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Effect of a low-glycaemic index–low-fat–high protein diet on the atherogenic metabolic risk profile of abdominally obese men

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Jean G. Dumesnil ,
Jacques Turgeon ,
Angelo Tremblay ,
Paul Poirier ,
Marcel Gilbert ,
Louise Gagnon ,
Sylvie St-Pierra ,
Caroline Garneau ,
Isabelle Lemieux  and
Agnés Pascot
...Show all authors
Jean G. Dumesnil*
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada
Jacques Turgeon
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Lusaka, Canda Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, canada
Angelo Tremblay
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Lusaka, Canda Division of Kinesiology, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Laval University, Québec, canada
Paul Poirier
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Lusaka, Canda
Marcel Gilbert
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Lusaka, Canda
Louise Gagnon
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Lusaka, Canda
Sylvie St-Pierra
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Lusaka, Canda Division of Kinesiology, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Laval University, Québec, canada
Caroline Garneau
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, canada
Isabelle Lemieux
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Liqid Research Center, CHUQ Research center, Québec, canada
Agnés Pascot
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Liqid Research Center, CHUQ Research center, Québec, canada
Jean Bergeron
Affiliation:
Liqid Research Center, CHUQ Research center, Québec, canada
Jean-Pierre Deapés
Affiliation:
Québec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Queébec, Canada Liqid Research Center, CHUQ Research center, Québec, canada
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Jean G. Dumesnil, fax +1 418 656 4562, email medjgd@hermes.ulaval.ca
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Abstract

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It has been suggested that the current dietary recommendations (low-fat–high-carbohydrate diet) may promote the intake of sugar and highly refined starches which could have adverse effects on the metabolic risk profile. We have investigated the short-term (6-d) nutritional and metabolic effects of an ad libitum low-glycaemic index–low-fat–high-protein diet (prepared according to the Montignac method) compared with the American Heart Association (AHA) phase I diet consumed ad libitum as well as with a pair-fed session consisting of the same daily energy intake as the former but with the same macronutrient composition as the AHA phase I diet. Twelve overweight men (BMI 33·0 (SD 3·5) KG/M2) WITHOUT OTHER DISEASES WERE INVOLVED IN THREE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS WITH A MINIMAL WASHOUT PERIOD OF 2 WEEKS SEPARATING EACH INTERVENTION. BY PROTOCOL DESIGN, THE FIRST TWO CONDITIONS WERE ADMINISTERED RANDOMLY WHEREAS THE PAIR-FED SESSION HAD TO BE ADMINISTERED LAST. DURING THE AD LIBITUM VERSION OF THE AHA DIET, SUBJECTS CONSUMED 11695·0 (sd 1163·0) kJ/d and this diet induced a 28 % increase in plasma triacylglycerol levels (1·77 (sd 0·79) v. 2·27 (sd 0·92) mmol/l, P<0·05) and a 10 % reduction in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations (0·92 (sd 0·16) v. 0·83 (sd 0·09) mmol/l, P<0·01) which contributed to a significant increase in cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (P<0·05), this lipid index being commonly used to assess the risk of coronary heart disease. In contrast, the low-glycaemic index–low-fat–high-protein diet consumed ad libitum resulted in a spontaneous 25 % decrease (P<0·001) in total energy intake which averaged 8815·0 (sd 738·0) kJ/d. As opposed to the AHA diet, the low-glycaemic index–low-fat–high-protein diet produced a substantial decrease (-35 %) in plasma triacylglycerol levels (2·00 (sd 0·83) v. 1·31 (sd 0·38) mmol/l, P<0·0005), a significant increase (+1·6 %) in LDL peak particle diameter (251 (sd 5) v. 255 (sd 5) Å, P<0·02) and marked decreases in plasma insulin levels measured either in the fasting state, over daytime and following a 75 g oral glucose load. During the pair-fed session, in which subjects were exposed to a diet with the same macronutrient composition as the AHA diet but restricted to the same energy intake as during the low-glycaemic index–low-fat–high-protein diet, there was a trend for a decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol levels which contributed to the significant increase in cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio noted with this condition. Furthermore, a marked increase in hunger (P<0·0002) and a significant decrease in satiety (P<0·007) were also noted with this energy-restricted diet. Finally, favourable changes in the metabolic risk profile noted with the ad libitum consumption of the low-glycaemic index–low-fat–high-protein diet (decreases in triacyglycerols, lack of increase in cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, increase in LDL particle size) were significantly different from the response of these variables to the AHA phase I diet. Thus, a low-glycaemic index–low-fat–high-protein content diet may have unique beneficial effects compared with the conventional AHA diet for the treatment of the atherogenic metabolic risk profile of abdominally obese patients. However, the present study was a short-term intervention and additional trials are clearly needed to document the long-term efficacy of this dietary approach with regard to compliance and effects on the metabolic risk profile.

Keywords

Low-glycaemic index dietAtherogenesisAbdominal obesityDietary interventions
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 86 , Issue 5 , November 2001 , pp. 557 - 568
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

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