Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:08:03.216Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Julius Verus and the Abandonment of Antonine Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

W.S. Hanson  and
D.J. Breeze
W.S. Hanson
Affiliation:
Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Glasgowwilliam.hanson@glasgow.ac.uk
D.J. Breeze
Affiliation:
Edinburghdavidbreeze@hotmail.co.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The abandonment of the Roman occupation of Scotland in the governorship of Julius Verus is seen as deliberate, ordered and, so far as we can see, peaceful. It is argued that the withdrawal is linked to an ongoing shortage of military manpower in Britain, brought to a head by the transfer in a.d. 158 of legionary vexillations to the German provinces (attested by RIB 1322) to assist with the reconfiguration of the frontier there.

Keywords

Julius Veruswithdrawal from Antonine ScotlandRoman manpower shortageAntonine frontier in Germany
Type
Shorter Contributions
Information
Britannia , Volume 51 , November 2020 , pp. 323 - 330
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors, 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alföldy, G. 2004: ‘Die lineare Grenzziehung des vorderen Limes in Obergermanien und die Statthalterschaft des Gaius Popilius Carus Pedo’, in Schallmayer, E. (ed.), Limes Imperii Romani: Beitrage zum Fachkolloqium ‘Weltkulturerbe Limes’ November 2001 in Lich-Arnsburg, Bad Homburg, 7–20Google Scholar
Baatz, D. 2000: Der römische Limes: archäologisches Ausflüge zwischen Rhein und Donau, BerlinGoogle Scholar
Billamboz, A. 2009: ‘Der Stand der Dendrochronologie für die Römerzeit in Baden-Württemberg’, in Biel, J., Heiligmann, J. and Krausse, D. (eds), Landesarchäologie: Festschrift für Dieter Planck zum 65. Geburtstag, Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frügeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 100, Stuttgart 655–76Google Scholar
Birley, A.R. 1974: ‘Roman frontiers and Roman frontier policy: some reflections on Roman imperialism’, Transaction of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland 3, 15–25Google Scholar
Birley, A.R. 2005: The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogaers, J.E. 1983: ‘Foreign affairs’, in Hartley, B. and Wacher, J. (eds), Rome and her Northern Provinces, Gloucester, 13–32Google Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 1974: ‘The Roman fortlet at Barburgh Mill, Dumfriesshire’, Britannia 5, 130–6210.2307/525725CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 1975: ‘The abandonment of the Antonine Wall: its date and implications’, Scottish Archaeological Forum 7, 67–80Google Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 1977: ‘Review of Birrens (Blatobulgium) by A.S. Robertson and Kastell Kunzing-Quintana by H. Schonberger’, Britannia 8, 451–6010.2307/525912CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 2006: The Antonine Wall, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 2011: The Frontiers of Imperial Rome, BarnsleyGoogle Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 2016: Bearsden: A Roman Fort on the Antonine Wall, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 2020: ‘The army of the Antonine Wall: its strength and implications’, in Breeze, D.J. and Hanson, W.S. (eds), The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Oxford, 286–99Google Scholar
Breeze, D.J., and Dobson, B. 2000: Hadrian's Wall (4th edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Breeze, D.J., and Ferris, I. 2016: ‘They think it's all over: the face of victory on the British frontier’, Journal of Conflict Archaeology 11.1, 19–3910.1080/15740773.2016.1260817CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czysz, W., and Herzig, F. 2008: ‘Neue Dendrodaten von der Limespalisade in Raetien’, in Thiel, A. (ed.), Neue Forschungen am Limes, Stuttgart, 183–95Google Scholar
Daniels, C. 1989: ‘The abandonment of Antonine Scotland’, in Maxfield, V.A. and Dobson, M.J. (eds), Roman Frontier Studies 1989: Procedings of the XVth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Exeter, 48–51Google Scholar
Eck, W., and Pangerl, A. 2016: ‘Eine Konstitution aus dem Jahr 152 oder 153 für niedermösische und britannische Truppen, abgeordnet nach Mauretania Tingitana, mit einer Appendix von Paul Holder’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 199, 187–201Google Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1986: ‘RIB 1322’, Britannia 17, 32910.2307/526549CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1987: Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S., and Wilkes, J.J. 1989: Strageath: Excavations within the Roman Fort, 1973–86, Britannia Monograph 9, LondonGoogle Scholar
Gillam, J.P. 1975: ‘Possible changes in plan in the course of the construction of the Antonine Wall’, Scottish Archaeological Forum 7, 51–6Google Scholar
Graafstal, E., Breeze, D.J., Jones, R.H., and Symonds, M.F.A. 2015: ‘Sacred cows in the landscape: rethinking the planning of the Antonine Wall’, in Breeze, D.J, Jones, R.H. and Oltean, I.A. (eds), Understanding Roman Frontiers: A Celebration for Professor Bill Hanson, Edinburgh, 54–69Google Scholar
Hanson, W.S. 2012: ‘Newstead and Roman Scotland: the Flavian to Antonine periods’, in Hunter, F. and Keppie, L.J.F. (eds), A Roman Frontier Post and its People a Hundred Years On: Newstead 1911–2011, Edinburgh, 62–75Google Scholar
Hanson, W.S. 2020: ‘The design of the Antonine Wall’, Britannia 51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, W.S., and Maxwell, G.S. 1986: The Antonine Wall: Rome's North-West Frontier (revised edn), EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Hanson, W.S., and Oltean, I.A. 2012: ‘The “Valu lui Traian”: a Roman frontier rehabilitated’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 25, 297–31810.1017/S1047759400001227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, N. 1995: ‘Were there two Antonine occupations of Scotland?’ Britannia 26, 29–4910.2307/526870CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, N. 2009: ‘The abandonment of Antonine Scotland: its date and causes’, in Hanson, W.S. (ed.), The Army and Frontiers of Rome: Papers Offered to David Breeze on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday and his Retirement from Historic Scotland, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 74, Portsmouth, RI, 185–93Google Scholar
Hodgson, N. 2011: ‘The provenance of RIB 1389 and the rebuilding of Hadrian's Wall in AD 158’, Antiquaries Journal 91, 59–7110.1017/S0003581511000072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, N. 2017: Hadrian's Wall: Archaeology and History at the Limit of Rome's Empire, RamsburyGoogle Scholar
Holder, P.A. 1997: ‘A Roman military diploma from Ravenglass, Cumbria’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library 79, 3–4110.7227/BJRL.79.1.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, N. 2003: Excavation of Roman Sites at Cramond, Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph 23, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Keppie, L.J.F. 1998: Roman Inscribed and Sculptured Stones in the Hunterian Museum, Britannia Monograph 13, LondonGoogle Scholar
Keppie, L. 2009: ‘The garrison of the Antonine Wall: endangered species or disappearing asset?’, in Morillo, A., Hanel, N. and Martín, E. (eds), Limes XX: estudios sobre la frontera romana/Roman Frontier Studies, Madrid, 135–45Google Scholar
Leslie, A. 2002: ‘The Roman fort at Inveresk’, in Bishop, M.C. (ed.), Roman Inveresk: Past, Present and Future, Duns, 17–28Google Scholar
Maxwell, G.S. 1972: ‘Excavations at the Roman fort of Crawford, Lanarkshire’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 104 (1971–72), 147–200Google Scholar
Miller, S.N. 1928: The Roman Fort at Old Kilpatrick, GlasgowGoogle Scholar
Newall, F. 1997: ‘The Roman fort on Whitemoss Farm, Bishopton, Renfrewshire part 1: the excavations of 1950–54 and 1957’, Scottish Naturalist 109, 55–96Google Scholar
Robertson, A.S. 1975: Birrens (Blatobulgium), EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A.S. 2015: The Antonine Wall: A Handbook to Scotland's Roman Frontier (6th edn, revised and edited by Keppie, L.), GlasgowGoogle Scholar
Robertson, A.S., Scott, M., and Keppie, L.J.F. 1975: Bar Hill: A Roman Fort and its Finds, BAR British Series 16, Oxford10.30861/9780904531183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schallmayer, E. 1984: ‘Das zweite römische Militärbad von Neckarburken, Gemeinde Eztal, Neckar-Oldenwald-Kreis, mit neuen Inschriften’, Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg 9, 435–70Google Scholar
Speidel, M.P. 1987: ‘The Chattan war, the Brigantian revolt and the loss of the Antonine Wall’, Britannia 18, 233–710.2307/526447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steer, K.A., and Feachem, R.W. 1962: ‘The excavations at Lyne, Peebleshire, 1959–63’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 95, 208–18Google Scholar
Swan, V.G. 1999: ‘The twentieth legion and the history of the Antonine Wall reconsidered’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 129, 399–480Google Scholar
Symonds, M. 2017: Protecting the Roman Empire: Fortlets, Frontiers and the Quest for Post-Conquest Security, Cambridge10.1017/9781108377287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiel, A. 2008: ‘Innovation and perfection: Antoninus Pius’ frontier in Germany’, in Bidwell, P. (ed.), Understanding Hadrian's Wall, South Shields, 83–90Google Scholar
Tomlin, R.S.O. 2017: Britannia Romana: Roman Inscriptions and Roman Britain, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessex Archaeology 2005: Drumlanrig Roman Fort, Drumlanrig Castle, Dumfries and Galloway: Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of the Results, Salisbury, https://www.wessexarch.co.uk/our-work/drumlanrig-castle (accessed February 2020)Google Scholar
Whittaker, C.R. 2000: ‘Africa’, in Bowman, A.K., Garnsey, P. and Rathbone, D. (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History 11: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192 (2nd edn), Cambridge, 514–4610.1017/CHOL9780521263351.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkes, J.J. 1985: ‘RIB 1322: a note’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 59, 291–6Google Scholar
Wilson, R.J.A. 2002: A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain (4th edn), LondonGoogle Scholar