Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:56:39.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

It takes two to tango: The therapeutic alliance in community brain injury rehabilitation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 December 2021

Liz M. Williams Open the ORCID record for Liz M. Williams [Opens in a new window]  and
Jacinta M. Douglas Open the ORCID record for Jacinta M. Douglas [Opens in a new window]
Liz M. Williams*
Affiliation:
Living with Disability Research Centre, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Brain Injury Rehabilitation Community and Home BIRCH, South Australian Brain Injury Rehabilitation Service, Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Jacinta M. Douglas
Affiliation:
Living with Disability Research Centre, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Summer Foundation, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
*
*Corresponding author. Email: liz.williams@sa.gov.au
Get access

Abstract

Objective:

A positive therapeutic (or working) alliance has been associated with better outcomes for clients in the psychotherapeutic and traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation literature. The aim of this pilot study was to gain an understanding of the therapeutic alliance in community rehabilitation from the perspectives of adults with TBI and their close others who have completed a community rehabilitation programme.

Method:

This study used a constructivist, qualitative methodology which applied grounded theory analysis techniques. Using purposeful sampling, three pairs of participants (adults with TBI and close others) who had finished a community rehabilitation programme completed separate in-depth interviews which were transcribed verbatim and progressively analysed using a process of constant comparison.

Results:

A preliminary framework illustrating participants’ experience of a therapeutic alliance was generated, comprising three interconnected themes: being recognised as an individual, working together and feeling personally connected. All participants viewed being able to work together as important in their experience of community rehabilitation and described features that helped and hindered the alliance.

Conclusion:

These pilot study results demonstrate the importance of the therapeutic alliance to the rehabilitation experience of individuals with TBI and those close to them.

Keywords

Traumatic brain injurycommunity rehabilitationtherapeutic allianceworking alliancetherapeutic relationship
Type
Original Article
Information
Brain Impairment , Volume 23 , Special Issue 1: Humanising Connections: Bringing people together in rehabilitation , March 2022 , pp. 24 - 41
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Australasian Society for the Study of Brain Impairment

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, S. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2003). A review of therapist characteristics and techniques positively impacting the therapeutic alliance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 1–33. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00146-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2011). Grounded theory: A practical guide. Los Angeles: SAGE.Google Scholar
Bishop, M., Kayes, N., & McPherson, K. (2021). Understanding the therapeutic alliance in stroke rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(8), 1074–1083. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1651909 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
lumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bordin, E. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16, 252–260. doi: 10.1037/h0085885 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordin, E. (1994). Theory and research on the therapeutic working alliance: New directions. In Horvath, A. O. & Greenberg, L. S. (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research and practice. New York: Wiley & Sons Inc, 13–37.Google Scholar
Bowen, C., Yeates, G., & Palmer, S. (2010). A relational approach to rehabilitation: Thinking about relationships after brain injury. London: Karnac Books.Google Scholar
Bright, F., Boland, P., Rutherford, S. J., Kayes, N. M., & McPherson, K. M. (2012). Implementing a client-centred approach in rehabilitation: An autoethnography. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(12), 997–1004. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2011.629712 Google Scholar
Bright, F., Kayes, N. M., McPherson, K. M., & Worrall, L. E. (2018). Engaging people experiencing communication disability in stroke rehabilitation: A qualitative study. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(5), 981–994. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12409 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bright, F., Kayes, N. M., Worrall, L., & McPherson, K. M. (2015). A conceptual review of engagement in healthcare and rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(8), 643–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaghan, G. M., Naugle, A. E., & Follette, W. C. (1996). Useful constructions of the client-therapist relationship. Psychotherapy, 33(3), 381–390. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.33.3.381 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, N., & Butera-Prinzi, F. (2008). Acquired brain injury: Reconstructing meaning following traumatic grief. Grief Matters: The Australian Journal of Grief and Bereavement, 11(2), 64–69.Google Scholar
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Constantino, M. J., Castonguay, L. J., & Schut, A. J. (2002). The working alliance: A flagship for the ’scientist-practitioner’ model in psychotherapy. In Tryon, G. S. (Eds.), Counseling based on process research: Applying what we know. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 81–131.Google Scholar
Constantino, M. J., Manber, R., Ong, J., Kuo, T. F., Huang, J. S., & Arnow, B. A. (2007). Patient expectations and therapeutic alliance as predictors of outcome in group cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 5(3), 210–228. doi: 10.1080/15402000701263932 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Cruz, K., Howie, L., & Lentin, P. (2016). Client-centred practice: Perspectives of persons with a traumatic brain injury. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 23(1), 30–38. doi: 10.3109/11038128.2015.1057521 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danzl, M., Etter, M., Andreatta, D., & Kitzman, P. (2012). Facilitating neurorehabilitation through principles of engagement. Journal of Allied Health, 41(1), 35. doi: 10.3233/nre-161377 Google Scholar
Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., Horvath, A. O., Symonds, D., & Wampold, B. E. (2012). Therapist effects in the therapeutic alliance-outcome relationship: A restricted-maximum likelihood meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 642–649. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, J. M., Drummond, M., Knox, L., & Mealings, M. (2015). Rethinking social-relational perspectives in rehabilitation: Traumatic brain injury as a case study. In McPherson, K., Gibson, B. E., & Leplège, A. (Eds.), Rethinking rehabilitation: Theory and practice (pp. 158–183). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Douglas, J. M., & Spellacy, F. J. (2000). Correlates of depression in adults with severe traumatic brain injury and their carers. Brain Injury, 14(1), 71–88. doi: 10.1080/026990500120943 Google ScholarPubMed
Ellis-Hill, C., Payne, S., & Ward, C. (2008). Using stroke to explore the life thread model: An alternative approach to understanding rehabilitation following an acquired disability. Disability and Rehabilitation, 30(2), 150–159. doi: 10.1080/09638280701195462 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elvins, R., & Green, J. (2008). The conceptualization and measurement of therapeutic alliance: An empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1167–1187. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eubanks-Carter, C., Muran, C., & Safran, J. (2010). Alliance ruptures and resolution. In Muran, C. J. & Barber, J. P. (Eds.), The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Evans, C. C., Sherer, M., Nakase-Richardson, R., Mani, T., & Irby, J. W. Jr (2008). Evaluation of an interdisciplinary team intervention to improve therapeutic alliance in post-acute brain injury rehabilitation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 23(5), 329–338. doi: 10.1097/01.HTR.0000336845.06704.bc,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 316–340. doi: 10.1037/pst0000172 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, A. M., Armstrong, J., Buckley, A., Sherry, J., Young, T., Foliaki, S., & McPherson, K. M. (2012). Encouraging family engagement in the rehabilitation process: A rehabilitation provider’s development of support strategies for family members of people with traumatic brain injury. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(22), 1855–1862. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.670028 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, G. M., & Manchester, D. (2006). Two approaches to behavior disorder after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21(2), 168–178. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200603000-00009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gracey, F., & Ownsworth, T. (2012). The experience of self in the world: The personal and social contexts of identity change after brain injury. In Haslam, A., Haslam, C. & Jetten, J. (Eds.), The social cure. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, 273–295.Google Scholar
Green, J. (2006). Annotation: The therapeutic alliance - A significant but neglected variable in child mental health treatment studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 47(5), 425–435. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01516.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatcher, R. L. (2010). Alliance theory and measurement. In Muran, C. & Barber, J. P. (Eds.), The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice. New York: The Guilford Press, 7–28.Google Scholar
Hatcher, R. L., & Barends, A. W. (2006). How a return to theory could help alliance research. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 43(3), 292–299. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.43.3.292 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvath, A. O. (2000). The therapeutic relationship: From transference to alliance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 163–173. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(200002)56: 3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvath, A. O. (2001). The therapeutic alliance: Concepts, research and training. Australian Psychologist, 36(2), 170–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horvath, A. O. (2018). Research on the alliance: Knowledge in search of a theory. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 499–516. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2017.1373204 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9–16. doi: 10.1037/a0022186 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1994). Introduction. In Horvath, A. O. & Greenberg, L. S. (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Wiley & Sons Inc, 1–12.Google Scholar
Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(2), 139–149. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hougaard, E. (1994). The therapeutic alliance: A conceptual analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 67–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00934.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howgego, I. M., Yellowlees, P., Owen, C., Meldrum, L., & Dark, F. (2003). The therapeutic alliance: The key to effective patient outcome? A descriptive review of the evidence in community mental health case management. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(2), 169–183. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01131.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jesus, T. S., Papadimitriou, C., Bright, F. A., Kayes, N. M., Pinho, C. S., & Cott, C. A. (in press). The Person-Centered Rehabilitation Model: Framing the concept and practice of person-centered adult physical rehabilitation based on a scoping review and thematic analysis of the literature. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.05.005 Google Scholar
Kayes, N., & McPherson, K. (2012). Human technologies in rehabilitation: Who and How we are with our clients. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(22), 1907–1911. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.670044 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kayes, N., McPherson, K., & Kersten, P. (2015). Therapeutic connection in neurorehabilitation: Theory, evidence and practice. In Demaerschalk, B., Wingerchuk, D. & Uitdehaag, B. (Eds.), Evidence-based neurology: Management of neurological disorders: An evidence based approach (2nd, pp. 303–320). Oxford: BMJ Books, John Wiley and Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirsh, B., & Tate, E. (2006). Developing a comprehensive understanding of the working alliance in community mental health. Qualitative Health Research, 16(8), 1054–1074. doi: 10.1177/1049732306292100 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kissinger, D. B. (2008). Traumatic brain injury and employment outcomes: Integration of the working alliance model. Work, 31(3), 309–317.Google ScholarPubMed
Klonoff, P. S., Lamb, D. G., & Henderson, S. W. (2001). Outcomes from milieu-based neurorehabilitation at up to 11 years post-discharge. Brain Injury, 15(5), 413–428. doi: 10.1080/02699050010005968 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, M., Altimir, C., & Horvath, A. O. (2011). Deconstructing the therapeutic alliance: Reflections on the underlying dimensions of the concept. Clínica y Salud, 22(3), 267–283. doi: 10.5093/cl2011v22n3a7 Google Scholar
Kreutzer, J. S., Marwitz, J. H., Godwin, E. E., & Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (2010). Practical approaches to effective family intervention after brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25(2), 113–120. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181cf0712 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, M., Haddock, G., Conroy, P., & Sage, K. (2016). Therapeutic alliances in stroke rehabilitation: A meta-ethnography. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97(11), 1979–1993. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.03.031 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, M., Haddock, G., Conroy, P., Serrant, L., & Sage, K. (2018). People with aphasia’s perception of the therapeutic alliance in aphasia rehabilitation post stroke: A thematic analysis. Aphasiology, 32(12), 1397–1417. doi: 10.1080/02687038.2018.1441365 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, M., Haddock, G., Conroy, P., Serrant, L., & Sage, K. (2020). People with aphasia’s perspectives of the therapeutic alliance during speech-language intervention: A Q methodological approach. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(1), 59–69. doi: 10.1080/17549507.2019.1585949 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, M., Sage, K., Haddock, G., Conroy, P., & Serrant, L. (2018). Speech and language therapists’ perspectives of therapeutic alliance construction and maintenance in aphasia rehabilitation post-stroke. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(3), 550–563. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12368 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levack, W. M. M., Kayes, N. M., & Fadyl, J. K. (2010). Experience of recovery and outcome following traumatic brain injury: A metasynthesis of qualitative research. Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(12), 986–999. doi: 10.3109/09638281003775394 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lustig, D. C., Strauser, D. R., Rice, N. D., & Rucker, T. F. (2002). The relationship between working alliance and rehabilitation outcomes. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 46(1), 25–33. doi: 10.1177/00343552020460010201 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lustig, D. C., Strauser, D. R., Weems, G., Donnell, C., & Smith, L. (2003). Traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation outcomes: Does the working alliance make a difference? Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 34(4), 30–37. doi: 10.1891/0047-2220.34.4.30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manchester, D., & Wood, R. (2001). Applying cognitive therapy to neurobehavioural rehabilitation. In Wood, R. & McMillan, T. (Eds.), Neurobehavioural disability and social handicap following traumatic brain injury. UK: Psychology Press Ltd, 157–174.Google Scholar
Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P., & Katherine Davis, M. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 438–450. doi: 10.1037/0022-006x.68.3.438 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, A. M., & Carey, J. L. (1993). The adversarial alliance: Developing therapeutic relationships between families and the team in brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 7(1), 45–51. doi: 10.3109/02699059309008155 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2018). Psychotherapy relationships that work III. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 303–315. doi: 10.1037/pst0000193 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ownsworth, T. (2017). Managing self-awareness and identity issues following brain injury. In Wilson, B. A., Winegardner, J., van Heugten, C. M. & Ownsworth, T. (Eds.), Neuropsychological rehabilitation. The international handbook. London: Routledge, 340–353.Google Scholar
Pinsof, W. (1994). An integrative systems perspective on the therapeutic alliance: Theoretical, clinical and research implications. In Horvath, A. O. & Greenberg, L. S. (Eds.), The working allinace: Theory, research and practice. New York: Wiley & Sons, 173–195.Google Scholar
Ponsford, J., Downing, M., Olver, J., Ponsford, M., Acher, R., Carty, M., & Spitz, G. (2014). Longitudinal follow-up of patients with traumatic brain injury: Outcome at two, five, and ten years post-injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(1), 64–77. doi: 10.1089/neu.2013.2997 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ponsford, J., Sloan, S., & Snow, P. (2013). Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation for everyday adaptive living. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Prigatano, G. P. (1999). Principles of neuropsychological rehabilitation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prigatano, G. P. (2005). Disturbances of self-awareness and rehabilitation of patients with traumatic brain injury: A 20-year perspective. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 20(1), 19–29. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200501000-00004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prigatano, G. P., Klonoff, P. S., O’Brien, K. P., Altman, I. M., Amin, K., Chiapello, D., & Mora, M. (1994). Productivity after neuropsychologically oriented milieu rehabilitation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 9(1), 91–102. doi: 10.1097/00001199-199403000-00011 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2013). Readme first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods. Los Angeles: Sage.Google Scholar
Rowlands, L., Coetzer, R., & Turnbull, O. (2020). Building the bond: Predictors of the alliance in neurorehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation, 46(3), 271–285. doi: 10.3233/NRE-193005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Safran, J. D., Muran, C. J., & Eubanks-Carter, C. (2011). Repairing alliance ruptures. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 80–87. doi: 10.1037/a0022140 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schönberger, M., Humle, F., & Teasdale, T. W. (2006a). The development of the therapeutic working alliance, patients’ awareness and their compliance during the process of brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 20(4), 445–454. doi: 10.1080/02699050600664772 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schönberger, M., Humle, F., & Teasdale, T. W. (2006b). Subjective outcome of brain injury rehabilitation in relation to the therapeutic working alliance, client compliance and awareness. Brain Injury, 20(12), 1271–1282. doi: 10.1080/02699050601049395 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönberger, M., Humle, F., & Teasdale, T. W. (2007). The relationship between clients’ cognitive functioning and the therapeutic working alliance in post-acute brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 21(8), 825–836. doi: 10.1080/02699050701499433 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schönberger, M., Humle, F., Zeeman, P., & Teasdale, T. W. (2006). Working alliance and patient compliance in brain injury rehabilitation and their relation to psychosocial outcome. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 16(3), 298–314. doi: 10.1080/09602010500176476 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherer, M., Evans, C. C., Leverenz, J., Stouter, J., Irby, J. W. Jr, Lee, J. E., & Yablon, S. A. (2007). Therapeutic alliance in post-acute brain injury rehabilitation: Predictors of strength of alliance and impact of alliance on outcome. Brain Injury, 21(7), 663–672. doi: 10.1080/02699050701481589,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stagg, K., Douglas, J., & Iacono, T. (2019). A scoping review of the working alliance in acquired brain injury rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(4), 489–497. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1396366 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tate, R. L., Broe, G. A., Cameron, I. D., Hodgkinson, A. E., & Soo, C. A. (2005). Pre-injury, injury and early post-injury predictors of long-term functional and psychosocial recovery after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Impairment, 6(2), 75–89. doi: 10.1375/brim.2005.6.2.75 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, G., & Kayes, N. (2020). Person centered care in neurorehabilitation: A secondary analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(16), 2334–2343. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1561952 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, S. J., Bender, K., Lantry, J., & Flynn, P. M. (2007). Treatment engagement: Building therapeutic alliance in home-based treatment with adolescents and their families. Contemporary Family Therapy, 29(1-2), 39–55. doi: 10.1007/s10591-007-9030-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tschuschke, V., Koemeda-Lutz, M., von Wyl, A., Crameri, A., & Schulthess, P. (2020). The impact of patients’ and therapists’ views of the therapeutic alliance on treatment outcome in psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 208(1), 56–64. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001111 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner-Stokes, L., Pick, A., Nair, A., Disler, P., & Wade, D. (2015). Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004170.pub3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ulvenes, P. G., Berggraf, L., Hoffart, A., Stiles, T. C., Svartberg, M., McCullough, L., & Wampold, B. E. (2012). Different processes for different therapies: Therapist actions, therapeutic bond, and outcome. Psychotherapy, 49(3), 291–302. doi: 10.1037/a0027895 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, C. A., Derubeis, R. J., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., Hollon, S. D., & Dimidjian, S. (2011). Two aspects of the therapeutic alliance: Differential relations with depressive symptom change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 279–283. doi: 10.1037/a0023252 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westra, H. A., Constantino, M. J., & Aviram, A. (2011). The impact of alliance ruptures on client outcome expectations in cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 21(4), 472–481. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2011.581708 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whiffin, C. J., Ellis-Hill, C., Bailey, C., Jarrett, N., & Hutchinson, P. J. (2019). We are not the same people we used to be: An exploration of family biographical narratives and identity change following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 29(8), 1256–1272. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1387577 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, B., Gracey, F., Evans, J., & Bateman, A. (2009). Neuropsychological rehabilitation: Theory, models, therapy and outcomes. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, B., Winegardner, J., van Heugten, C., & Ownsworth, T. (2017). Neuropsychological rehabilitation: The international handbook , London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Worrall, L., Davidson, B., Hersh, D., Ferguson, A., Howe, T., & Sherratt, S. (2010). The evidence for relationship-centred practice in aphasia rehabilitation. Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders, 1(2), 277–300.Google Scholar
Ylvisaker, M., & Feeney, T. (1998). Collaborative brain injury intervention: Positive everyday routines. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.Google Scholar
Ylvisaker, M., Hanks, R., & Johnson-Greene, D. (2002). Perspectives on rehabilitation of individuals with cognitive impairment after brain injury: Rationale for reconsideration of theoretical paradigms. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 17(3), 191. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200206000-00002 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zelencich, L., Kazantzis, N., Wong, D., McKenzie, D., Downing, M., & Ponsford, J. (2020). Predictors of working alliance in cognitive behaviour therapy adapted for traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 30(9), 1682–1700. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1600554 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed