989). Normalization and applied behaviour analysis: rapproachment or intellectual imperialism? Behavioural Psychotherapy 17(4) 309313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, I. and Tosh, M. (1984). Self-control procedures: a useful means of helping people who are mentally handicapped to overcome problems of temper and aggression. Mental Handicap 12, 110111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foxen, T. and McBrien, J. (1981). Training Staff in Behavioural Methods: Trainee Workbook. Manchester: University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Foxx, R. M. and McMorrow, M. J. (1983). The effects of continuous and fixed ratio schedules of external consequences on the performance and extinction of human stereotyped behavior. Behaviour Analysis Letters 3, 371379.Google Scholar
Foxx, R. M., Bittle, R. G., Bechtel, D. R. and Livesay, J. R. (1986). Behavioral treatment of the sexually deviant behavior of mentally retarded individuals. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation 14, 291317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foxx, R. M., Bittle, R. G. and Faw, G. D. (1989). A maintenance strategy for discontinuing aversive procedures: a 52-month follow-up on the treatment of aggression. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94 (1) 2736.Google ScholarPubMed
Golden, W. L., and Consorte, J. (1982). Training mildly retarded individuals to control their anger through the use of cognitive-behaviour therapy techniques. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 13 (2), 182187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, J. C., Paisey, T. J., Stark, M. and Emerson, J. H. (1988). B. F. Skinner's position on aversive treatment. American Journal on Mental Retardation 93 (1), 104105.Google Scholar
Huguenin, N. H., Weidenman, L. E. and Mulick, J. A. (1983). Programmed instruction. In Matson, J. L. and Mulick, J. A. (Eds). Handbook of Mental Retardation. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Iwata, B. A., Dorsey, M. F., Slifer, K. I., Bauman, K. E. and Richman, G. S. (1982). Toward a functional analysis of self injury. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities 2, 320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwata, B. A., Pace, G. M., Kalsher, M. J., Cowdrey, G. E. and Cataldo, M. F. (1990). Experimental analysis and extinction of escape behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 23, 1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, R. S. P. Reducing inappropriate behaviour using non-aversive procedures: Evaluating differential reinforcement schedules. To appear in Remington, R. (Ed). The Challenge of Severe Mental Handicap: A Behaviour Analytic Approach. New York: Wiley. In press.Google Scholar
Jones, R. S. P. and Baker, L. J. V. (1990). Differential reinforcement and challenging behaviour: a critical review of the DRI schedule. Behavioural Psychotherapy 18 (1), 3547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kayser, J. E., Billingsley, F. F. and Neel, R. S. (1986). A comparison of in-context and traditional instructional approaches: total task, single trial versus backward chaining, multiple trial. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 11, 2838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiernan, C. C. (1974). Behaviour modification. In Clarke, A. M. and Clarke, A. D. B. (Eds). Mental Deficiency— The Changing Outlook (3rd edn.). London: Methuen.Google Scholar
LaVigna, G. W. and Donnellan, A. M. (1986). Alternatives to Punishment: Solving Behavior Problems with Non-aversive Strategies. New York: Irvington Publishers.Google Scholar
Lepper, M. R., Green, D. and Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic rewards: a test of the “over-justification” hypothesis. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 31, 479486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lennox, D. B., Miltenberger, R. G., Spengler, P. and Erfanian, N. (1988). Decelerative treatment practices with persons who have mental retardation: a review of five years of the literature. American Journal on Mental Retardation 92 (6), 492501.Google ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, W. R., Baty, F. J. and Michie, A. M. (1989). A comparison of anxiety treatments with adults who have moderate and severe mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities 10, 129140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonnell, J. and McFarland, S. (1988). A comparison of forward and concurrent chaining strategies in teaching laundromat skills to students with severe handicaps. Research in Developmental Disabilities 9, 177194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mace, F. C., Page, T. J., Ivancic, M. T. and O'Brien, S. (1986). Analysis of environmental determinants of aggression and disruption in mentally retarded children. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 7, 203221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGreevy, P. and Arthur, M. (1987). Effective behavioral treatment of self-biting by a child with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 29 (4), 536540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPhail, C. H. and Chamove, A. S. (1989). Relaxation reduces disruption in mentally handicapped adults. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 33 (5), 399406.Google ScholarPubMed
Martin, G. L. and Hydrowy, E. R. (1989). Self-monitoring and self-managed reinforcement procedures for improving work productivity of developmentally disabled workers. Behavior Modification 13 (3), 322339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, J. L. and Keyes, J. B. (1990). A comparison of DRO to movement suppression timeout and DRO with two self-injurious and aggressive mentally retarded adults. Research in Developmental Disabilities 11, 111120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matson, J. L. and Taras, M. E. (1989). A 20 year review of punishment and alternative methods to treat problem behaviors in developmentally delayed persons. Research in Developmental Disabilities 10 (1), 85104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosk, M. D. and Bucher, B. (1984). Prompting and stimulus shaping procedures for teaching visual-motor skills to retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 17, 2334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulick, J. A. and Kedesdy, J. H. (1988). Self-injurious behavior, its treatment, and normalization. Mental Retardation 26 (4), 423429.Google ScholarPubMed
Ogilvie, L. and Prior, M. (1982). Behavior modification and the over-justification effect. Behavioural Psychotherapy 10, 2639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pace, G. M., Edwards, G. L., Ivancic, M. T. and Page, T. J. (1985). Assessment of stimulus preference and reinforcer value with profoundly retarded individuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 18, 249255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickering, D. and Morgan, S. B. (1985). Parental ratings of treatments of self-injurious behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 15, 303314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Repp, A. C., Barton, L. E. and Brulle, A. R. (1983). A comparison of two procedures for programming the differential reinforcement of other behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 16 (4), 435445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Repp, A. C., Karsh, K. G. and Lenz, M. W. (1990). Discrimination training for persons with developmental disabilities: a comparison of the task demonstration model and the standard prompting hierarchy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 23 (1), 4352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riley, G. (1990). Prompting strategies for those with a severe mental handicap: a comparison of procedures using only response prompts with a procedure combining stimulus and response prompts. Behavioural Psychotherapy 18, 193206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roos, P. (1972). Reconciling behavior modification procedures with the normalization principle. In Wolfensberger, W. (Ed). The Principle of Normalization in Human Services. Toronto: Canada.Google Scholar
Rudrud, E. H., Ziarnik, J. P. and Colman, G. (1984). Reduction of tongue protrusion of a 24 year old woman with Down syndrome through self monitoring. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 88, 647652.Google ScholarPubMed
Salend, S. J. and Kovalich, B. (1981). A group response—cost system mediated by free tokens: an alternative to token reinforcement. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 86 (2), 184187.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmid, T. L. (1986). Reducing inappropriate behavior of mentally retarded children through interpolated reinforcement. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 91 (3), 286293.Google ScholarPubMed
Schoen, S. F. and Sivil, E. O. (1989). A comparison of procedures in teaching self-help skills: increasing assistance, time delay and observational learning. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19 (1), 5772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schreibman, L. and Charlop, M. H. (1981). S+ versus S− fading in prompting procedures with autistic children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 31, 508520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, E. S. and Ackerman, A. M. (1983). Increasing productivity rates in adult mentally retarded clients: the failure of self-monitoring. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 4, 163181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slifer, K. J., Ivancic, M. T., Parrish, J. M., Page, T. J. and Burgio, L. D. (1986). Assessment and treatment of multiple behavior problems as exhibited by a profoundly retarded adolescent. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 17 (3), 203213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spreat, S., Lipinski, D., Dickerson, R., Nass, R. and Dorsey, M. (1989). The acceptability of electric shock programs. Behavior Modification 13 (2), 245256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalling, R. B., Moreland, J. W., Merril, K. H. and Scotti, J. (1981). Continuous reinforcement interpolated between intermittent reinforcement and extinction decreases resistance to extinction. Behavior Analysis Letters 1, 8995.Google Scholar
Sturmey, P., Carlsen, A., Crisp, A. G. and Newton, J. T. (1988). A functional analysis of multiple aberrant responses: a refinement and extension of Iwata et al.'s (1982) methodology. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 32, 3146.Google ScholarPubMed
Tarnowksi, K. J., Rasnake, L. K., Mulick, J. A. and Kelly, P. A. (1989). Acceptability of behavioral interventions for self-injurious behavior. American Journal on Mental Retardation 93 (5), 575580.Google Scholar
Tsoi, M. and Yule, W. (1987). Building up new behaviours: shaping, prompting and fading. In Yule, W. and Carr, J. (Eds). Behaviour Modification for People with Mental Handicaps (2nd edn). Beckenham: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Weld, E. M. and Evans, I. M. (1990). Effects of part versus whole instructional strategies on skill acquisition and excess behaviour. American Journal on Mental Retardation 94 (4), 377386.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.