Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T01:50:04.443Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Hinton St Mary Mosaic Pavement: Christ or Emperor?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2010

Susan Pearce
Affiliation:
Department of Museum Studies, University of Leicester, smp14@le.ac.uk

Abstract

The significance of the well-known central roundel of the mosaic from Hinton St Mary, Dorset, UK, which carries a young male head with a chi-rho monogram behind it and pomegranates on each side, has been much discussed. This paper marshals evidence which suggests that the head is not a representation of Christ, but of one of the emperors of the House of Constantine, perhaps Constantine himself. Some of the implications for the nature of fourth-century imperial culture are discussed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Susan Pearce 2008. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Balmelle, C. 1980: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Aquitaine partie méridionale (Piedmont pyrénéen) I V, 1, ParisGoogle Scholar
Balmelle, C. 1987: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Aquitaine partie méridionale, suite (les pays gascons) IV, 2, ParisGoogle Scholar
Barley, M., and Hanson, R. (eds) 1968: Christianity in Britain, 300–700, LeicesterGoogle Scholar
Bartrum, P. 1966: Early Welsh Genealogies and Tracts, CardiffGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, J. 1818: ‘Tessellated pavement near Halstock, Dorset’, Gentleman's Magazine January 1818, 56Google Scholar
Black, E. 1986: ‘Christian and pagan hopes of salvation in Romano-british mosaics’, in Henig and King 1986, 147–58Google Scholar
Blanchard, M. 1991: Province de Lyonnaise, partie occidentale II, 4, ParisGoogle Scholar
Blanco Freijeiro, A. 1978: Mosaicos romanos de León y Asturias. Corpus de mosaicos de España, MadridGoogle Scholar
Blanco Freijeiro, A. 1993: Mosaicos romanos de Itálica. Corpus de mosaicos de España, MadridGoogle Scholar
Blázquez, J., and Mezquiriz, M. 1985: Mosaicos romanos de Navarra. Corpus de mosaicos de España, MadridGoogle Scholar
Borgehammar, S. 1991: How the Holy Cross was Found, StockholmGoogle Scholar
Bromwich, R. 1978: Trioedd Ynys Prydein. The Welsh Triads, CardiffGoogle Scholar
Brusin, G., and Zovatto, P. 1957: Monumenti palaeocristiani di Aquiliea e di Grado, UndinoGoogle Scholar
Bruun, P. 1966: Constantine and Licinius AD 313–337. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VII (ed. Sutherland, C. and Carson, R.), LondonGoogle Scholar
Buechsel, M. 2003: Die Entstehung des Christusporträts, Mainz am RheinGoogle Scholar
Bushe-Fox, J. 1949: Excavations at Richborough Vols 1–4, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cameron, A. 2006: ‘Constantius and Constantine: an exercise in publicity’, in Hartley et al. 2006, 18-30Google Scholar
Carr, G., Swift, E., and Weekes, J. (eds) 2002: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Canterbury 2002, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Casey, J. 1978: ‘Constantine the Great in britain – the evidence of the London mint, AD 312–314’, in Collectanea Londoniensia. Studies presented to Ralph Merrifeld, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Special Paper 2, London, 181–93Google Scholar
Castro Fernández, M. 1981: ‘Villa romana y Basílica Cristiana en España’, in Castro Fernández, M., La religio romana en Hispana, Madrid, 381401Google Scholar
Collingwood, R.G., and Wright, R.P. 1990: The Inscriptions of Roman Britain. Vol. II, Fascicule I, GloucesterGoogle Scholar
Collingwood, R.G., and Wright, R.P. 1992: The Roman Inscriptions of Britain Vol. II, Fascicule 4, StroudGoogle Scholar
Cortez, R. 1946: Mosaicos romanos de Douro. Separata dos Anais do Instituto do Vinho do Porto, PortoGoogle Scholar
Cosh, S. 2001: ‘Alas, poor Terentius, I knew him well’, Mosaic 28, 47Google Scholar
Cosh, S., and Neal, D. 2006: Roman Mosaics of Britain. Vol. II. South-West Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Darmon, J.-P. 1995: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Province de Lyonnaise, partie nord-ouest II, 5, ParisGoogle Scholar
Darmon, J.-P., and Lavagne, H. 1977: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Province de Lyonnaise, partie centrale II, 3, ParisGoogle Scholar
Davey, N., and Ling, R. 1982: Wall-Painting in Roman Britain, britannia Monograph 3, LondonGoogle Scholar
Donati, A. 2000: Pietro e Paolo. La storia, il culto, la memoria nei primi secoli. Catalogue of Exhibition in Palazzo della Cancellaria, RomeGoogle Scholar
Drexel, F. 1930: ‘Die Familie der Valentiniane’, Germania 14, 38–9Google Scholar
Drijvers, J.W. 1992: Helena Augusta: The Mother of Constantine the Great and the Legend of her Finding of the True Cross, LeidenGoogle Scholar
Drinkwater, J. 1998: ‘The usurpers Constantine III (407–411) and Jovinus (411–413)’, Britannia 29, 269–98Google Scholar
Dunbabin, K. 1978: The Mosaics of Roman North Africa, oxfordGoogle Scholar
Dunbabin, K. 1999: The Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Duval, N. 1995: Les premiers monuments chrétiens de la France. I. Sud-Est et Corse, ParisGoogle Scholar
Duval, N., and Laurin, L. 1996: Les premiers monuments chrétiens de la France. 2. Sud-Ouest et Centre, ParisGoogle Scholar
Duval, N., and Gauthier, N. 1998: Les premiers monuments chrétiens de la France. 3. Ouest, Nord et Est, ParisGoogle Scholar
Elsner, J. 1998: Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph. The Art of the Roman Empire AD 100–450, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Eriksen, R. 1980: ‘Syncretistic symbolism and the Christian Roman mosaic at Hinton St Mary: a closer reading’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. 102, 43–8Google Scholar
Fairley, W. 2001: Notitia Dignitatum or Register of Dignitaries, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Farrar, R. 1956: ‘The “Frampton Villa”, Maiden Newton’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. 78, 81–3Google Scholar
Farwell, D., and Molleson, T. 1993: Excavations at Poundbury 1966-80. Volume II: The Cemeteries, Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. Monograph 11, DorchesterGoogle Scholar
Finn, C., and Henig, M. 2001: Outside Archaeology. Material Culture and Poetic Imagination, BAR International Series 999, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Galiay, J. 1943: ‘Los mosaicos de Fraga en el Museo de Zaragoza’, Arch. Esp. Arq. 16, 227–30Google Scholar
Gaudemet, J. 1977: Concileé Gaulois du IVe siècle, ParisGoogle Scholar
Harbus, A. 2002: Helena of Britain in Medieval Legend, WoodbridgeGoogle Scholar
Hartley, E., Hawkes, J., Henig, M., and Mee, F. 2006: Constantine the Great. York's Roman Emperor, YorkGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, J. 2006: ‘The legacy of Constantine in Anglo-Saxon England’, in Hartley et al. 2006, 104–14Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1984: ‘James Engleheart's drawing of a mosaic at Frampton, 1794’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. 106, 143–6Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1986: ‘Ita intellexit numine inductus tuo: some personal interpretations of deity in Roman religion’, in Henig and King 1986, 159–69Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1993: ‘Votive objects: weapons, miniatures, tokens, and fred clay accessories’, in Woodward and Leach 1993, 130–47Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1997: ‘The Lullingstone mosaic. Art, religion and letters in a fourth century villa’, Mosaic 24, 47Google Scholar
Henig, M. 2001: ‘The unchanging face of God’, in Finn and Henig 2001, 2938Google Scholar
Henig, M. 2006a: ‘Neither baths nor baptisteries’, Oxford Journal Archaeology 25.1, 105–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 2006b: ‘Religious diversity in Constantine's empire’, in Hartley et al. 2006, 8695Google Scholar
Henig, M., and P., Booth 2000: Roman Oxfordshire, StroudGoogle Scholar
Henig, M., and King, A. 1986: Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 8, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Humphries, M. 1999: Communities of the Blessed. Social Environment and Religious Change in Northern Italy, AD 200–400, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Jensen, R. 2005: Face to Face. Portraits of the Divine in Early Christianity, MinneapolisGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. 1986: ‘Holy wells and the cult of St Helen’, Landscape History 8, 5976Google Scholar
Kent, J. 1978: The Roman Imperial Coinage. Vol. IX, LondonGoogle Scholar
Kent, J. 1981: The Family of Constantine I, AD 337-364. The Roman Imperial Coinage Vol. VIII (ed. Sutherland, C. and Carson, R.), LondonGoogle Scholar
Lancha, J. 1981: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Narbonnaise, Vienne, III, 2, ParisGoogle Scholar
Lavagne, H. 1979: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Narbonnaise, partie centrale, III, 1, ParisGoogle Scholar
Leader-Newby, R. 2004: Silver and Society in Late Antiquity, AldershotGoogle Scholar
Lee, A. 2000: Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity. A Source Book, LondonGoogle Scholar
Luard, H. 1890: Flores Historiarum. Vol. III AD 1265–1326, LondonGoogle Scholar
Lucas, R. 1991: ‘The Halstock mosaic found in 1817’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. 113, 133–8Google Scholar
Lysons, S. 1813: Reliquiae Britannico-Romani I, parts 1–4, LondonGoogle Scholar
Magilton, J. 1980: The Church of St Helen on the Walls, Aldwark. The Archaeology of York. The Medieval Walled City North-East of the Ouse, 10/1, YorkGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. 1902: Mosaicos romanos de Portugal (Separata d'Archeologo Portugues VII, no. 12), LisbonGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2006: An Imperial Possession. Britain in the Roman Empire, AylesburyGoogle Scholar
Mawer, C. 1995: Evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain, BAR british Series 243, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Meates, G. 1979: The Roman Villa at Lullingstone, Kent. Volume I - The Site, CanterburyGoogle Scholar
Meates, G. 1987: The Roman Villa at Lullingstone, Kent. Volume II - The Wall Paintings and Finds, CanterburyGoogle Scholar
Moorhead, S.T. 2000: ‘An inspiration for the Hinton St Mary head of Christ’, British Museum Magazine 36, Spring, 22Google Scholar
Morris, J. (ed. and trans.) 1980: Nennius. British History and Welsh Annals, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
Neal, D., and Cosh, S. 2002: Roman Mosaics of Britain. Volume I. Northern Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
O'Connell, M., and J., Bird 1994: ‘The Roman temple at Wanborough, excavations 1985–1986’, Surrey Archaeol. Colls. 82, 1168Google Scholar
Olavsdotter, C. 2005: The Consular Image, BAR S1376, oxfordGoogle Scholar
Olmedo Perez, E. 1994: ‘El opus sectile parietal del yacimiento romano de Gabia La Grande (Granada)’, in Historia Antigua, Cordoba, 595614Google Scholar
Painter, K. 1965: ‘Excavation of the Roman villa at Hinton St Mary, 1964’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. 86, 150–4Google Scholar
Painter, K. 1967: ‘The Roman site at Hinton St Mary, Dorset’, British Museum Quarterly, 32, nos 1-2, 1531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Painter, K. 1972: ‘Villas and Christianity in Roman britain’, Actas del VIII Congresso Internacional de Arqueología Cristiana 1969, 149–66Google Scholar
Painter, K. 1976: ‘The design of the Roman mosaic at Hinton St Mary’, Antiq. Journ. 56, 4954CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, S. 2004: South-Western Britain in the Early Middle Ages. Continuum, LondonGoogle Scholar
Perring, D. 2002: ‘Deconstructing the Frampton pavements: Gnostic dialectic in Roman britain?’, in Carr et al. 2002, 7483Google Scholar
Petts, D. 2003: Christianity in Roman Britain, StroudGoogle Scholar
Pohlsander, H. 1984: ‘Crispus: brilliant career and tragic end’, Historia 23, 7995Google Scholar
Price, J., and Price, F. 1881: A Description of the Remains of Roman Buildings at Morton, near Brading, Isle of Wight, Shanklin, Isle of WightGoogle Scholar
Rafols, J. 1943: ‘La Villa Fortunatus, de Fraga’, Ampurias 5, 135Google Scholar
Reece, R. 1980: ‘A date for Hinton St Mary’, Mosaic 2, April, 21–2Google Scholar
Schlunk, H., and Hauschild, T. 1978: Hispania Antiqua. Die Denkmaler der Frühchristlichen und Westgotischen Zeit, MainzGoogle Scholar
Scott, S. 1991: ‘An outline of a new approach for the interpretation of Romano-british villa mosaics and some comments on the possible signifcance of the Orpheus mosaics of fourth century Roman Britain’, Journal Theoretical Archaeology 2, 2935Google Scholar
Smith, D. 2000: ‘The wall-paintings of the town-house in the vicus outside the Roman fort of Malton, North Yorkshire’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 72, 713Google Scholar
Sparey-Green, C. 1993: ‘The mausolea painted plaster’, in Farwell and Molleson 1993, 135–40Google Scholar
Sparey Green, C. 1994: ‘The “Frampton Villa”, Maiden Newton: a note on the monument and its context’, Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. 116, 133–5Google Scholar
Stern, H. 1957: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Province de Belgique, partie Ouest 1, 1 (reprint 1979), ParisGoogle Scholar
Stern, H. 1960: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Province de Belgique, partie Est I, 2, ParisGoogle Scholar
Stern, H. 1963: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Province de Belgique, partie Sud I, 3, ParisGoogle Scholar
Stern, H. 1967: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Province de Lyonnaise, Lyon II, 1, ParisGoogle Scholar
Stern, H., and Blanchard, M. 1975: Recueil général des mosaïques de la Gaule Romaine: Province de Lyonnaise, partie Sud-Est II, 2, ParisGoogle Scholar
Stupperich, R. 1980: ‘A re-consideration of some fourth-century british mosaics’, Britannia 11, 289301Google Scholar
Thomas, C. 1981: Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500, LondonGoogle Scholar
Thompson, E.A. 1968: ‘Britonia’, in Barley and Hanson 1968, 201–5Google Scholar
Thorpe, L. 1968: The History of the Kings of Britain, AylesburyGoogle Scholar
Timby, J. 1998: Excavations at Kingscote and Wycomb, Gloucestershire, CirencesterGoogle Scholar
Todd, M. 2005: ‘baths or baptisteries? Holcombe, Lufton and their analogues’, Oxford Journal Archaeology 24.3, 307–11Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. 1953: ‘Christianity in Roman britain’, Journal British Archaeological Assocation 16, 224Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. 1964: ‘A new Roman mosaic pavement found in Dorset’, Journal of Roman Studies 54, 714Google Scholar
Weber, W. 1984: Constantinische Deckengemälde aus dem römischen Palast unter dem Trierer Dom, TrierGoogle Scholar
Weber, W. 2000: Constantinische Deckengemälde aus dem römischen Palast unter dem Trierer Dom, TrierGoogle Scholar
Webster, G. 1983: ‘The function of the Chedworth Roman “Villa”’, Trans. Bristol Gloucestershire Arch. Soc. 101, 520Google Scholar
Winterbottom, M. (ed. and trans.) 1978: Gildas. The Ruin of Britain and other Works, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A., and Leach, P. 1993: The Uley Shrines, LondonGoogle Scholar
Volbach, W. 1961: Early Christian Art, LondonGoogle Scholar