Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:14:54.884Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From chemical analysis of the body...to metabolic insights provided by the new methodology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2018

Susan A. Jebb*
Affiliation:
MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2DH
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

It is by no means an exaggeration to say that Dr Widdowson is one of the pioneers of body composition research and her studies in the 1940s and 1950s have laid the foundations of body composition science today. These have included both animal and human studies, although this paper will focus only on the latter. Together with Professor McCance and Christine Spray she was responsible for the analysis of three entire adult human cadavers and that of a 4-year-old child (Widdowson et al. 1951). Further work with Dr Dickerson explored the composition of specific tissues and organs of the body (Widdowson & Dickerson, 1964). These studies provide some of the best direct data on human body composition. Moreover the findings from this work form the basis of the indirect techniques which are used so widely today.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 1997

References

Ashwell, M., Cole, T. & Dixon, A. (1985). Obesity: new insights into the anthropometrie classification of fat distribution shown by computed tomography. British Medical Journal 290, 16921694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beddoe, A. & Hill, G. (1985). Clinical measurement of body composition using in vivo neutron activation analysis. Journal of Parenteral and Enterai Nutrition 9, 504520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behnke, A. (1974). Evaluation and Regulation of Body Build and Composition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Google Scholar
Bjorntorp, P. (1996). The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans. International Journal of Obesity 20, 291302.Google ScholarPubMed
Borkan, G. & Norris, A. (1977). Fat redistribution and the changing body dimensions of the adult male. Human Biology 49, 495514.Google ScholarPubMed
Bray, G. (1985). Complications of obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 10521062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chowdhury, B., Sjöström, L., Alpsten, M., Kostanty, J., Kvist, H. & Lofgren, R. (1994). A multicompartment body composition technique based on computerised tomography. International Journal of Obesity 18, 219234.Google Scholar
Cohn, S., Vartsky, D., Yasumura, S., Sawitsky, A., Zanzi, I., Vaswani, A. & Ellis, K. J. (1980). Compartmental body composition based on the body nitrogen, potassium and calcium. American Journal of Physiology 239, E192E200.Google ScholarPubMed
Cornish, B., Ward, L., Thomas, B., Jebb, S. A. & Elia, M. (1995). Evaluation of multiple frequency impedance and Cole-Cole analysis for the assessment of body water volumes in healthy humans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 159164.Google Scholar
Coward, W., Parkinson, S. A. & Murgatroyd, P. (1988). Body composition measurements for nutrition research. Nutrition Research Reviews 1, 115124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, B., Whichelow, M., Ashwell, M. & Prévost, A. (1996). Comparison of anthropometric indices as predictors of mortality in British adults. Internationl Journal of Obesity 20, Suppl. 4, 141.Google Scholar
Dempster, P. & Aitkens, S. (1995). A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 16921697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durnin, J. & Womersley, J. (1974). Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness measurement in 481 men and women aged 16 to 72 years. British Journal of Nutrition 32, 7797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elia, M. (1992 a). Effect of starvation and very low calorie diets on protein-energy inter-relationships in lean and obese subjects. In Protein-Energy Interactions, pp. 249284 [Schuren, B. and Scrimshaw, N., editors]. Switzerland: IDECG.Google Scholar
Elia, M. (1992 a). Organ and tissue contribution to metabolic rate. In Energy Metabolism: Tissue Determinants and Cellular Corollaries, pp. 6180 [Kinney, J. and Tucker, H., editors]. New York: Raven Press. Google Scholar
Forbes, G. (1987). Lean body mass-fat interrelationships in humans. Nutrition Reviews 45, 225231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, G. (1992). Exercise and lean weight: the influence of body weight. Nutrition Reviews 50, 157161.Google Scholar
Forbes, G. & Bruining, G. (1976). Urinary creatinine excretion and lean body mass. Nutrition Reviews 29, 13591366.Google ScholarPubMed
Forbes, G., Gallup, J. & Horst, J. (1961). Estimation of total body fat from potassium-40 content. Science 133, 101102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedl, K., de Luca, J. Marchitelli, L. & Vogel, J. (1992). Reliability of body fat estimations from a four-compartment model by using density, body water and bone mineral measurements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 764770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, N., Jebb, S. A., Laskey, M., Coward, W. & Elia, M. (1992 a). Four component model for the assessment of body composition in humans: comparison with alternative methods and evaluation of the density and hydration of fat-free mass. Clinical Science 82, 687693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, N., Laskey, M. & Elia, N. (1992 b). Assessment of the composition of major body regions by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with special reference to limb muscle mass. Clinical Physiology 12, 253266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heymsfield, S. & McManus, C. (1985). Tissue components of weight loss in cancer patients. Cancer 55, 238249.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heymsfield, S., Wang, Z., Baumgartner, R., Dilmanian, F., Ma, R. & Yasumura, S. (1993). Body composition and ageing: a study by in vivo neutron activation analysis. Journal of Nutrition 123, 432437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, G. (1992). Body composition research: implications for the practice of clinical nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enterai Nutrition 16, 197218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffer, E., Meador, C. & Simpson, D. (1969). Correlation of whole-body impedance with total body water. Journal of Applied Physiology 27, 531534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jebb, S. A. (1997). Measurement of soft tissue composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. British Journal of Nutrition 77, 151163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jebb, S. A. & Elia, M. (1995). Multicompartment models in health and desease. In Body Composition Techniques in Health and Disease, pp. 240254 [Davies, P. and Cole, T., editors]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, G., Beddoe, A., Streat, S. & Hill, G. (1986). Body composition of two human cadavers by neutron activation and chemical analysis. American Journal of Physiology 250, E179E185.Google ScholarPubMed
Lukaski, H. & Mendez, J. (1980). Relationship between fat-free weight and urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in man. Metabolism 29, 758671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCance, R. & Widdowson, E. (1951). Composition of the body. British Medical Bulletin 7, 297306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrory, M., Gomez, T., Bernauer, E. & Mole, P. (1995). Evaluation of a new air displacement plethysmograph for measuring human body composition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 16861691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazess, R., Barden, H., Bisek, J. & Hanson, J. (1990). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft tissue composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 11061112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, P., McIntyre, D., Coxon, R., Bachelard, H., Moriarty, K., Greenhaff, P. & Macdonald, I. (1994). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool to study carbohydrate metabolism. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, 335343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulligan, K., Grunfeld, C., Hellerstein, M., Neese, R. & Schambelan, M. (1993). Anabolic effects of recombinant human growth hormone in patients with wasting associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 77, 956962.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, M., Fiatarone, M., Layne, J., Trice, I., Economos, C., Fielding, R., Ma, R., Pierson, R. & Evans, W. (1996). Analysis of body composition techniques and models for detecting change in soft tissue with strength training. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 678686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Organ, L., Bradham, G., Gore, D. & Lozier, S. (1994). Segmental impedance analysis: theory and application of a new technique. Journal of Applied Physiology 77, 98112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prentice, A. (1995). Application of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and related techniques to the assessment of bone and body composition. In Body Composition Techniques in Health and Disease, pp. 113 [Davies, P. and Cole, T., editors]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Prentice, A. M., Goldberg, G. R., Jebb, S. A., Black, A. E., Murgatroyd, P. R. & Diaz, E. O. (1991). Physiological responses to slimming. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 441458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Presta, E., Wang, J., Harrison, G., Bjorntorp, P., Harker, W. & van Itallie, T. (1983). Measurement of total body electrical conductivity: a new method for estimation of body composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37, 735739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, R., Lege, L., Morris, D., de Guise, J. & Guardo, R. (1992). Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: relationship with anthropometric variables. Journal of Applied Physiology 72, 787795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, R., Pedwell, H. & Rissanen, J. (1995). Effects of energy restriction on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in women as measured by magnetic resonance imaging. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 11791185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roubenhoff, R. & Rail, L. (1993). Humoral mediation of changing body composition during ageing and chronic inflammation. Nutrition Reviews 51, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidell, J. (1992). Regional obesity and health. International Journal of Obesity 16, Suppl. 2. S31S34.Google ScholarPubMed
Seidell, J., Andres, R., Sorkin, J. & Muller, D. (1994). The sagittal waist diameter and mortality in men: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Ageing. International Journal of Obesity 18, 6167.Google Scholar
Svendsen, O., Hassager, C., Bergmann, I. & Christiansen, C. (1993). Measurement of abdominal and intra-abdominal fat in post-menopausal women by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry: comparison with computerised tomography. International Journal of Obesity 17, 4551.Google Scholar
Tothill, P., Avenell, A. & Reid, D. (1994). Precision and accuracy of measurements of whole-body bone mineral: comparisons between Hologic, Lunar and Norland dual energy X-ray absorptiometers. British Journal of Radiology 67, 12101217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Kooy, K. & Seidell, J. (1993). Techniques for the measurement of visceral fat: a practical guide. International Journal of Obesity 17, 187196.Google ScholarPubMed
Wajchenberg, B., Bosco, A., Marone, M., Levin, S., Rocha, M., Lerario, A., Nery, M., Goldman, J. & Liberman, B. (1995). Estimation of body fat and lean tissue distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal body fat evaluation by computed tomography in Cushing’s disease. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 80, 27912794.Google ScholarPubMed
Wang, Z., Pierson, R. & Heymsfield, S. (1992). The five level model: a new approach to organising body composition research. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widdowson, E. M. (1951). Famine. Postgraduate Medical Journal 27, 268277.Google Scholar
Widdowson, E. M. & Dickerson, J. W. T. (1964). Chemical composition of the body. In Mineral Metabolism. An Advanced Treatise, pp. 2210 [Cornar, C. and Bronner, F., editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Widdowson, E. M., McCance, R. A. & Spray, C. (1951). The chemical composition of the body. Clinical Science 10, 113125.Google Scholar
Widdowson, E. M. & Spray, C. (1951). Chemical development in utero. Archives of Disease in Childhood 26, 205214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed